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1 986 Illinois Vegetable ^, ,
Research Report ~°'"'"
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MAR 5 1987
Research Reports From:
Jrbana Campus
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Horticulture Research Center,
3t. Charles
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center,
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http://www.archive.org/details/illinoisvegetabl1986univ
ACES LIBRARY
ILLINOIS VEGETABLE RESEARCH REPORT - 1986
This report presents the results for 1986 of various vegetable-
oriented research projects conducted by the Department of Horticulture
within the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. The information contained in this report should not be
interpreted as recommendations but as a summary of experimental results.
We hope the information presented will be useful when making vegetable
management decisions. Additional information of research projects can be
obtained by contacting the individual project leader.
Much of the vegetable research that is conducted at the Illinois
Agricultural Experiment Station would not be possible without the support
of the commercial industries and growers. Thanks and appreciation are due
to the agricultural industries, the Illinois Vegetable Growers Association,
and the many individual growers who support and participate in these re-
search projects.
Randall K. Lindstrom, Editor
This report was compiled and edited by
Randall K. Lindstrom, Assistant Horticulturist
THE ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION PROVIDES EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES
IN PROGRAMS AND EMPLOYMENT
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The editor would like to thank the following companies for their
monetary contributions to partially defray the cost of producing this
research report.
Ball Seed Company, P. 0. Box 335, West Chicago, XL 60185
Cole Chemical Company, P. 0. Box 7211, Madison, WI 53707
Dyer Fruit Box Mfg. Co., P. 0. Box 245, Dyer, TN 38330
J. R. Kelly Company, No. 15 Produce Row, St. Louis, MO 63102
Abbott & Cobb, Inc., P. 0. Box 307, Feasterville, PA 19047
Fermenta Plant Protection, 1528 Auburn Road, P. 0. Box 348,
Painesville, OH 44077
Heinz U.S.A., 1357 Icett Avenue, Muscatine, lA 52761
Cline Machine Works, Inc., P. 0. Box 378, Clarksville, AR 72830
111
Research Locations
The research contained in this report was conducted at 4 locations
covering diverse edaphic and climatological areas in the state. These
include the main campus at Urbana, the Kankakee River Valley Vegetable
Field at Wi chert, the Northeast Horticulture Center at St. Charles, and the
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center at Simpson,
The Vegetable Research Farm at Urbana is part of the University's
"South Farm" at the Urbana campus in Champaign County. The majority of the
soil at the farm is classified as a Drummer silty clay loam. This is rela-
tively heavy soil with approximately 5% organic matter and a cation ex-
change capacity of 23.5 meq/100 g. There is also at the farm a Flanagan
silty loam soil with somewhat similar chemical and physical properties.
The Northeastern Illinois Horticulture Research Center is located 1
mile west of St. Charles (40 miles west of Chicago) on Illinois Rt. 38 in
Kane County. The center is located near one of the largest fresh market
and processing areas in the state. The soil at the field is primarily a
Proctor silt loam. Within the farm however, soil type, chemical, and
physical properties vary considerably.
The Kankakee River Valley Sand Field, located 10 miles southeast of
Kankakee in northeastern Illinois, is a relatively new research location
having been established in 1982. It is located in one of the leading
vegetable producing areas in the state near the town of Wi chert. The soil
at the field is a Maumee loamy fine sand with approximately 2.35^ organic
matter and a cation-exchange capacity of 7.2 meq/100 g. Irrigation is
required and is provided at the site by moveable aluminum pipe.
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center is located in Pope County in the
extreme southern tip of Illinois, on State Highway 145, 25 miles southwest
of Harrisburg. Horticultural research at Dixon Springs began in 1961.
Recent research had been with vegetables and small fruits. The soil is a
Grantsburg silt loam, with approximately 1.5% organic matter and a cation-
exchange capacity of 12 meq/IOOg. A moveable aluminum pipe irrigation
system supplies water from a pond as needed.
IV
Climatological Data - Illinois 1986
Urbana
Wi chert
St. Charles
Dixon Springs
Max Min Precip Max Min Precip Max Min Precip Max Min Precip
(F) (F) (in) (F) (F) (in) (F) (F) (in) (F) (F) (in)
April
69
40
2.70
68
39
2.00
64
40
1.35
74
48
2.40
May
75
53
5.00
73
48
3.60
70
49
4.05
79
57
10.75
June
84
60
4.28
83
55
5.40
78
56
4.55
87
65
2.84
July
87
67
4.70
87
64
2.95
83
64
4.75
92
70
3.79
August
82
57
1.42
82
55
1.50
78
55
1.05
86
63
4.16
September
81
58
7.90
75
52
4.50
75
54
5.85
88
63
4.30
**
Data provided by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).
Maximuma nd minimum temperatures represent monthly averages for each location,
CONTRIBUTORS TO ILLINOIS VEGETABLE RESEARCH REPORT
Ruth Bernard
Graduate Research Assistant
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61 801
Randall K. Lindstrom
Assistant Horticulturist
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61801
Rob Call
Assistant Horticulturist
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Simpson, IL 62985
John B. Mas i Unas
Assistant Professor
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 6l 801
Carl Cataluppi
Extension Advisor Horticulture
1188 John Deere Road
East Moline, IL 61244
Illias Mohd-Khir
Graduate Research Assistant
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61801
G. Choi
Graduate Research Assistant
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61801
Carol Robertson
Extension Advisor Agriculture
133 S. High, Box 170
Havana, IL 62644
J. W. Courter
Professor
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Simpson, IL 62985
Dennis Fielding
Graduate Research Assistant
Natural History Survey
607 E. Peabody Drive
Champaign, IL 61820
John M. Gerber
Associate Professor
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61 801
William H. Shoemaker
Assistant Horticulturist
535 Randall Road
St. Charles, IL 60174
Walter E. Splittstoesser
Professor
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61801
John M. Swiader
Associate Professor
1707 S. Orchard Drive
Urbana, IL 61801
Siti Hassan
Graduate Research Assistant
1103 W. Dorner Drive
Urbana, IL 61 801
VI
CONTENTS
Preplant Nitrogen Effects on Fruit Set and Yield of Bell Pepper 1
Oviposition in the Squash Bag, Anasa tristis 5
Beds and Seed Treatments for Bell Peppers 9
Seasonal Growth and Composition and Accumulation of N-P-K in
Dryland and Irrigated Pumpkins 13
Row Cover Management Study Observation 17
Control of Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) in
Tomatoes with Postemergence Applications of Blazer 21
Row Cover Management Study on Broccoli, Tomatoes, and Muskmelons 25
Row Cover Effects on Bell Pepper Yield and Fruit Quality 31
Row Tunnel Effects on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Bell Peppers 36
The Effect of Hot Caps and Row Covers on Cucumber and Muskmelon
Production 44
Processing Cucumber Cultivar Evaluation at Varying Nitrogen Regimes... 48
Processing Tomato Transplant Evaluation Under High N Regime 50
Asparagus Cultivar Observation 54
Processing Cucumber Variety Trial 56
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center Cultivar Trials
Early Yellow Sweet Corn Cultivar Performance Evaluation 59
sh2 Sweet Corn Cultivar Performance Evaluation 62
se Sweet Corn Cultivar Performance Evaluation 67
Jalapeno Pepper Cultivar Performance Evaluation 70
Watermelon Cultivar Row Cover Performance Evaluation for
Northern Illinois 73
Cabbage Cultivar Performance Observation 76
Mixed Melon Cultivar Performance Observation 80
vii
Brussels Sprout Cultivar Performance Observation 85
Bell Pepper Cultivar Performance Observation 88
Winter Squash Cultivar Performance Observation 91
Jack O'Lantern Pumpkin Cultivar Performance Observation 9M
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center Cultivar Trials 97
Muskmelon Cultivar Trial 101
Green Bell Pepper Trial 1 03
Yellow Bell, Hot and Frying Pepper Trial 105
Pumpkin Cultivar Trial ' 106
Yellow (su) Sweet Corn Cultivars 107
White and Bicolor (su) Sweet Corn Cultivars 108
Yellow High Sugar (se) Sweet Corn Cultivars 109
Bicolor and White High Sugar (se) Sweet Corn Cultivars 110
Yellow High Sugar (sh2) Sweet Corn Cultivars Ill
White High Sugar (sh2) Sweet Corn Cultivars 113
Bicolor High Sugar (sh2) Sweet Corn Cultivars 114
Yellow High Sugar (sweet genes) Sweet Corn Cultivars 115
Tomato Cultivar Trial 116
Union County Tomato Trial 119
Cherry Tomato Trial 1 20
Paste Tomato Trial 1 21
Compact Tomato Trial for Home Planting 122
Watermelon Cultivar Trial 123
Sources of Vegetable Varieties 125
Vlll
PREPLAN! NITROGEN EFFECTS ON FRUIT SET AND YIELD OF BELL PEPPER
Siti Hassan, John M. Gerber and Walter E. Splittstoesser
The nutritional status of plants is known to be a major factor affect-
ing fruit set in many crops. Of all the nutrient requirements supplied to
the soil, nitrogen has been shown to have the most affect on yield. Nitro-
gen influences reproductive development in pepper (1), since it not only
encourages growth of the vegetative parts of plants, it is also necessary
for the developing fruit (6). Fertilization with nitrogen is needed since
a deficiency may result in failure of fruit set and cessation of fruit
development. At higher rates, however, nitrogen fertilizer may cause ad-
verse effects on fruit set, reducing the number of fruits produced per
plant (7).
Fertilizer nitrogen has been shown to both increase and decrease
yield, depending on the soil type, amount supplied and time of application
(3, ^). It has been demonstrated that two nitrogen applications during a
growing season (ie. at planting and 3 and 4 weeks after fruit set) can
increase the number of buds formed and fruit set. Flower production in-
creases with increasing levels of nitrogen until a physiological maturity
is attained in plants (5). After maturity is reached, flower production
decreases. Moreover, since flower primordia are differentiated 4 to 6
weeks before the flowers actually appear, the rate and timing of nitrogen
application may have direct effect on flower production, as well as fruit
set. The amount of nitrogen applied at the time of transplanting can be
critical.
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different
levels of nitrogen at transplanting on flowering, fruit set and yield of
bell pepper.
Materials and Methods
Location: Vegetable Research Farm, Urbana, IL
Planting material: 'Lady Bell' variety
Planting: Peppers were seeded into flats on 4/7/86 and transplanted to
the field on 5/21/86. All nitrogen fertilizer in the form of
ammonium nitrate (NH4N03) was broadcasted around plants on the
third day after transplanting.
Plot: There were 4 plots per treatment. Each plot consisted of 4 rows
with 8 plants per row at a distance of 3' x 3'.
Treatment: 4 levels of nitrogen were tested
1. 100 lb. N per acre, at transplanting
2. 200 lb. N per acre, at transplanting
3. 300 lb. N per acre, at transplanting
4. 400 lb. N per acre, at transplanting
Data:
1 . Number of buds produced on 3 plants per plot
2. Percentage of fruit set
3. Number of fruit at first harvest (57 days after transplanting)
4. Number of fruit and total yield for M harvests
5. Fresh weight of plant at 3 dates during the season
Results and Discussion
Plant growth is affected by the rate of nitrogen applied at trans-
planting (Table 1). Generally, the fresh weight of plants decreased as the
rate of nitrogen applied at planting increased. An excess amount of nitro-
gen early in the development of the plant caused adverse effects on growth.
Although plants had darker green leaves, those with excessive nitrogen
produced less total plant weight plus fruit weight (Table 1). The fresh
weight of plants grown with the lowest level of nitrogen was greafest at
the end of the growing season compared to plants with excessive nitrogen
rates. Higher rates of nitrogen at transplanting did not stimulate vegeta-
tive growth, but rather suppressed pepper plant growth. This is not in
agreement with some reports that indicate high nitrogen rates promote
growth and abundant foliage. The excess amount of nitrogen available to
plants at early stages could affect root growth by salt burn, which in turn
might reduce the above ground vegetative growth.
Table 1. Fresh weight of plant at 3 sampling dates (gm) as influenced by
nitrogen applied at transplanting
Days after transplanting
Treatment
lb. N/acre 33 63 94
100
200
300
400
Final Plant
Wt. Plus Total
Plant Wt.
240.6
737.5
Fruit Wt.
57.7
2,437
52.1
287.5
672.2
2,233
45.7
259.5
523.3
2,025
47.7
258.2
586.9
2,011
The total number of fruits harvested and the number in the first
picking are shown in Table 2. Higher rates of nitrogen at transplanting
had a negative effect on fruit number. Since the lower rate of nitrogen at
planting produced bigger plants, the total number of fruits per plant har-
vested may be related to plant size. These large plants are able to supply
more food for more fruit to develop. The size of marketable fruit were
similar regardless of the rate of nitrogen applied.
Table 2. Early and total marketable fruit yield
Treatment
lb. N/
acre
Fruit /Plant
First Pick
Total
Avg.
Fruit
Wt. (oz.)
100
200
300
i^OO
1.9
1.4
0.9
0.8
15.1
14.0
13.7
11 .6
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
The number of fruit harvested corresponds to the percentage of fruit
set. Higher nitrogen rates resulted in a decrease in percentage fruit set
(Table 3).
In spite of reduction in fruit set at high nitrogen treatments, the
plants may have compensated by producing more flower buds. The average
number of buds per plant increased considerably with increasing rates of
nitrogen. Doubling the rate from 100 to 200 lbs. increased the bud number
from 118 to 143. This indicates that excessive nitrogen at planting pro-
motes bud production, but causes a detrimental effect on fruit set, re-
sulting in a reduction in yield. The plants are not able to supply enough
food for fruit to develop, possibly due to smaller plant size.
With statistical tests yet to be performed, evidence shows that exces-
sive nitrogen fertilizer applied at planting causes an adverse effect on
growth, as well as fruit set and yield. Higher levels of preplant nitrogen
are not recommended since nitrogen causes a decline in fruit set and re-
duces yield.
Table 3. Flower bud number and percentage of fruit set per plant
Total Buds'"
Total Fruit^
Treatment
lbs. N/acre
(no. /plant )
Percentage
Fruit Set
100
200
300
400
(no.)
118
143
129
145
(no.)
41 .8
38.4
35.0
33.1
35.4
26.9
27.1
22.8
'From 3 plants per replicate
^Total fruit harvested plus small fruit left on the plant after the harvest
Literature Cited
1. Cochran, H. L. 1936. Some factors influencing growth and fruit set-
ting in the pepper. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoirs 190. 39 pp .
2. Gerber, J. M. 1982. Northern Illinois Vegetable Research Report.
Univ. 111. Hort. Series 38. 56 pp.
3. Locasio, S. J., J.G.A. Fiskell and D. A. Graetz. 1985. Nitrogen
accumulation by pepper as influenced by mulch and time of fertilizer
application. J. Amer . Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:325-328.
4. Locasio, S. J. and J.G.A. Fiskell. 1977. Pepper production as in-
fluenced by mulch, fertilizer placement and nitrogen rate. Proc. Soil
Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. 36:115-117.
5. Maynard, D. N. , W. H. Lachman, R. M. Check, and H. F. Vernell.- 1962.
The influence of nitrogen levels on flowering and fruit set of peppers,
Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 81:385-389.
6. Mengel, K. and E. A. Kirby. 1978. Principle of Plant Nutrition Int'l
Potash Inst. Berne, Switzerland.
7. O'Sullivan, J. 1979. Response of pepper to irrigation and nitrogen.
Can. J. Plant Sci. 59:1085-1095.
8. Schmidt, J. C, J. M. Gerber and W. E. Splittstoesser . 1983.
HortScience 18:567.
Siti Hassan is a Graduate Student in the Department of Horticulture;
John M. Gerber is Associate Professor of Horticulture;
Walter E. Splittstoesser is Professor of Horticulture.
OVIPOSITION IN THE SQUASH BUG, Anasa tristis
Dennis Fielding
The squash bug is a pest of pumpkins and squash throughout Illinois.
The bugs overwinter as adults and the females begin ovipositing on squash
plants in June. The eggs hatch within 6 to 1 4 days, depending on the tem-
perature, and the resulting nymphs pass through 5 instars before molting
into adults. Chemical control of this pest is directed toward the first or
second instars when they are more susceptible to the chemical and before
they do much damage. Efficient timing of chemical applications depends in
part on knowledge of the timing and duration of oviposition in the field.
This study was undertaken to gain information on the number of eggs laid
per female bug and the timing and duration of the oviposition season for
both the overwintered bugs and for new bugs which have matured from eggs
laid by the overwintered generation.
Materials and Methods
Three plants in an approximately 1/2 acre plot of pumpkin (Libby's
Select) were inspected for squash bug eggs every 5 to 8 days during the
summer. After the eggs in a cluster were counted, the egg cluster was
circled with an indelible marker so that only new eggs were counted during
subsequent inspections. In this manner, the timing of oviposition in the
field was monitored.
To determine the number of eggs laid per female, fifteen pairs of bugs
were collected in the field in early June, 1986, before oviposition began.
Each pair was confined within a nylon mesh bag on a leaf of a pumpkin plant.
Eggs were counted every 5 to 8 days.
To determine the size of the second generation of squash bugs, new
adults were examined for eggs at weekly intervals. Each week a large
number of fifth instar nymphs were collected and placed in a field cage
containing a squash plant. After 4 days, any new adults were removed and
placed in nylon mesh bags. Two weeks later, after the females had time to
develop eggs, 30 to 40 females were dissected and examined for the presence
of eggs. Those without eggs were considered to be entering diapause for
the winter.
Ten pairs of bugs which eclosed (hatched) on July 25 were confined in
mesh bags and the eggs produced were counted at 5 to 8 day intervals.
Results
The first egg cluster in the field was found on June 13 and the last
was found on September 9, a span of almost 3 months (Fig. 1).
Overwintered bugs confined to the bags began ovipositing June 20. The
average number of eggs produced per female was 313.8 (Table 1). The last
eggs were produced between September 4 and 9 (Fig. 2). Only 2 of the origi-
nal 15 females survived to September.
Adult bugs began eclosing in late July. Nearly all bugs which eclosed
before June 25 produced eggs. Bugs which eclosed after August 5 directly
entered diapause (Fig. 3) without producing any eggs.
The new females which eclosed July 25 began ovipositing by August 5
and ended by September 4 (Fig. 2). The average number of second generation
eggs produced per female was 101.4 (Table 1).
Table 1 . Number of Eggs per Female
Total
eggs
Standard
deviation
Maximum
N
313.7
101 A
142.9
47.0
520
186
15
10
overwintered
new bugs
Discussion
The oviposition season lasted for about 88 days, with 90/K of the ac-
tivity occurring within 56 days. A peak of oviposition occurred in late
July and early August, reflecting the warm weather and possibly some con-
tribution from new adults. Relatively few adults had eclosed before the
August 1 median data for diapause induction and it is expected that in most
years these new adults will not contribute very much to the total oviposi-
tion in a season.
The long duration of the oviposition season indicates that for 100%
control of the nymphs several applications will be necessary. More realis-
tic, however, may be a single spray shortly after peak oviposition, which
will not give 100% control but may prevent populations from reaching an
economic level.
Dennis Fielding is a Graduate Research Assistant, Section of Economic
Entomology, Illinois Natural History Survey.
FIG. 1. Eggs per day on three pumpkin plants
50 -
10 -■
50 -
>0 -■
10 -
OVIPOSITION RATES
SUMMER 1986
EGGS PER DAY
./•
\
0 •
/
X
13 JUNE 3 JULY
2 AUG
F-^'
4 SEPT
FIG. 2. Oviposit ion by squash bugs confined in nylon mesh bags
14 -r
12 X
>
<
Q 10 4-
y 84-
<
S 64-
LU
LJL
^ 4-1-
CO
LU
0 •-
• first generation eggs
►n. o second generation eggs
3 July
2 aug
4 sept
FIG. 3
100 1
•v
90 ■
\
80 -
•
70 -
■
60 -
■
50 -
■
40 -
•
30 •
■
20 -
■
10 -
-
0 .
26 JULY
PERCENTAGE OF NEW
ADULTS REPRODUCING
2 AUG
9 AUG
16 AUG
BEDS AND SEED TREATMENTS FOR BELL PEPPERS
William H. Shoemaker
Establishing a plant population is perhaps the most difficult step in
the process of raising a crop. Whether to direct-seed or transplant
depends on many considerations. In northern Illinois, bell peppers are
traditionally transplanted for several reasons. A six-to-eight week old
transplant can be set in the field almost as soon as a direct seeding can
take place. This gives the farmer an earlier crop. Also, transplants can
be selected for vigor and placed accurately, giving the grower the exact
plant stand he needs. A drawback of transplanting however is the cost of
producing the plants. If a grower can be assured of an accurate plant
stand without overseeding and then thinning, direct-seeding could become
more attractive, particularly if the grower could be assured of vigorous
growth.
Several seed companies have begun marketing seed products that are
described as "enhanced" or "vigorized". The point is that, through several
techniques, the seed product has been selected or treated to provide supe-
rior performance. With the cooperation of Asgrow Seed, their vigorized
seed product was tested in 1986 at the St. Charles Horticulture Research
Center.
Materials and Methods
Location: St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles, IL
Plot Layout: Each treatment was a single 12' row planted on an 18"
bed, 6" high. Guard rows were used and treatments were
replicated four times.
Planting: Each treatment was direct seeded with a hand jab planter
at 3/8" to 1/2" depth, spaced at 6"/seed on June 6. The
beds had been established for six weeks.
Treatments: Four treatments were used, consisting of:
1) Seed coated and vigorized
2) Seed coated but not vigorized
3) Seed not coated but vigorized
4) Seed neither coated nor vigorized
The cultivar used was 'Yolo Wonder'.
Fertility:
Applications of N, P and K were made at the following
rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as 40% 46-0-0 and 6056 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
Fertilizer broadcast commercially preplant and incorpo-
rated.
Weed Control:
Insect Control:
Treflan 4E at 0.75 lb aia, ppi, double-disced. Hand-
weeding as needed.
Only one insect pest was a problem. It remains to be
identified. It was a general feeder and was controlled
with several sprays of Sevin at 1.0 lb aia.
Disease Control: No disease problems were noted.
Irrigation:
No irrigation was provided. Rainfall was sufficient
during the first eight weeks.
Harvest:
Data:
A single, once-over harvest of mature green fruit.
Average of 4 replications, 12' of row with a maximum of
24 plants.
Results and Discussion
Conditions during germination and early growth were good, with light
rainfalls supplying adequate additions to a good soil moisture situation.
Weed control was fair at best, only because the weed control material
selected did not target the weed which became the only problem, velvetleaf .
Hoeing kept weed pressure down to reasonable levels and presumably pre-
vented any significant impact on the plot. Because of the late planting
and direct-seeding, a much cooler than normal August prevented development
of a fully mature crop, although a harvest did occur. A severe drought in
August also contributed to a small crop.
Effect on Plant Stand
See Table 1 for plant stand date.
Observation and measurement of germination and early growth revealed
an obvious difference between those treatments that were vigorized and
those which were not. Cotyledon size in the vigorized treatments was
larger, both in width and length of the leaves. Plants in the vigorized
treatments emerged earlier and more uniformly (less time between first and
last emergence in a row). Rate of emergence differences are clearly illus-
trated as significant in Table 1 as are total numbers of emerged seedlings.
No significant differences were seen between coated and uncoated seeds.
10
Table 1 . Plant Stand at Three Weeks
Treatment
Total %
of Emerged
Seedlings
% of Seedlings
with True Leaves
Unfurled
Seedlings
Still
Emerging
Uncoated, Unvigorized
Coated, Unvigorized
Uncoated, Vigorized
Coated, Vigorized
18.0 (1.0)*
16.25 (1.75)
21.25 (1.75)
21.0 (0.5)
0.0 (0.0)
0.25 (0.38)
13.75 (0.88)
12.5 (1.75)
5.25 (2.75)
2.75 (0.75)
0.5 (0.5)
0.75 (0.38)
Effect on Yield and Quality
See Table 2 for harvest data.
Certainly the difference between vigorized and unvigorized seed emer-
gence was significant. The question remains whether the significant effect
is maintained through harvest. In this case the difference was not statis-
tically different (see Table 2 for harvest data). However, poor growing
conditions in the latter part of the growing season may have contributed to
the variability. In terms of averages, there were clear differences in
yield. There was also a visible difference in size of the plants at har-
vest time, though it was slight.
Summary
Results of this year's work indicate that the vigor izing process used
by Asgrow certainly has a positive impact on stand establishment. Though
the impact didn't carry through to the harvest period, future work should
be carried out to determine whether these results will be found consis-
tently. The positive effects of vigorized seeds may make direct-seeding
more attractive to the pepper grower. Vigorized seed may also be attrac-
tive to the greenhouse operator, providing a better opportunity to keep
growing trays full.
The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of Todd Cutting of
Asgrow Seed Co., Kalamazoo, MI and Rusty Leffingwell of Befco Equip.,
Fairbury, IL.
11
Table 2. Harvest Data
Wt. of No. of Wt. of No. of No. of
No. of 4-Lobed Other Other Total Total BER* Other
Treatment 4-lobed Fruit Fruit Fruit No. Wt. Fruit Culls
Unvigorized-
Uncoated 5.25 1.18 3.25 0.73 7.75 1.9 0.75 0.5
(2.5)»* (0.8) (2.3) (0.6) (4.8) (1.3) (0.8) (0.5)
Unvigorized-
Coated 4.75 1.08 3.0 0.75 7.75 1.83 0.25 1.0
(4.1) (0.9) (1.5) (0.5) (4.1) (1.0) (0.4) (0.5)
5.75 1.30 15.5 3.4 1.25 1.75
(2.6) (0.6) (2.5) (0.4) (0.9) (0.9)
7.75 1.70 18.0 3.7 0.75 1.0
(4.8) (1.2) (7.5) (1.7) (0.6) (1.5)
*Blossom end rot
**Indicates variance figures for each average.
Vigorized-
Uncoated
9.75
(5.1)
1.8
(0.8)
Vigorized-
Coated
10.25
(2.8)
2.0
(0.6)
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent at the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
12
SEASONAL GROWTH AND COMPOSITION AND ACCUMULATION OF N-P-K
IN DRYLAND AND IRRIGATED PUMPKINS
John M. Swiader
Nutrient uptake patterns and how they change as plants develop can be
used to determine crop fertility needs at various stages of plant growth.
This type of information is especially appropriate in pumpkin (Curcubita
moschata Poir) since there are several distinct and very different growth
phases during the life of the plant. Fertility needs of pumpkin are par-
ticularly important during the later growth stages when photosynthates are
being accumulated rapidly in the fruit, placing added demand on the root
and shoot system for mineral nutrients.
To date, no attempts to quantify total nutrient demand and nutrient
removal in harvested pumpkin fruit have been reported in the literature.
The purpose of this research was to characterize dry matter production as
well as the accumulation and composition of N, P, and K in various plant
parts for 5 stages of development in dryland and irrigated pumpkins.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted for two years on a Flanagan silty clay
loam (fine, montmorillonitic , mesic, Agric Argiudolls) at the University of
Illinois Vegetable Research Farm at Urbana. The Flanagan soil is
considered a relatively fertile soil (cation-exchange capacity of 23.8
meq/100 g, 4.5/6 organic matter content, 1 1 2 kg P/ha, 215 kg K/ha) with
moderate to high moisture holding capacity (field capacity 26.45&, permanent
wilting point 13-3/S).
Moisture regimes consisted of no irrigation (dryland culture) and
supplemental irrigation to prevent the available soil moisture from falling
below 50^. Soil water potential was determined from tensiometers randomly
placed throughout the plots. Water was applied in 0.5 inch increments by
overhead sprinkler irrigation. Irrigation frequency was 9 applications in
1983 and 5 applications in 1984. Moisture regimes were randomized with 5
replications of dryland pumpkins and 4 replications under irrigation.
Within each moisture regime, pumpkin cultivar 'Libby Select' was
seeded in hills at 30 inch intervals in double rows 5 feet apart and 46
feet long. Prior to seeding, fertilizer to furnish lbs/A rates of 125 N,
100 P2O5 and 100 K2O was incorporated to a depth of 6 inches. When plants
developed 2 true leaves, hills were thinned to 2 plants. At specific
growth stages corresponding to vine initiation, first female flower, and
early, mid, and late-fruiting, 6 plants (3 hills) were harvested in each
plot. The early-fruiting stages were identified by a fruit size of 3
inches, mid- fruiting 17 days later, and late-fruiting at the time when
approximately one-half of fruit surface color changed from green to tan.
The harvested plant samples were separated into vines, leaves, and
fruit, dried at 160°F and weighed. Tissue subsamples were analyzed for
total N by a modified micro-Kjeldahl procedure and K following wet
13
digestion with concentrated HNO3 and 3056 H2O2. Duplicate samples were made
for all elements. Total uptake of N, P, and K in the various plant organs
was calculated by multiplying N-P-K concentrations by the respective total
dry weight.
Variation in plant dry matter production in irrigated (p = 0.66) and
dryland (p = 0.8?) pumpkins between years was very small. Data are there-
fore presented as means for the two years.
Results and Discussion
Results on seasonal dry matter accumulation and distribution, and
accumulation and composition of N, P, and K are presented in Tables 1-4.
Seedling germination and emergence at both locations was fairly uniform.
Throughout the study, plants appeared healthy and vigorous with no signs of
nutrient deficiency.
In both moisture regimes, maximum rates of dry matter accumulation
occurred between the early and mid-fruiting developmental stages. Higher
total dry matter production with irrigated than dryland culture was prima-
rily associated with increased shoot growth.
Concentrations of N, P, and K in foliage generally decreased as pump-
kin age increased. Irrigated pumpkins in conjunction with higher total
vegetative dry matter accumulated more N, P, and K than dryland pumpkins.
Up through early fruit development, N, P, and K accumulation was primarily
in leaves and vines and by the later growth stages was almost entirely in
the fruit. For a population of 3500 plants per acre, total N, P, and K
uptake at late-fruiting was estimated at 195, 29, and 204 lbs/A for irri-
gated pumpkins and 161, 19, 158 lbs/A in dryland pumpkins. Approximately
58% of the N, 5256 of the K, and 68% of the P accumulated by late-fruiting
was absorbed by the plant after the early-fruiting stage in both moisture
regimes. Potassium redistribution from vegetative tissues during late
fruit development decreased foliar K contents 32% in dryland pumpkins and
21/6 in irrigated pumpkins. Translocation of N and P from leaves to fruits
was not a significant factor in either moisture regime.
14
Table 1. Dry Weight Accumulation and Distribution at Five Growth States
for Dryland and Irrigated Pumpkin
Dry Weight (g/plant)
Plant
Part
Vine-
stage
Female Early- Mid-
flower fruit fruit
Late-
fruit
Vine
Leaf
Fruit
6.56
9.82
— Dryland culture —
31.06 91.76 119.08
33.20 119.46 229.03
29.90 135.24
140.62
246.63
415.98
Total
16.38
64.26 241.12 483-35
— Irrigated culture —
803.23
Vine
5.72
26.86
94.54
140.03
154.69
Leaf
8.73
31.78
179.97
369.36
419.12
Fruit
--
—
42.63
169.29
482.87
Total
14.45
58.64
317.14
678.68
1056.78
Table 2. Nitrogen Composition and Accumulation at Five Growth Stages for
Dryland and Irrigated Pumpkin
N Compost ion
i%)
N Accumulation
(g/plant;
I
Plant
Vine-
Female
Early-
Mid-
Late-
Vine-
Female
Early-
■ Mid-
Lat
;e-
part
stage
flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
stage
flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
—
-Dryland
culture
J —
Vine
4.69
4.08
3.73
3.33
3.04
0.31
1.27
3.42
3.97
4.
27
Leaf
5.43
5.16
4.44
3.90
3.66
0.53
1.71
5.30
8.93
9.
.03
Fruit
—
—
3.07
2.81
2.63
—
—
0.92
3.80
10.
,94
Total
—
—
—
—
—
0.84
2.98
9.64
16.70
24.
,24
— Irrigated culture —
Vine
4.31
4.11
3.57
3.07
2.78
0.25
1.11
3.38
4.30
4.30
Leaf
5.17
4.81
4.79
3.73
3.38
0.45
1.53
8.61
13.78
14.17
Fruit
—
—
2.77
2.71
2.29
—
—
1.18
4.59
11 .06
Total
~
_ ^
— ^
^■^
— —
0.70
2.64
13.17
22.67
29.53
15
Table 3. Potassium Composition and Accumulation at Five Growth Stages for
Dryland and Irrigated Pumpkin
K Composition {%)
K Accumulation
(g/plan
t)
Plant
Vine-
Female
Early-
Mid-
Late-
Vine- Female
Early-
Mid-
Late-
part
stage
flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
stage flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
-
-Dryland
culture —
Vine
4.85
4.93
5.23
3.95
2.34
0.32 1.53
4.80
4.70
3.29
Leaf
4.144
4.51
4.53
3.56
2.19
0.44 1.50
5.41
8.15
5.40
Fruit
—
—
3.89
3.58
3.65
—
1.16
4.84
15.18
Total
— —
Irrigated
0.76 3.03
culture —
11.37 .
17.69
23.87
Vine
5.02
5.14
4.97
4.09
3.08
0.29 1.38
4.70
5.73
4.76
Leaf
4.58
4.77
4.70
3.70
2.55
0.40 1.52
8.46
13.76
10.69
Fruit
—
—
3.40
3.51
3.16
—
1.45
5.94
15.26
Total
^""
■"^
■■"■
^■"
"■""
0.69 2.90
14.61
25.34
30.71
Table 4. Phosphorus Composition and Accumulation at Five Growth Stages for
Dryland and Irrigated Pumpkin
P Composition i%)
P Accumulation
(g/plant)
Plant
Vine-
Female
Early-
Mid-
Late-
Vine- Female
Early-
Mid-
Late-
part
stage
flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
stage flower
fruit
fruit
fruit
-
-Dryland
culture —
Vine
0.30
0.31
0.33
0.24
0.19
0.02 0.10
0.30
0.29
0.25
Leaf
0.46
0.37
0.40
0.33
0.28
0.05 0.12
0.48
0.76
0.70
Fruit
—
—
0.50
0.44
0.46
__
0.15
0.60
1.91
Total
^^
Irrigated
0.07 0.22
culture —
0.93
1.65
2.86
Vine
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.33
0.29
0.02 0.11
0.39
0.46
0.45
Leaf
0.57
0.50
0.46
0.43
0.38
0.05 0.16
0.83
1.59
1.60
Fruit
—
—
0.52
0.54
0.48
—
0.22
0.91
2.32
Total
"~ —
~-"
"""■
"••
— ""
0.07 0.28
1.44
2.96
4.37
(
1
John M. Swiader is Associate Professor of Horticulture in the Department of
Horticulture.
16
ROW COVER MANAGEMENT STUDY OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
Use of row cover materials to improve plant growth and increase crop
yields has become well known among vegetable growers. Success stories are
repeated often where vegetable growers meet and in the vegetable indus-
tries' news publications. The noise of success has to a degree drowned out
the complaints of growers whose initial attempts have failed. The number
of these failures isn't insignificant. This points to the need for more
accurate information on managing row cover use. This study is an attempt
to gather more information on the effects of varying weather patterns on
row cover use.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Proctor Silt Loam
Broccoli
One double row 40' long, plants 1.5' apart and
staggered, M' between row centers, unreplicated.
Tomato
One row 40' long, plants 2
rows, unreplicated.
apart with 5' between
Muskmelon
One row 40' long, plants 2
rows, unreplicated.
apart with 6' between
Planting:
Seeds were set in the greenhouse in Pt72 Pro-Trays with
a peat-like mix for tomato and broccoli. Muskmelons
used Pt50 Pro-Trays. Date of seed set was March 28 for
tomato and broccoli and April 18 for muskmelon. Plants
were set in the field on May 15 with a commercial trans-
planter.
Treatments :
Kimberly Farms polypropylene 5' row cover was used in
the following time spans for each vegetable:
1 ) 2.0 weeks
2) 3.5 weeks
3) 5.0 weeks
4) 0.0 weeks
17
Cultivars:
Fertility:
Tomato - 'Pik-Red'
Broccoli - 'Green Comet'
Muskmelon - 'Gold Star'
N, P and K were applied commercially at the following
rates and disced in:
Weed Control:
N at 80 lb N/A as 4056 46-0-0 and 605f 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
Starter solution was used at planting, 9-45-15.
In the broccoli and tomatoes, Treflan 4E at 0.75 lb aia,
ppi, was applied and double disced. In the muskmelons a
tank mix of Pre far 4E at 4.0 lb aia and Alanap L at
2.0 lb aia was applied ppi and double disced.
Hand weeding was used when necessary to prevent weed
pressure in the plots.
Insect Control:
Disease Control
Furadan 15G was applied at planting in a band on the row
at 1.0 lb/1500' of row in the muskmelons. In all plots
Sevin 80W was used as needed to prevent insect damage.
A high pressure boom sprayer was used.
In the broccoli no disease problems occurred. In the
tomatoes and melons a spray program was initiated at
fruit set which alternated sprays of mancozeb and Bravo
at labelled rates weekly. Benlate was used when needed
for Sep tor ia Leaf Blight in the tomatoes and Powdery
Mildew in the melons.
Irrigation:
Harvest:
None was used.
The broccoli was once-over harvested at peak maturity,
The melons and tomatoes were harvested by hand as the
fruit matured until harvest was complete.
Results and Discussion
For the second year in a row conditions were less than optimum for the
study of row cover use on vegetables. Warmer than normal temperatures
prevailed from the beginning of April to the middle of June, when a cool
period reigned for a couple of weeks. Visible plant growth differences
were observed in each vegetable however, indicating that whether for better
or for worse, row covers have a significant impact on the micro-environment
of the plant.
Broccoli Plant growth increased under the row covers as compared
to the uncovered plants but in the case of the 5.0 and
3.5 week treatments, this was not beneficial. Plant
growth exceeded the amount of space available, causing
the plant to distort. These distortions were particu-
larly severe in the 5.0 week treatment, although neither
18
treatment grew out of the distortions. A longer sea-
soned crop might have been able to. Plants in the 2.0
week treatment seemed undisturbed by the row covers.
Plant growth was similar to the 0.0 week treatment.
Tomato
Plant growth in the row cover treatments increased over
the 0.0 week treatment corresponding to the duration of
the treatment. However, it seemed that even though an
attempt to harden off the plants was made by slitting
open the tops several days before removal of the covers,
the plants took a week or so to begin growing again. In
any case, differences seen in plant growth were not
reflected in the harvest data.
Muskmelon Melons seem to be the one crop that rarely fails with
row cover use and this year was no exception. At the
end of 5.0 weeks when all row covers were removed, plant
growth was visibly enhanced in all treatments and the
longer the use of a cover, the greater growth of the
plants. No adverse effect was found from using the
cover.
Harvest
Broccoli
See Table 1 for harvest data.
Very little difference could be seen in the harvest data,
Although the plants were still distorted in treatments 2
and 3, yields were very similar, as was quality.
Tomato
See Table 2 for harvest data.
Some slight differences can be seen in this data but
they do not point to a benefit from row cover use.
Treatments 1 and 4 were the highest yielding plots with
treatment 2 close behind. Treatment 3 was significantly
below the yields of the other three treatments, indicat-
ing a possible setback from the row cover experience.
Average fruit size also decreased the longer the dura-
tion of cover. There was no difference in earliness.
Muskmelon
See Table 3 for harvest data.
Harvest figures for the melons fell right in line with
the observations on plant growth at row cover removal.
Although there was no difference between treatments 1 , 'c
and M in total yield, treatment 3 more than doubled the
number of fruit of the other treatments. There was no
difference in fruit size but each row cover treatment
preceded the check in first harvest by one week.
19
Table 1 . Broccoli Harvest Data
Treatment
No. of
Heads
Total
Wt. (lb)
Ave Head
Wt. (lb)
Ave Head
Diameter
52
57
52
47
40.3
53.8
37.3
44.5
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.9
7.75
7.95
7.95
7.80
Table 2. Tomato Harvest Data
No. of
Total
Ave Fruit
Date of First
Treatment
Fruit
Wt. (lb)
Wt. (lb)
Harvest
1
375
150.9
0.40
7/29
2
316
115.7
0.37
7/29
3
189
66.3
0.35
7/29
4
359
147.7
0.41
7/29
Table 3. Muskmelon Harvest Data
No. of
Total
Ave Fruit
Date of First
Treatment
Fruit
Wt. (lb)
Wt. (lb)
Harvest
1
19
62.1
3.3
7/28
2
23
80.2
3.5
7/29
3
62
216.5
3.5
7/28
4
25
84.0
3.4
8/4
Summary
This is in no way a conclusive test of row covers. It rather points to
the difficulty in managing them. Further research of currently available
materials and further development of new ideas are both necessary to make
row covers widely adaptable in vegetable crop production.
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
20
CONTROL OF EASTERN BLACK NIGHTSHADE (SOLANUM PTYCANTHUM) IN
TOMATOES WITH POSTEMERGENCE APPLICATIONS OF BLAZER
John B. Masiunas
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) in Illinois is a problem
weed in soybeans and tomatoes. It is tolerant to the common herbicides,
Treflan and metribuzin (Lexone or Sencor ) , used in these crops. Also,
growth characteristics of eastern black nightshade cause it to be trouble-
some. Nightshade remains green after crop maturity, thus, interfering with
harvest. Increased light penetration occurring following crop maturity,
stimulates growth of nightshade further magnifying harvest difficulties.
Since eastern black nightshade can germinate, flower, and fruit within 6
weeks, emerging seedlings must be controlled through the end of July to
prevent berry production. A single eastern black nightshade plant can
produce as many as 7000 berries and 800,000 seeds in a season, substan-
tially increasing weed control problems the following year.
Blazer (acif luorfen) , is used postemergence in soybeans to control
eastern black nightshade plant with less than 8 true leaves. Research also
has indicated that Blazer at 1 /4 to 3/8 lb/A can be used to control eastern
black nightshade in tomatoes, provided that the crop is substantially
larger than the weed. But, the safety of postemergence applications of
Blazer to tomatoes still needs to be determined. The purpose of this study
is to determine if the timing of applications of Blazer influence night-
shade control or tomato quality and yield.
Materials and Methods
Location: Darrell Pfeiffer Farm, Forest City
Planted: mid-April
Replications: Three
Plot size: 50 square feet (10 feet of row)
Applications: June 23, July 3, 7, 1^ and 21. Blazer was applied at 1/4
and 3/8 lb/A (1 and 1 1/2 pt./A respectively) with a CO2
backpack sprayer and single nozzle boom (8OOM nozzle),
calibrated to deliver 26 gpa at 30 psi.
Data taken: Weekly tomato and nightshade phytotoxicity ratings on a scale
of 0 = no injury, and 100 = complete foliar death. At har-
vest, percent marketable fruit, fruit size, and total fruit
weights were determined.
Average weed density: 4 plants per square foot within the row of tomatoes.
21
Results and Discussion
Eastern black nightshade germinated in a flush at the end of May, with
little germination occurring thereafter. Applications of Blazer caused up
to 50 percent phytotoxicity when applied in late June (Table 1). The
injury was greatest when Blazer was applied in hot (over 90°F) humid condi-
tions (Table 2). Later applications, in July, were made when temperatures
were in the 70 's and they did not cause as great injury to tomatoes.
Injury that did occur consisted of shoot tip dieback, leaf spotting, blos-
som drop, and fruit injury. Although tomato regrowth occurred within a
week after treatment, the foliar injury would provide a route of entry to
pathogens and increase disease control problems.
Table 1. Tomato injury rating {% foliage injured) on July 21.
Blazer
Rate
June 23
Treatment Date
July 3 July 7 July 14
July 21
Hand weeded
.__—nra1 / — ___
--— — uai /— — — —
^/H lb/A
45 c
15ab
33bc
18b
Oa
3/8 lb/A
47c
lOab
18b
22c
Oa
W Those numbers not containing a common letter are not significantly
different at the 5% level by Duncans Multiple Range Test.
Table 2. Environmental conditions and plant size at time of application.
June 23
Treatment Date
July 3 July 7 July 14
July 21
Air Temp. («F)
92
70
75
75
85
Soil Temp. (°F)
85
78
84
70
75
Wind Direct.
SW
SSW
SSE
SSE
NW
Wind Speed (mph)
0-10
0-5
0-10
0-10
5-10
Soil Moisture
Adeq.
Adeq.
Adeq.
Wet
Wet
Tomato Plant Size (in.)
12
12-16
18-24
18-24
18-24
Tomato Stage
Flower .
Fruit.
Fruit.
Ripen.
Sencence
Nightshade Size(in.)
8-14
12-81
12-24
18-30
18-30
Nightshade stage
Veget.
Flower .
Fruit.
Fruit.
Fruit.
22
Control of the eastern black nightshade was poor, because plants were
too large to be killed by Blazer. Blazer at ^/^ or 3/8 lb/A only controls
eastern black nightshade that has less than 4 true leaves. If Blazer was
applied in late May, immediately after the majority of eastern black night-
shade germinated, control would have been better. At harvest (August 8),
approximately 50/5 of the eastern black nightshade were controlled. The
best control was obtained with either the earliest application of Blazer,
where the least regrowth of nightshade occurred, or the last application of
Blazer, where the least regrowth of nightshade occurred, or the last appli-
cation of Blazer, where nightshade did not have time to regrow (Table 3).
Table 3. Eastern black nightshade control i% of weed free plots) on
August 8, from postemergence applications of Blazer.
Treatment Date
1
Blazer
Rate
June 23
July
3 July 7
July 14
July 21
1/4 lb/A
531/
47
43
36
50
3/8 lb/A
60
27
50
38
63
V Data is not statistically significant.
Blazer had no significant effect on total fruit weight or, percentage
of fruit marketable. Total fruit weight (in lbs per 10 ft of row) ranged
from 75 lbs for plots treated with 3/8 lb/A of Blazer on June 23, to
122 lbs for plots treated with 1/4 lb/A of Blazer on July 3, with the hand
weeded (weed free) plots averaging 106 lbs (Table 4). Approximately 60% of
the fruit produced was marketable. Plots with the lowest percentage of
marketable fruit were those treated with 3/8 lb/A of Blazer on June 23,
while the highest percent marketable fruit was obtained on plots treated
with 3/8 lb/A of Blazer on July 21 (Table 5). There was a significant
effect of herbicide treatment on fruit size, with the average fruit size in
plots treated with Blazer being 2 1/4 ounces, while the size in the hand
weeded (weed free) control was 2 1/2 ounces. This larger size was probably
caused by the lack of adequate eastern black nightshade control in Blazer
treated plots. The date of Blazer treatment did not effect fruit size.
23
Table 4, The effect of Blazer treatment on total tomato fruit production
(lbs per 10 ft of row).
Treatment Date
Blazer
Rate
June 23
July
3 July 7
July 14
July 21
0
1/n lb/A
1 aa 1 / ..._.
99
122
103
1 UD / ---■
107
97
3/8 lb/A
75
111
102
99
108
V Data is not significantly different
Table 5. Percentage of total fruit marketable.
Treatment Date
Blazer
Rate
June 23
July 3
July 7
July 14
July 21
0
.---__-- f^r}^ / -.
••"""""" 03 ' / -"
1/4 lb/A
61
61
71
66
67
3/8 lb/A
51
59
65
59
67
V Data is not significantly different.
Although Blazer had no significant effect on fruit weight or percent-
age of marketable fruit, it provided inadequate control of eastern black
nightshade, and caused substantial foliar injury to tomatoes. Tomato
plants regrew from this injury, but the amount of injury that occurred was
unacceptable. Thus, further research is required to study alternative
methods of controlling eastern black nightshade, and to determine factors
influencing tomato tolerance to Blazer.
John B. Masiunas is Assistant Professor of Horticulture.
24
ROW COVER MANAGEMENT STUDY ON BROCCOLI, TOMATOES AND MUSKMELONS
John M. Gerber
Vegetable growers using plastic row covers and tunnels for the first
time often do not see the increased yields that are achieved in research
plots. Whenever a new technology is implemented, additional cultural
changes are usually required in order to realize the potential of the new
technology. Also, management decisions on how the new technology is em-
ployed will dramatically impact success.
Row covers can be used to provide earlier and increased yields on some
vegetable crops (1,2,3,4,6,7). They have also been shown to provide an
economic benefit to grower /marketers depending on the crop, sale price, and
yield (5). Successful application of this new technology is dependent,
however, on choosing an appropriate planting date, and deciding when to
remove the cover. The purpose of this study was to investigate application
and removal management of a spunbonded plastic row cover and its effect on
plant growth and yield. This experiment was replicated at 4 other
locations in the U.S. as part of national research project funded in part
by the Kimberly-Clark Corporation.
Materials and Methods
Location: Urbana Vegetable Research Farm
Soil type: Drummer silty clay loam
Crops:
A. Tomato var. 'Pik Red' (Harris Moran)
B. Broccoli var. 'XPH 5002' (Asgrow)
C. Muskmelon var. 'Gold Star' (Harris Moran)
Treatments:
EO - Early planting, no cover
E2 - Early planting, cover removed after 2 weeks
E3.5 - Early planting, cover removed after 3.5 weeks
E5 - Early planting, cover removed after 5 weeks
LO - Later planting, no cover
L2 - Later planting, cover removed after 2 weeks
L3.5 - Later planting, cover removed after 3.5 weeks
L5 - Later planting, cover removed after 5 weeks
25
Schedule:
Seeding:
Planting:
Tomato and broccoli - seeded on 3/21 for early
planting (E series) and on 3/28 for late planting (L
series).
Melon - seeded M/11 for early planting (E series) and
4/17 for late planting (L series).
Early Planting - All crops were transplanted to the
field on 5/2, This is the date at which there is
still a 50/6 chance of frost at this location.
Later planting - All crops were transplanted to the
field on 5/13. This is 2 weeks after the date at
which there is a 50/6 chance of frost.
Plot:
Tomato and melon - each plot is 40 feet long and 5 feet apart with
plants spaced 2 feet apart in the row (20 plants per plot).
Broccoli - each plot is 40 feet long and 4 feet apart with two rows
of plants spaced 18" apart (40 plants per plot).
All of the plantings were made on 3 ft. wide black plastic mulch.
Number 9 wire hoops were spaced at 6 ft. intervals to hold the row cover
off the plants. The row cover used in this study was the Kimberly Farms
Row Cover. This is a spunbonded polypropylene fabric made for agricultural
uses. The plots were irrigated to provide at least 1 " of water per week
when there was less than 1" of natural rainfall. Fertility and pest con-
trol was according to grower recommendations for these crops.
Results and Discussion
Tomato :
Row covers increased the plant weight measured at the last cover
removal date which was 5 weeks after planting. Leaving the covers on for
longer periods of time increased weight except for the five week treatment
on the later planted tomatoes (L5). These were observed to be pushing
against the covers for about a week before the cover was removed (Table 1).
When the tomatoes were planted early in the season, row covers in-
creased early yield of saleable fruit but caused a slight reduction in
average fruit size. There was no major effect on total yield, although a
slight reduction in fruit size was again noted. Leaving the covers on
longer than 2 weeks had no measurable effect on yield in the early planting
(Table 1).
26
Removal time for the later planting was more critical. Two week pro-
tection improved early yield without hurting fruit size. However, longer
covering times seemed to reduce yield (Table 1).
Table 1 . Effect of time of row cover treatment on yield of early and later
planted tomatoes.
Plant
Weight
(lbs.)
EO
0.3
E2
0.7
E3.5
1.0
E5
1.6
LO
1.5
L2
2.0
L3.5
2.6
LM
2.0
Total
Yield
Fruit /Plant
Fruit Wt.
(No.)
(oz.)
22.6
9.0
26.0
7.4
24.0
7.3
22.0
8.0
25.4
8.0
26.4
7.2
25.6
8.1
27.5
6.7
Early Yield
Fruit /Plant Fruit Wt.
(No.) (oz.)
5.0
8.5
10.4
7.6
10.6
7.1
10.0
7.7
4.7
7.8
6.8
8.2
5.7
8.4
3.8
6.2
Avg. weight from 4 plants 5 weeks after planting.
Total of 6 harvests from 7/21 - 8/20.
Total of 3 harvests from 7/21 - 7/29.
Early planting and use of row covers on tomatoes might prove to be
a useful tool, if the optimum time for cover removal could be predicted.
In 1986, leaving the covers on 'Pik Red' tomatoes for just two weeks im-
proved early yield, regardless of planting date. If the covers are left on
too long, total yield might be reduced and fruit size may suffer. Since
each season will be different, a degree day (heat unit) system to predict
optimum removal time might improve the reliability of row covers.
Broccoli :
Row covers increased the size of the broccoli plants at the last cover
removal date (5 weeks after planting). Rapid plant growth early in the
season results in larger plants which are more likely to produce marketable
heads at harvest. Covers used on the earlier planting increased head size
and weight when they were left on for up to 5 weeks. The covers had a
negative effect on head size when left on the later planting for longer
than 2 weeks (Table 2).
Row covers were successful in increasing the early growth rate of
broccoli plants and improving head size. Although time of removal is
important, it may be less critical than on tomatoes. The covers did not
result in an earlier harvest of mature heads.
27
Table 2. Effect of time of row cover treatment on yield of early and later
planted broccoli.
Head Diameter
(in.)
EO 1.2 12.2 5.8
E2 l.M 17.5 7.1
E3.5 1.6 20.4 7.3
E5 2.0 21.8 7.7
LO 2.2 22.1 6.3
L2 2.1 27.4 7.0
L3.5 2.3 25.6 6.7
L5 2.3 18.3 6.1
Avg. weight from 4 plants 5 weeks after planting.
Yield data collected in a once-over harvest.
Muskmelon:
Row covers have a dramatic effect on early plant growth of muskmelons.
The length of the longest vine at the last cover removal data (E5 or L5)
was increased by the covers (Table 3). This is important since early yield
has been shown to be related to early plant growth.
Row covers improved early yield and had a slight effect on total yield
of melons (Table 3). The increase in total yield was due to a longer
picking season with the cover treatments, although fruit size suffered
later in the season (Table 4).
Leaving the covers on muskmelon plants for 5 weeks increased early and
total fruit yield, but reduced average fruit size. To maximize economic
yield, covers should be left on long enough to increase the yield of larger
melons. A degree day system to predict the optimum removal time might help
improve the reliability of row covers.
28
Table 3. Time of row cover treatment on plant growth and total yield of
early and later planted muskmelons.
Vine
growth
Fruit
Avg. fruit
per plant
Length
Weight
Wt.
Total
Early
(in.)
(lbs.)
(lbs.)
(No.)
(No.)
EO
10.8
NA
5.2
1.4
0.4
E2
36.0
0.4
4.3
1.3
1.1
E3.5
il2.8
0.6
3.9
1.3
1.1
E5
47.7
1.2
3.5
1.8
1.5
LO
37.2
0.4
5.8
1.0
0.7
L2
57.6
1.0
5.2
1.2
0.9
L3.5
64.3
1.4
4.6
1.1
1.0
L5
76.3
1.7
5.0
1.7
1.7
Length of the longest vine 5 weeks after planting.
Average weight of 2 plants 5 weeks after planting.
Based on total yield of 6 harvests from 7/21 - 8/9.
Based on total yield of 3 harvests from 7/21 - 7/29.
Table 4. The effect of time of cover treatment on average fruit weight
(lbs.) at successive harvests.
Harvest Number
EO
E2
E3.5
E5
LO
L2
L3.5
L.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
—
4.5
3.0
3.0
—
—
5.0
—
5.7
4.6
4.4
4.0
—
5.2
4.4
5.1
5.7
4.0
6.4
4.9
6.2
5.6
4.9
4.9
5.8
—
—
—
5.9
—
4.2
—
4.5
3.2
3.9
3.6
5.1
4.8
—
—
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.1
4.0
—
Summary
In order to optimize plant response to the cover environment, it is
important for the grower to make correct management decisions. The length
of time in which the tunnel is in place will have a marked effect on plant
response. Unfortunately, it is impossible to recommend a fixed number of
days for covering, since plants respond to the changing environment rather
than the number of days they are covered. Environment under the cover will
depend on planting date and unpredictable daily temperatures. Therefore
the optimum time for covering will be different each year or at each
location.
29
In Urbana, Illinois in 1986, the optimum covering time was two weeks
for tomatoes, three to five weeks for broccoli, and three to five weeks for
melons, depending on whether they were planted early or late. If these
optimums could be related to a fixed number of degree days (or heat units),
perhaps a grower would be able to predict the best cover removal date.
This study is part of a national effort to determine those degree day opti-
mums for tomatoes, broccoli, suid muskmelon.
Literature Cited
1. Gerber, J. M. 1984, Effect of spunbonded row covers on muskmelon pro-
duction. IL Veg. Res. Rept. Hort Series 47:59-61. Urbana, IL.
2. Gerber, J. M. 1984, Effect of spunbonded row covers on green bean
emergence, plant growth and yield. IL Veg. Res. Rept. Hort Series
47:67-68. Urbana, IL.
3. Gerber, J. M. 1984. Effect of spunbonded row covers on carrot emer-
gence, plant growth and yield. IL Veg, Res. Rept. Hort Series 47:69-71.
Urbana, IL.
4. Gerber, J. M. 1986. An introduction to plastic row tunnels and covers
for vegetables. Proc. 1986 Illinois Vegetable Growers Schools. Hort
Series 59:16-20. Urbana, IL.
5. Gerber, J. M. , J. E. Brown and W. E. Splittstoesser. 1983. Economic
evaluation of plastic mulch and row tunnels for use in muskmelon produc-
tion. Proc. Nat. Agric. Plastics Assoc. Cong. 17:46-50.
6. Gerber, J. M., W. E. Splittstoesser and R. A. Bernard. 1985. Using
row tunnels to improve the quality and early yield of bell pepper fruit,
IL Veg. Res, Rept. Hort Series 56:23-29. Urbana, IL,
7. Gerber, J. M. , W. E. Splittstoesser and R, A, Bernard, 1985, Using
floating row covers on cabbage and broccoli seedbeds. IL Veg. Res.
Rept. Hort Series 56:30-32. Urbana, IL.
John M, Gerber is Associate Professor of Horticulture,
30
ROW COVER EFFECTS ON BELL PEPPER YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY
G. Choi, J. M. Gerber, and W. E. Splittstoesser
The use of plastic row tunnels as protective coverings to improve
early yield and total production has become increasingly popular for vege-
tables such as muskmelons and summer squash (1,2,3). Little work, however,
has been done on bell peppers. Peppers are one of the most sensitive crops
to temperature extremes and perhaps one of the most responsive to tempera-
ture management (4,5). While the risk of mismanagement is great, the poten-
tial results are also high if covers can be successfully used as a cultural
tool to improve yield and quality.
Warm temperatures early during the development of the pepper plant may
predispose it to produce more blocky, four lobed fruit, especially at the
first harvest. Since flower primordia are differentiated inside the stem H
to 6 weeks before the flowers actually appear, the temperature at this time
is critical to the development of marketable fruit. Row covers may be
useful tools to increase temperature after transplanting, and thus, improve
fruit shape in the first several pickings.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the time in
which the protective cover is in place on early vegetative growth, flower-
ing and fruit development of bell peppers (Capsicum annum).
Materials and Methods
Location: Vegetable Research Farm, Urbana, IL
Soil type: Drummer silty clay loam
Planted: "Lady Bell" was seeded on March 27, transplanted to field on
May 21 .
Plot: Each plot was 45 feet long and 5 feet apart, with plants 18" apart
in the row (30 plants per plot). All plots were covered with Kim-
berly Farms Row Covers at planting, which were supported by wire
hoops spaced approximately 6 feet apart. There were 4 replications
of each of the 7 treatments.
one week after planting
two weeks after planting
three weeks after planting
four weeks after planting
five weeks after planting
six weeks after planting
seven weeks after planting
Data: At each cover removal date, 10 plants were cut from that treatment.
They were weighed and leaf number and branch number were counted.
Treatments:
T1
- cover
left on for
T2
- cover
left on for
T3
- cover
left on for
T4
- cover
left on for
T5
- cover
left on for
T6
- cover
left on for
T7
- cover
left on for
31
Harvest: Peppers were picked on 7/27, 8/13, and 8/28. They were divided
into red fruit, partially red, and green. They were further
separated into one, two, three, and four lobed fruit. Data was
collected on fruit weight in each category and 10 fruit were
measured for length and width. Width measurement was taken at
the stem end of the fruit.
Results and Discussion
Since the covers can produce very high temperatures, there was a con-
cern that plant growth could be reduced by the longer treatment times.
However, the pepper plants increased in weight, leaf number and branch
number under the tunnels up to seven weeks (Table 1).
Yield at the first harvest date was improved by leaving the covers on
up to 5 weeks. Leaving the covers on peppers longer than 5 weeks reduced
the number of three and four lobed fruit. The average number of four lobed
fruit produced per plant was four times greater under the 5 week cover
compared to the 1 week cover treatment (Table 2).
Total yield was also best if the cover was left in place for 5 weeks
after planting. The five week cover treatment increased the total number
of fruit picked. This increase was noted primarily in the three and four
lobed categories. Leaving the covers in place for 7 weeks had a detri-
mental effect on yield of all lobe categories (Table 3).
Table 1. Average fresh weight (gms.), leaf number, and branch number from
10 plants at each cover removal date.
Treatment
Fresh weight (gms.)
Leaf number
Branch nu
12.4
2.0
29. M
11.9
79.3
28.6
109.9
HH.O
148.2
63.9
185.5
68.3
316.8
131.4
Tl
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
59.8
154.2
402.6
718.9
1235.7
3890.4
5827.9
32
Table 2, Average number of fruit per plant in each lobe category picked at
the first harvest.
Treatment
One lobe
Two lobe
Three lobe
Four lobe
Tl
0.2
0.7
2.9
0.5
T2
0.2
0.7
2.6
0.5
T3
0.3
0.9
3.3
0.9
T4
0.4
0.6
3.3
1.2
T5
0.2
0.7
4.2
2.2
T6
0.3
0.7
3.8
1.2
T7
0.2
0.5
3.3
0.9
Table 3. Average number of fruit per plant in each lobe category for all
three harvests.
Treatment
One lobe
Two lobe
Three lobe
Four lobe
Tl
1.4
1.5
7.2
2.6
T2
1.2
1.4
5.5
2.2
T3
1.8
1.6
6.4
1.4
TU
1.4
1.4
7.0
3.2
T5
1.1
1.9
10.1
5.6
T6
1.7
1.9
10.4
4.9
T7
0.7
1.1
5.3
2.1
Table 4. Average length/width ratio of 10 fruit in each lobe category from
the first harvest.
Treatment
One lobe
Two lobe
Three lobe
Four lobe
Tl
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.1
T2
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
T3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
T4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.2
T5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
T6
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
T7
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
All
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
33
Table 5.
harvest.
Average fruit weight in each lobe category from the first
Treatment
One lobe
Two lobe
Three lobe
Four lobe
All
Tl
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.2
4.3
T2
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.5
4.3
T3
M.4
4.1
4.3
3.8
4.2
T4
2.8
3.6
4.1
3.7
3.5
T5
3.4
2.8
2.5
3.1
2.9
T6
2.4
3.3
2.9
3.1
2.9
T7
2.9
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.7
Mean
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.6
The ratio of the length of the fruit to the width can help describe
any changes in shape that might occur. If the fruit was perfectly square
(blocky), the length and width would be the same and the length/width
ratio would be equal to 1 . Pointed fruit are more likely to be longer and
narrower than blocky fruit. If the length is more than the width, the
ratio will be greater than 1. For example, a fruit that was twice as long
as it is wide would have a length/width ratio of 2.
In the first harvest, the length to width ratio ranged from 1.6 for
one lobed fruit to 1.2 for four lobed fruit. There was no effect of treat-
ment on the ratio (Table 4). Although lobe number had an effect on fruit
shape, as shown by the 1/w ratio, there was no effect of lobe number on
fruit weight for the early harvest. The one, two, three and four lobed
fruit all had about the same weight (3.5-3.6 oz.) when averaged over all
treatments (Table 5).
Leaving the covers on longer generally decreased the average fruit
weight in the early harvest (Table 5). This may have been caused by the
increase in fruit number. Total yield of fruit increased from Tl to T5 and
the increase in plant size (Table 1) may not have been enough to compensate
for the additional fruit load. Therefore, fruit size in all lobe cate-
gories decreased.
3A
Table 6. Average fruit weight in each lobe category for all three
harvests.
Treatment
One lobe
Two lobe
Three lobe
Four lobe
All
T1
2.7
3.4
3.5
3.0
3.2
T2
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.2
3.6
T3
2.9
3.6
3.7
4.2
3.6
T4
2.7
2.9
3.5
3.5
3.2
T5
2.4
2.7
2.8
3.0
2.8
T6
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
T7
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.4
Mean
—
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.1
When data from all three harvests are considered, there was little
difference among average fruit weights of the two, three and four lobed
fruit. The one lobed fruit was slightly smaller than the others. Longer
cover treatments generally decreased the size of fruit, again possibly due
to increased yield (Table 6).
Literature Cited
1. Gerber, J. M. 1984. Effect of spunbonded row covers on muskmelon
production. IL Veg, Res. Rept. Hort Series 47:59-61. Urbana, IL.
2. Gerber, J. M. 1986. An introduction to plastic row tunnels and covers
for vegetables. Proc. 1986 Illinois Vegetable Growers Schools. Hort
Series 59:16-20. Urbana, IL.
3. Gerber, J. M. , J. E. Brown and W. E. Splittstoesser. 1983. Economic
evaluation of plastic mulch and row tunnels for use in muskmelon pro-
duction. Proc. Nat. Agric. Plastics Assoc. Cong. 17:46-50.
4. Pratt, A. J., P. C. Kohm and H. C. Wien. 1981. Plastic mulches and
plant growing tunnels and some of their effects on temperature control,
water conservation and yields of peppers in Arizona and Upstate
New York, Proc. Nat. Agric. Plastics Assoc. Cong. 16:66-78.
5. Rylski, I. 1973. Effect of night temperature on shape and size of
sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
8=98:149-152.
G. Choi is a Graduate Research Assistant in the Department of Horticulture;
John M. Gerber is Associate Professor of Horticulture;
Walter E. Splittstoesser is Professor of Horticulture.
35
ROW TUNNEL EFFECTS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF BELL PEPPERS
Illias Mohd-Khir, John M. Gerber and Walter E. Splittstoesser
The benefits of plastic tunnels in increasing early and total yield of
various vegetable crops have been well documented (1,2,4,9,10,11). Enhance-
ment of earliness and increased yields of vegetables under row tunnels are
attributed to changes in the plant environment. Environmental parameters
modified by row tunnels are light, soil and air temperatures, humidity, and
air movement. Air temperature is one of the most important factors affect-
ing plant growth and yield. Row tunnels have been shown to increase air
temperature under the tunnel, while outside temperatures are relatively
lower (3,4,6,7,11).
Bell pepper is one of the vegetable crops that have been found to be
responsive to row tunnel culture. Previous research and observations show
that growth, yield, and shape of bell pepper are affected by temperature
early in the plant's development. Plant foliage is reasonably tolerant of
high temperature, but fruit set under tunnels is impaired at temperatures
above 30°C (14). In an experiment to study the influence of three cover
materials on growth, early fruit set, and yield of bell pepper (5), it was
found that the number of fruit set was reduced by the highest tunnel temper-
atures, and this reduction was reflected in lower first harvest yields. In
another study (7), bell peppers grown under a clear plastic row cover was
compared to that grown in the open. The air temperature under the row
tunnel was higher than that over the uncovered plot, and yield was corre-
spondingly higher in the covered plot.
The length of time the cover or tunnel is left over the pepper plants
is another important consideration in row tunnel use. If left on too long,
the resulting high temperatures or accumulative heat units under the tun-
nels may cause abortion of flowers and small fruits. Also, vigorous vegeta-
tive growth of the upright pepper plants may result in injuries to the
growing points of the plant due to abrasion against the inside of the tun-
nel material. The decision of when to remove the tunnel may then become
critical. For row tunnels to be effective, they must be managed according
to the temperature requirement of the crop.
Studies on the effects of changes in air temperature, as influenced by
row tunnels, on growth, yield, and quality of bell pepper are thus neces-
sary to provide better understanding and management skills on the use of
these row tunnels in pepper production. A study was undertaken with the
following objectives: a) to determine the effect of various tunnel materi-
als and their time of removal on air temperature affecting plant growth;
b) to compare tunnel treatments for their effects on growth, early and
total yields, and quality of bell pepper; and c) to evaluate a heat unit
system for predicting optimum tunnel removal time.
36
Materials and Methods
Location: Vegetable Research Farm, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
Soil Type: Drummer silty clay loam
Planting: 7-week old bell pepper cv. "Jupiter" transplants were planted in
the field on April 23, 1986. The tunnel treatments were applied
immediately after planting.
Plot: Each plot consisted of 15 plants spaced 2 feet apart in the row.
All plots were mulched with black plastic. The experimental design
used was the split-plot with 4 replicates.
Treatments :
Tunnel material
1 . clear slitted polyethylene
2. white slitted polyethylene
3. spunbonded polypropylene (Kimberly Farms Row Cover)
4. no cover
Time of tunnel removal
a. 22 days after planting
b. 32 days after planting
c. 52 days after planting
Data:
1 . Air temperature and heat units under each tunnel
2. Plant height, plant fresh weight (above ground portions), and
number of branches 52 days after planting
3. Early and total yields
4. Percentage of 2-, 3- and M-lobed fruits
Results and Discussion
During the period from April 23 to June 14, 1986, when mean ambient
temperature was 20.6°C to 26.9°C (Table 1). Highest temperatures were
recorded under clear slitted polyethylene, the next warmest under
spunbonded polypropylene, and followed by the white slitted polyethylene
tunnel treatment.
37
Table 1. Temperature measurements^ (°C) with various tunnels and tunnel
removal time
Tunnel removal
Average
Average
Highest
Days after
planting
Tunnel material
high
low
reading
Mean
22
Clear slitted PEY
33.5
11 .2
55
22.4
22
White slitted PE
30.7
10.6
47
20.6
22
Sp. polypropylene
32.8
11.2
50
22.0
22
No cover
26.2
7.4
31
16.8
32
Clear slitted PE
35.9
11.5
55
23.7
32
White slitted PE
32.6
11.0
47
21 .8
32
Sp. polypropylene
35.4
11 .8
52
23.6
32
No cover
25.3
7.8
31 .
16.6
52
Clear slitted PE
41.6
12.1
55
26.7
52
White slitted PE
35.4
11.1
47
23.2
52
Sp. polypropylene
39.3
12.1
52
25.7
52
No cover
26.7
10.2
37
18.5
2^Data collected from April 23 through June 14, 1986
ypE = Polyethylene
Heat units calculated under each tunnel material at various tunnel removal
time are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Heat unit measurements^ with various tunnel materials and tunnel
removal time
Tunnel removal
Total
Heat Units
Days after
planting
Tunnel materials
Heat Unitsy
per day
22
Clear slitted PE^
331
15.0
22
White slitted PE
248
11.3
22
Sp. polypropylene
291
13.2
22
No cover
149
6.8
32
Clear slitted PE
456
14.3
32
White slitted PE
364
11.4
32
Sp. polypropylene
427
13.3
32
No cover
209
6.5
52
Clear slitted PE
808
15.5
52
White slitted PE
637
12.3
52
Sp. polypropylene
729
14.0
52
No cover
407
7.8
^Data collected from April 23 through June 14, 1986
yHeat units were calculated as follows:
H.U. = Daily high + Daily low
2 -10°C
^PE = Polyethylene
38
Highest total heat units were recorded under clear slitted polyethyl-
ene. Next highest were under spunbonded polypropylene followed by white
slitted polyethylene. The control had the lowest reading.
As a result of high air temperatures and the accumulated heat units
under the tunnels, growth of pepper plants was profoundly enhanced. After
52 days growth under the tunnels, plant height, plant fresh weight and
number of branches were significantly higher than those of the control
(Table 3).
Table 3. Effect of tunnels on plant height, plant fresh weight, and number
of branches 52 days after planting
Tunnel material
Plant height
(cm)
Plant fresh
weight (g)
Number of branches
per plant
Clear slitted PE^
White slitted PE
Sp .polypropylene
No cover
31.l6*a
29.11 b
31 . 97 a
22.72 c
183.78a
162.09b
215.10a
78.60c
44.62a
38 . 1 1 b
49.69a
22.08c
zpE = Polyethylene
*Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly
at P = 0.05
The tallest plants were found under spunbonded polypropylene and clear
slitted polyethylene tunnels while white slitted polyethylene produced
shorter plants. The uncovered plants were much shorter. Fresh weight and
number of branches per plant of tunnel treated plants were also signifi-
cantly higher than the uncovered plants. Tunnel treated plants were two to
nearly three times greater in fresh weight than plants grown in the open.
Time of tunnel removal did not affect plant height and number of branches,
but it did affect plant fresh weight (Table 4). Leaving the tunnels on
longer increased plant fresh weight, indicating that plants under the tun-
nels developed stockier and healthier growth, with larger stems, branches
and leaves.
Table 4. Effect of tunnel removal time on plant hei^t, fresh weight and
number of branches 52 days after planting
Tunnel removal
Days after planting
Plant height
(cm)
Plant fresh
weight (g)
Number of branches
per plant
22
32
52
No cover
31 .49*a
32.19 a
28.56 a
22.72 b
162.51b
179.94b
218.53a
78.60c
42.45a
47.48a
42.49a
22.08b
*Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly
at P = 0.05
39
Enhanced vegetative growth of plants under tunnels subsequently re-
sulted in high early yields. Bell pepper yields under clear slitted poly-
ethylene and spunbonded polypropylene tunnels were more than double over
the control (Table 5). White slitted polyethylene produced the lowest
early yield among the tunnel treatments.
Table 5. Effect of tunnels on early yield of bell pepper
Early yield^
Tunnel material (lb. per acre)
Clear slitted PEY 6219.93*a
White slitted PE 4947.67 b
Sp. polypropylene 6346.20 a
No cover 2857.70 c
'^Data based on first two harvests
ypE = Polyethylene
*Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly
at P = 0.05
The effects of tunnels and their time of removal on total yield of
bell pepper are shown in Table 6. Pepper plants under spunbonded polypro-
pylene for 52 days gave the highest yield, while the lowest under tunnels
was recorded from plants under clear slitted polyethylene for 52 days.
Uncovered plants gave the lowest yield. The general trend observed was
that the longer the tunnel was placed over the plants, the higher the yield
With clear slitted polyethylene, however, yield was reduced when the tunnel
was left on for 52 days after planting.
40
Table 5. Effects of tunnels and tunnel removal time on total yield of bell
pepper (after four harvests)
Tunnel removal
Days after planting
Tunnel material
Total yield
(lb. per acre)
22
22
22
22
32
32
32
32
52
52
52
52
Clear slitted PE^
White slitted PE
Sp. polypropylene
No cover
Clear slitted PE
White slitted PE
Sp. polypropylene
No cover
Clear slitted PE
White slitted PE
Sp. polypropylene
No cover
9,171 .96*bc
7,425.27 c
9,094.87 be
5,009.10 d
10,179.78 b
8,825.76 be
9,695.41 b
5,009.10 d
8,329.27 c
10,173.92 b
13,563.17 a
5,009.10 d
zpE = Polyethylene
*Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly
at P = 0.05
Tunnels also affected the lobe number of bell pepper fruits. A
4-lobed fruit tends to be blockier and less pointed than 3" or 2-lobed
fruits and this is an improvement in fruit quality. The effect of tunnels
on the production of 2-, 3- and 4-lobed fruits is shown in Table 7. A
large percentage of 2-lobed fruits was produced from plants grown in the
open. There were no differences among the tunnels in the production of
3-lobed fruits, but it was higher than that of the control. Clear slitted
polyethylene and spunbonded polypropylene produced a high percentage of
4-lobed fruits than white slitted polyethylene, while there was very low
percentage of 4-lobed fruit from the uncovered plants. It is interesting
to note that tunnels nearly eliminated 2-lobed fruits.
Table 7. Effect of tunnels on the percentage (by numbers) of 2-, 3~ and
4-lobed fruits after four harvests
inel material
Fru
it
type
i%)
Tur
2-
■lobed
3-
lobed
4-;
Lobed
Clear slitted
PEZ
4.
,28*b
54
.13a
41,
.53a
Whi
Lte slitted
PE
7.
,80 a
56
.19a
35,
.98b
Sp.
. polypropy]
.ene
3.
,88 b
51
.47a
44,
.65a
No
cover
36.
,22 c
44
.46b
18
.18c
zpE = Polyethylene
*Values in a column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly
at P = 0.05
41
The results point to the benefits of increased air temperatures under
the tunnels. High tunnel temperatures resulted in vigorous vegetative
growth of the pepper plants under the tunnels and early and total yields
were subsequently higher. Tunnel removal time also affects growth and
yield. It is important that tunnels be removed at the appropriate time so
as not to injure the plant, affect its growth and fruit set, and finally,
yield. However, there is no specific recommendation as to when to remove a
particular tunnel over a crop under a certain environmental condition.
This is because the length of time a tunnel should be placed over the crop
depends on the prevailing environmental conditions, particularly that of
air temperature.
One of the purposes of this study was to evaluate a heat unit system
for predicting tunnel removal time. From this study we found that heat
units of 729 gave maximum yield and heat units of 808 decreased yield.
This may suggest that tunnels over pepper should be removed when the cal-
culated heat units under the tunnels have reached values of around 700. If
left on longer, further accumulation of heat units under the tunnel may
reduce yield.
It is not possible to make recommendations as to which tunnel material
is best for pepper and for how long the tunnel should be left over the crop.
No one cover is best for all crops under all environmental conditions. The
decision of when to remove the cover or tunnel can be made only through
close monitoring of air temperatures under the tunnels.
Literature Cited
1. Gerber, J. M. 1984. Effect of spunbonded row covers on green bean
emergence, plant growth and yield. Illinois Veg. Res. Rep. 67-71.
2. Hall, B. J. 1971. Perforated and non-perforated row covers for vegeta-
bles. Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast. Cong. 10:131-1^3.
3. Hall, B. J. 1977. Unique plastic row covers developed for vegetables
in San Diego County. Proc. International Agr. Plast. Cong. 13:362-371.
M. Hassel, R. L. 1981. Effects of slitted row covers on enhancing seed-
less watermelon production in Northern Ohio. Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast.
Congr. 16:87-91.
5. Kohm, P. C. and H. C. Wien. 1982. New tunnel materials for early
vegetable production in New York State. Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast. Cong.
17:31-36.
6. Loy, J. B. and 0. S. Well. 1975. Response of hybrid muskmelons to
polyethylene row covers and black polyethylene mulch. Scientia Horti-
culture, 3:223-230.
7. Pratt, A. J., P. C. Kohm and H. C. Wien. 1981. Plastic mulches and
plant growing tunnels and some of their effects on temperature, water
conservation and yields of pepper in Arizona and Upstate New York.
Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast. Cong. 16:66-78.
42
8. Shelby, R. A., W. H. Greenleaf and C. M. Peterson. 1978. Comparative
floral fertility in heat tolerant and heat sensitive tomatoes. J.
Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 103(6) :778-780.
9. Taber , H. G. 1983. Effect of plastic soil and plant covers on Iowa
tomato and muskmelon production. Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast. Congr.
17:37-45.
10. Wells, 0. S. 1984. Production of direct seeded vegetables with spun-
bonded row covers. Proc. I8th Natl. Agr. Plast. Cong.
11. Wien, H. C. and D. Bell. 1981. Polyethylene tunnels and other protec-
tive structures for production of early vegetables in New York State.
Proc. Nat. Agr. Plast. Cong. 16:92-102.
Illias Mohd-Khir is a Graduate Research Assistant in the Department of
Horticulture; John M. Gerber is Associate Professor of Horticulture;
Walter E. Splittstoesser is Professor of Horticulture.
43
THE EFFECT OF HOT CAPS AND ROW COVERS ON
CUCUMBER AND MUSKMELON PRODUCTION
Robert E. Call
Growers and researchers are continually searching for means of im-
proving crop performance that result in increased early and total yields.
Greater earlier and total yields usually mean greater financial returns.
New materials for making hot caps and row covers have caused renewed
interest in use by commercial growers. Hot caps and row covers protect
seedlings and young plants from adverse weather. They improve the micro-
environment around the plants which enhances growth and development.
This study tested the yield response of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus),
and muskmelon (Cucumis melo), using two new products: Protecta-Cap, a
corrugated plastic hot cap, and Kimberly Farms Row Cover, a 0.6 oz/sq. yard
spunbonded polypropylene fabric. Liberty Diversified Industries and
Kimberly-Clark helped fund this study. This study was conducted at the
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center.
Materials and Methods
On April 15, 1986 cucumber cv. 'Slice Nice' and muskmelon cv. 'Gold
Star' were hand planted into Grantsburg silt-loam soil, 2-3 seeds per hill.
Spacing was two feet between hills, and ten feet between rows. Treatments
were: hot cap, row cover, and bare soil as a check. A completely ran-
domized block design was used with five hills per plot, replicated four
times. All plots were fertilized in accordance to the Illinois Extension
Circular 1185, "Fertilizer Guide for Commercial Vegetable Growers." Alanap
and Prefar herbicides were applied preplant for weed control. Treatments
were applied the day after seeding and plants were thinned to one per hill
after emergence. Plots were irrigated with 1.0 to 1.5 inches of water each
week of no rain fall. May 14-18, 7.92 inches of rain fell.
Soil, maximum/minimum, and current ambient temperatures were recorded
daily for each treatment and crop beginning May 1 (Table 1). Soil ther-
mometers were placed one inch deep in the soil. Ambient temperatures were
converted into growing degree hours per day (gdH/d), (Lorenz, 1980), 60
degrees being the base temperature. The following formula was used:
[(Maximum + minimum daily temperature )/2] - 60 = gdH/d
Hot caps were vented when temperatures inside reached 105 to 110
degrees F. The hot caps and row covers were removed after the plants began
to vine and before female blossoms required pollination by bees. Row
covers were removed from the cucumbers on May 29 and on June 6 from the
muskmelons. Hot caps were removed from the cucumbers on June 6 and from
the muskmelons on June 13.
Early harvest for cucumbers was June 23 through July 14; total harvest
was completed August 6, 1986. Early harvest for the muskmelons was July 21
through July 28; total harvest was completed August 25, 1986.
44
Results and Discussion
Emergence of all plants occurred within three days of each other,
between May 9 and May 12, except for the muskmelons covered with hot caps.
The check recorded the highest average soil temperature, followed by the
row cover and hot cap, followed by the check. Twenty-four hour recording
soil thermometers were not used. Over a 24 hour period the mean soil
temperature under the hot caps and row covers were expected to be greater
than the check.
Muskmelons covered with hot caps did not completely emerge until
May 28, two weeks after the other treatments. The optimum soil temperature
range for germination of cucumbers is 60-95 degrees F, and 75-95 degrees F
for muskmelons (Lorenz; 1980). If soil temperature is constantly main-
tained at 86 degrees F, germination will occur in three to four days for
both crops (Harrington; 1954). The hot caps are made of a white plastic
that reflects radiant sunlight. The soil under the hot caps was the
coolest of all treatments (Table 1). This caused the muskmelons to germi-
nate slower than the cucumbers which will germinate and grow under lower
temperatures. The row cover, also white, is porous and probably reflects
some radiant energy. Soil temperatures under the row cover also averaged
slightly cooler when compared to the control. However, air temperatures
were higher under the row cover and the hot cap (Table 1). Average gdH/d
accumulation were 9.7 and 8.0 greater for the row covers and hot caps
respectively, when compared to the control (see Table 1).
Seeds of only one of four replications of the muskmelon checks emerged,
Rodents dug up and ate the seeds from three replications. This didn't
occur with the hot caps or row covers because the rodents could not get to
the seeds. Early and total yield were greatest with row covers, followed
by the hot caps when compared to the check for cucumbers. Table 2, and for
muskmelons. Table 3. Plants under the row covers produced the largest
sized fruit.
Perhaps clear hot caps would increase soil temperatures, thus faster
germination for the muskmelons or other crops with higher soil temperature
requirements for germination. To ensure faster germination, the white hot
caps could be placed over the plants after emergence and thinning. Hot
caps and row covers placed on and over black plastic mulch could also in-
crease soil temperatures for faster germination.
Literature Cited
Harrington, J. F. , and P. A. Minges. 1954. Vegetable Seed Germination,
p. 5. California Agricultural Extension Mimeo Leaflet. Davis, CA
Lorenz, 0, A, and D. N. Maynard. 1980. Knott's Handbook For Vegetable
Growers, pp. 51, 58. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, NY
45
Table 1. Soil and Air Temperatures in Degrees Fahrenheit for May
Date
Row cover
Soil
Temperature gdH/d
Hot caps
Soil
Temperature gdH/d
Check
Soil
Temperature gdH/d
(°F)
(°F)
(°F)
5/01
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
80
80
71
74
60
66
82
31 .0
82
23.0
84
42.5
79
40.0
75
34.5
79
32.0
78
30.5
79
29.0
76 Avg.
31.0
23.5
21.5
15.5
16.0
14.5
22.0
16.5
15.5
24.0
23.5
25.0
24.5
25.0
31.0
23.5
27.5
73
75
72
79
64
70
70
71
60
65
66
74
75
28.0
88
20.5
80
32.0
95
33.0
80
38.0
93
31.0
76
33.0
82
25.5
72
35.0
74
18.0
75
22.5
80
16.5
75
27.0
83
17.0
75
20.5
84
17.5
72 Avg.
27.0
22.0
25.0
19.5
10.5
11.5
13.5
14.5
18.0
25.0
25.5
23.0
23.5
30.5
80
Avg.
17.5
13.0
15.0
9.5
- 1.5
1.0
2.5
6.0
10.0
16.5
14.5
15.0
15.0
21 .0
28.5
Hot
cap
vented
23.0
22.0
Hot
cap
vented
21 .0
25.0
Hot
cap
vented
22.5
Average
Standard deviation
25.7
7.34
24.0
7.02
16.0
8.37
46
II
Table 2. Effect of Hot Caps and Row Covers on Yield of "Slice Nice" Cucumbers
Early Yield""
Total Yield^
U. S. Market- U. S. Market- Avg.
Treatment No. 1 Wt. able Wt. No. 1 Wt. able Wt. size Culls
(no) (lb) (no) (lb) (no) (lb) (no) (lb) (oz) (no)
Hot Cap 7.6 4.1 19.1 8.1 17.7 10.6 36.6
Row Cover 10.9 6.0 20.6 9.6 23.1 13.9 41.4
Check 7.4 3.9 16.0 6.9 17.7 10.6 33.2
18.4 7.9 7.4
21.6 8.4 7.6
16.7 8.2 8.3
All data on a per plant basis.
1 Early yield - 6/23/86 - 7/14/86
^Total yield - 6/23/86 - 8/06/86
Table 3. Effect of Hot Caps and Row Covers on Yield of "Gold Star" Muskmelons
Early Yield^
Total Yield'
Treatment
Yield
Total
weight
Avg wt
/fruit
Yield
Total
weight
Avg wt
/fruit
(no)
(lb)
(lb)
(no)
(lb)
(lb)
Hot Cap
Row Cover
Check3
0.1
2.0
2.0
0.5
8.9
10.3
4.8
4.4
5.2
3.0
5.8
4.0
12.5
26.2
19.4
4.2
4.5
4.9
All data on a per plant basis.
1 Early yield - 7/21/86 - 7/28/86
^Total yield - 7/21/86 - 8/25/86
3 In three of four plots, seeds were eaten by rodents.
Robert E. Call is an Assistant Horticulturist in the Department of Horticulture
47
PROCESSING CUCUMBER CULTIVAR EVALUATION AT VARYING NITROGEN REGIMES
Randall K. Lindstrom and John M. Swiader
Processing vegetable crops are becoming an important alternative to
many vegetable growers and increasing numbers of grain farmers. One such
crop is machine harvested cucumbers for processing. Four cultivars were
tested at four levels of nitrogen fertility.
Materials and Methods
Cultivars: Four listed in Table 1.
Planting: Direct seeded with tool bar mounted Planet Jr. seeder oh May 28
Treatments: 40 lbs N plowdown, 40 lbs N sidedressed at tipover
80 lbs N plowdown
80 lbs N plowdown, 40 lbs N sidedressed at tipover
120 lbs N plowdown
Plots: Each fertility level, 50' long by 27.5' wide, was replicated four
times. Within each fertility level block, three 18" rows (guard
rows on either side of data row) of each of the four cultivars was
planted. Plants were thinned to approximately 4" apart.
Soil: Watseka Fine Sandy Loam
Fertilization: 150 lbs/A K2O plowdown
50 lbs/A P2O5 plowdown
Weed Control: 4 lbs a.i.a. Prefar PPI
3 lbs a.i.a. Alanap PPI
Irrigation: As needed with solid set impact sprinkler
Insect Control: 20 oz. of 15G Furidan per 1000' of row
.2 lbs a.i.a. Pydrin as needed
Disease Control: Ridomil 2E
2-1/4 pts/A Bravo 500
2.0 lbs/A Kocide 101
2.0 lbs/A Mancozeb
Harvest: July 11, 13, 14. Once over pick
Data: Data taken from center 25' of data row
48
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49
PROCESSING TOMATO TRANSPLANT CULTIVAR EVALUATION UNDER HIGH N REGIME
Randall K. Lindstrom and John M. Swiader
As a general rule in nitrogen fertilization for machine harvested
tomatoes, only sufficient N should be available to meet early plant growth
requirements and fruit development, plus maintain plant vigor. The nitro-
gen levels in the plant should generally decline, especially at the later
growth stages.
Excessive nitrogen can delay maturity, cause surplus vine growth, make
plants more susceptible to disease and drought, and frequently reduce
yields. This problem is compounded on sandy soils where high rates and
sidedressings of nitrogen are often used to compensate for N leaching and
low levels of organic matter.
This study will evaluate transplanted processing tomato cultivars on a
sandy soil grown with high nitrogen.
Materials and Methods
Location: Kankakee River Valley Research Field, Witchert, IL
Cultivars: Fifteen listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Planting: Seeded on April 17, transplanted in field on May 22.
Treatments: 75 lbs/A N plowdown
150 lbs/A N plowdown
Plot: Plots 25' long with 25 plants spaced 12" apart in the row and 5*
between rows; 3 replications.
Soil: Maumee Loamy Fine Sand
Fertilization: 150 lbs/A K2O plowdown
50 lbs/A P2O5 plowdown
Growth Regulator: Ethrel applied at 3-1/^ pints/A when individual cultivar
showed 25% red or turning.
Weed Control: .5 lb a.i.a. trifluralin (Treflan) PPI
Irrigation: as needed with solid set impact sprinklers.
Insect Control: 0.2 lb a.i.a. fenvolevate (Pydrin)
Disease Control: 3 lbs (material) per acre Mancozeb
2 lbs (material) per acre Kocide 101
2 lbs (material) per acre Benlate
50
Harvest: August 8 through August 21
Data: Data was collected from the middle 15' of row.
Results and Discussion
Cultivars are arranged in Tables 1 and 2 from highest to lowest total
yields (red/pink & green) in response to the respective nitrogen rate.
There were no significant yield differences between nitrogen rates for
H-1810, H-7135, H-7155, HM 3075, XPH 5210, and XPH 5212. Slight increases
in yield at the high nitrogen rate were exhibited by Advantage, H-71^5, and
H-7190. The cultivar, H-1784, showed a large increase in yield. Con-
versely, Dorado, H-6004 , MOX 3089 and XPH 5211 showed a slight decrease in
yields at the higher nitrogen levels. Only in one case, Hyb 898, was
there a significant yield reduction at the high nitrogen rate.
As expected, most cultivars had an increase in vine cover with the
higher nitrogen rate. Five cultivars; H-7190, H-6004, XPH 5210, XPH 5211,
and Hyb 898, showed better disease tolerance at the higher nitrogen level
while one cultivar, H-1810 showed an increase in disease pressure at the
150 lb/A nitrogen rate.
Several cultivars, H-178M, XPH 5210, and Hyb 898 showed an increase in
culls at the higher nitrogen rate. The majority of the cultivars tended to
show a reduction in the percentage of culls at the 150 lb/A nitrogen rate.
In particular, H-1784 and H-7190 exhibited a higher percentage of cull
fruit regardless of nitrogen rate.
In general, higher nitrogen rates did not appear to enhance or delay
fruit maturation and the resulting harvest date.
At the high nitrogen rate, H-7155, H-7190, XPH 5212, Advantage,
MOX 3089 and H-6004 yielded a higher percentage of Red/Pink fruit.
Decreases in the percent yield of Red/Pink fruit occurred with Dorado,
H-178M, H-1810, H-7135, XPH 5210, XPH 5211, and Hyb 898 at the 150 lb/A
nitrogen rate. There appeared to be no significant yield difference for
Red/Pink fruit for H-7145, and HM 3075 at the high nitrogen rate. H-1784,
H-7135, H-6004, HM 3075, XPH 5210 and XPH 5211 had higher than the average
percent green fruit no matter what the nitrogen rate.
H-7155, Dorado, H-7145, and XPH 5212 were among the better cultivars
evaluated in this study.
This study revealed that individual processing tomato cultivars have
varying responses to high nitrogen rates. In general, for most situations,
70 to 90 lbs of nitrogen per acre will be sufficient for transplanted
tomatoes grown for machine harvest.
51
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53
ASPARAGUS CULTIVAR OBSERVATION
Carl J. Cantaluppi
Recently, there is great interest in commercial asparagus production,
due to the new hybrid cultivars developed with a predominance of male
versus female plants. Asparagus is normally dioecious (male and female
plants). Females produce seeds. The male plants yield more than the
females and have larger spears. The female plants expend energy to produce
seeds which results in a lower spear yield than male plants. Also, seeds
from female plants fall to the ground, germinate, and become seedling weeds
in a commercial field. '
This study was done in order to see what kinds of yields can be
expected in Northern Illinois using the new hybrid cultivars as compared
with the standard Mary Washington cultivar. Research has shown that
harvesting spears one year after planting stimulates production of more
buds (spears) on the crown (root system), causing greater yields in future
years.
Materials and Methods
Location:
Soil type:
Planted:
Plot size:
Spacing:
Fertilization:
Irrigation:
Insect Control
Rock Island County Extension Office, East Moline
Raddle Silt loam
June 21, 1985. One year old crowns planted 6" deep.
2,750 sq. ft. consisting of 9-50 foot rows, each row
containing one variety with a single replication
5 feet between rows, 1 foot between plants in the row.
(8,712 crowns /acre)
Preplant broadcast, disced in:
60#/A N
200#/A P2O5
200#/A K2O
None
Sevin 1 .5 lbs a.i.a.
Malathion 1.0 lb a.i.a.
Weed Control
Harvest :
Hand weeded
April 7, 9, 15, and 19 when spears were 7" to 9" tall.
Harvest ended when spears were less than 3/8" in diameter
54
Results and Discussion
Yield data is found in Table 1 .
The UC 157 cultivar produced the highest yield. However, I am
hesitant to recommend it to growers because Dr. Hugh Price's data from
Michigan State University shows UC 157 decreasing in yield after the third
to fourth year. I believe this is due to UC 157 being a California-bred
cultivar that thrives only in warmer climates. I will have to wait a few
years to see what happens in Illinois.
The New Jersey Hybrids (Syn M-56 and Syn ^-51) seem to display more
regional adaptation than the California hybrids, and they also show good
tolerance to fusarium crown and root rot, which can cause a gradual dying
out of asparagus fields.
Franklin, Blockland, and Limbras 18 are cultivars from the Netherlands
which exhibit lower yields than the New Jersey Hybrids. They are also
susceptible to asparagus rust, a fungus disease that can cause fern
dieback.
Cultivars I am recommending for 1987 planting are Syn 4-56, Syn 4-51,
and Jersey Centennial, in that order. Yields from the eight growers who
planted the Syn 4-51 cultivar in the spring of 1985 and harvested for the
first time in the spring of 1986 amounted to an average of 500 pounds per
acre per grower. The data are excellent, and I hope to see yields double
next year.
Table 1 . Asparagus Cultivar Observation Harvest Data
Yield
(lb/)
#
of spears
Total yield
>3/8"
<3/8"
%>3/Q" dia.
harvested per
Cultivar
Source
lb /A
dia.
dia.
by wt.
plant
UC 157 (F1)
OK
610
545
65
89
3
Syn 4-56 (OK)^
OK
555
490
65
88
3
Syn 4-56 (MI)^
MS
544
479
65
90
4
Syn 4-51
MS
496
414
82
84
3
Viking KB3
MS
348
261
87
75
3
Franklin
MS
348
261
87
84
3
Blockland
MS
294
261
33
89
2
Limbras 18
MS
207
174
33
73
2
Mary Washington
^ ^
152
70
82
49
2
^Crowns grown in Oklahoma
^Crowns grown in Michigan
Carl J. Cantaluppi is the Rock Island County Horticulture Extension Advisor.
55
PROCESSING CUCUMBER VARIETY TRIAL
Ruth A. Bernard and Carol Robertson
Processing vegetable crops are becoming an important alternative to
mciny vegetable growers and increasing numbers of grain farmers. One such
crop is machine harvested cucumbers for processing. Four processing
cucumber cultivars were compared in Mason County.
Materials and Methods
Location: Pheiffer's farm, Havana, Illinois
Cultivars: H3534, Flurry, Gynomite and Calypso.
Planting: Direct seeded with Planet Jr. seeder on May 29, June 9 and
June 23.
Plots: Rows were 50 feet in length with 30 inches between the rows and 4
replicates per cultivar. Plants were thinned to approximately 4
inches between plants.
Soil: sandy loam, 1.5-2.0/6 organic matter
Fertilization: 150 lb/A K2O plowdown
80 lb of N/A anhydrous ammonia preplant
100 lb/A, 10-34-0 starter fertilizer preplant
10 lb of N/A, 28-0-0 in irrigation water
Weed Control: 4 lbs aia Prefar PPI
3 lbs aia Alanap PPI
Insect Control: 20 oz. of 15G Furidan per 1000' of row
,2 lbs aia Pydrin as needed
1 lb aia Sevin as needed
Disease Control: 2.0 lbs/A Kocide 101
2.25 pts/A Bravo 500
Harvest: Once over pick.
Data: Data taken from center 25 feet of row.
56
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58
EARLY YELLOW SWEET CORN CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
William H. Shoemaker
Consumers are eager to purchase the first picking of sweet corn and
will often pay much more for that product fresh from the farm stand than
they would later when supply is good. Growers are therefore interested in
finding a cultivar which germinates well in cool, moist soils, matures
early and yet has the quality needed to satisfy the consumer. This study
compares many of the early yellow sweet corn cultivars in Northern Illinois
growing conditions.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL.
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Planting:
Fertility:
Weed Control:
Insect Control
Drummer Silty Clay Loam
One 30' row, rows 36", population 17,500, 3 reps, guard
rows.
Direct-seeded w/jab planter 5/8" deep on ^/2M.
Applied N, P, K preplant, disced-in, at following rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as ^0% 46-0-0 and 60$ 18-46-0.
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0.
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62.
Sidedressing of N at 25 lb/A at 6 weeks.
Applied a Aatrex/Sutan tank-mix ppi, disced in at follow-
ing rates:
Aatrex Nine-0 at 3.0 lb aia
Sutan+ 6.7E at 3.0 lb aia
Cultivation as needed
Applied Lorsban 4E preplant tank-mixed with herbicide at
1.0 lb aia.
A maintenance spray program for earworm control was
initiated at first sign of silking. This included the
following sprays every 3 days:
Pydrin at 1.5 oz aia or
Sevin at 1.5 lb aia plus Lannate at 0.45 lb aia,
tank-mixed.
All earworm sprays were applied at high pressure using a
high-boy with directed-nozzle drops.
59
Disease Control: Maintenance sprays of Bravo 500 at 2.75 pints/A were
applied every 6-9 days with insecticide.
Irrigation: No irrigation was needed.
Harvest: Once-over harvest of marketable ears only as each culti-
var reached maturity.
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for results and data.
As it was last year, this year's weather included a warm spring which
allowed an early start-up in this plot. Plants emerged quickly and made
quick progress. A dry period prevented the weed control materials from
being as effective as we needed. There was a need for hand labor to keep
the weeds from seriously competing with the corn. Esirworm levels were
never high, but several sprays of Pydrin were applied for insurance when
pheremone traps indicated adult moths were in the area. Other insects
never threatened the plot.
Obviously, the earlier the harvest, the more profit potential in sweet
corn, all other factors being equal. Unfortunately, the earlier cultivars
tend to be of lessor quality, especially those less than 60 days. This
year 'Earlivee' proved to be an exception. It was the earliest cultivar by
several days yet it looked as good as most of those harvested early. It
will be in next year's plot to see if it can be consistent.
Tipfill is an important characteristic in determining the quality of a
cultivar. Less than half of the cultivars tested had consistently good
tipfill. Most of those could be classified as "second early" types. A
number of Stokes cultivars fell into this class, including 'Springdance' ,
'Yukon', 'Nor sweet' and 'Nor gold'. Asgrow's 'Comanche' looked very good
and was very productive as well. 'Aztec' from Asgrow also looked good but
didn't yield as well as 'Comanche'. An experimental line 'RXY 6901', from
Robson Seed looked very good. Among the "first early" cultivars, 'Spirit'
from Rogers was very productive with good size and appearance. '79/1888'
from Rogers was a very large ear for an early cultivar. This cultivar also
had large kernels but its appearance was of lessor quality. 'Debutante'
from Abbott and Cobb looked good and produced especially well but was
rather late.
Best First Early Yellow Sweet Corn Cultivar for 1986: 'Spirit'
Best Second Early Yellow Sweet Corn Cultivar for 1986: 'Comanche'
60
Table 1 . Harvest Data
°™ «=
Ave
Harvest
Total
Total
Ear
Pt
Tip-
Kernel
Cultlvar
Source
Date
Pt Ears
Ear Wt
Length
Rows
Fill
Size
/Color
Blanks
Earlivee
SS
7/13
25.0
14.2
6.25"
12
good
sm
It
some
Spring Gold
HM
7/15
14.2
14.3
6.50"
12
fair
md
md
yes
Sundance
HM
7/15
21.0
13.6
7.00"
14
fair
md
It
some
79/1888
R
7/15
26.3
19.8
8.00"
14
fair
Ig
md
some
Spartan
SS
7/15
16.6
11.2
7.25"
14
poor
md
md
yes
4th of July
EM
7/15
19.0
12.2
7.00"
12
fair
md
md
no
Earlibelle
HM
7/15
24.3
15.9
7.50"
16
fair
sm
md
yes
Seneca Horizon
HM
7/15
19.0
11.4
7.00"
14
fair
Ig
md
some
Dawn Corn
VBS
7/15
23.0
13.8
6.75"
14
fair
md
md
yes
Early Golden
Giant
BUR
7/15
11.0
7.7
6.75"
14
fair
Ig
md
some
Pride of
Canada
EM
7/15
15.0
14.5
6.50"
12
fair
md
md
no
Classic Touch
VE
7/15
29.3
14.7
6.75"
14
good
sm
bic
no
Spirit
R
7/15
30.3
22.6
7.50"
14
fair
md
md
no
Debut
R
7/23
28.5
20.8
7.25"
16
good
md
md
no
Northern Belle
HM
7/23
27.6
21.7
7.50"
16
fair
md
md
some
Comanche
A
7/23
29.5
20.6
7.75"
16
good
md
md
no
Northlite
SS
7/23
17.0
11.3
8.00"
13
fair
Ig
md
some
Rival
A
7/23
36.0
25.2
7.50"
15
fair
md
md
yes
RXY 6901
RS
7/23
27.3
17.6
8.25"
14
good
md
md
some
Early Sunglow
BUR
7/23
21.6
10.7
6.75"
12
good
Ig
md
some
Nor go Id
SS
7/23
30.0
20.1
7.50"
16
good
sm
It
some
Springdance
SS
7/23
29.3
19.7
7.50"
15
good
md
md
some
Yukon
SS
7/23
27.7
19.4
9.00"
15
good
md
md
some
Precendent
CR
7/23
25.0
18.3
7.75"
17
fair
md
md
some
Aztec
A
7/23
19.0
13.9
7.75"
16
good
md
md
yes
Nor sweet
SS
7/23
23.3
17.7
7.50"
16
good
md
It
no
82-2203
R
7/23
22.0
13.3
7.75"
18
fair
md
It
some
80-2216
R
7/23
28.0
22.1
7.75"
18
fair
md
It
some
Sunburst Imp
SS
7/23
19.0
13.3
8.25"
15
fair
md
md
no
Blitz
HM
7/23
20.0
10.7
6.50"
13
fair
Ig
dk
no
Debutante
AC
7/30
32.0
23.5
8.00"
16
good
md
md
no
ARRestor
SU
7/30
32.0
27.6
8.50"
21
fair
md
sm
yes
AVX 2539
SU
7/30
29.0
20.4
8.50"
17
fair
md
It
some
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the St. Charles
Horticultural Research Center.
61
Sh2 SWEET CORN CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
William H. Shoemaker
One of
been the dis
fresh sweet
are causing
other , the s
corns. Many
gene in thei
Center is pi
super sweet
the second i
Location:
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Planting:
Fertility:
Weed Control
the great revolutions in vegetable breeding in recent years has
covery and use of various genes that increase sugar levels in
corn. The new cultivars resulting from these breeding programs
consumers to rediscover sweet corn. Perhaps more than any
h2 gene has contributed to the new popularity of "super sweet"
of the more popular super sweet corn cultivars have the sh2
r genetic background. The St. Charles Horticulture Research
acing special emphasis on keeping up on new developments in
corn. Cultivar evaluations play an important part. This is
n a series of sh2 cultivar evaluations.
Materials and Methods
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Drummer Silty Clay Loam
One 30' row, rows 36" apart, 3 reps, guard rows.
Direct-seeded w/jab planter on 5/21/86, 3/^" deep, popu-
lation 17,500/A.
Applied N, P, K preplant, disced in, at following rates:
N at -80 lb N/A as i\0% 46-0-0 and 6056 18-M6-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
Sidedressings of 25 lb N/A as NH4N03 at 4 weeks.
Applied a tank-mix of Aatrex/Sutan ppi, disced in at
following rates:
Aatrex Nine-0 at 3.0 lb aia
Sutan+ 6. YE at 3.0 lb aia
Cultivation as needed
Insect Control
A maintenance spray program was initiated at the first
sign of silking. Insecticide was applied using a high-
boy with directed-nozzle drops. The following rates
were used:
Pydrin at .15 lb aia, or
Sevin at 1.0 lb aia tank-mixed with Lannate at
0.45 lb aia.
Sprays were applied every 3-4 days.
62
Disease Control: A maintenance spray of Bravo 500 at 2.75 pints/A was
applied with the insecticide every 6-9 days for rust
control, once rust was found.
Irrigation: None was used.
Harvest: A once-over harvest of mature ears only.
Data: Average of 3 reps, 30' rows at 17,500 plants/A.
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
The early warming temperatures experienced during April and May made
it possible to have excellent germination and emergence rates. However, a
heavy rain caused excessive soil moisture and some standing water in the
plot while germination and emergence were taking place. This placed diffi-
cult pressure on the cultivars, creating an interesting test of seed and
seedling vigor. The results are seen in Table 1 under percent stand.
No other serious problem occurred in the plot. Signs of rust didn't
occur until the later cultivars were near tasselling. Earworm pressure
never became great and corn rootworm beetles didn't have an impact. Soil
moisture was low during the latter part of the harvest but was not a limit-
ing factor.
It was exciting to see how much breeding work is going on in the area
of sh2 sweet corn. Many of the cultivars tested have just been released
within the last two or three years. Several cultivars haven't been re-
leased as yet. Sixty two cultivars were evaluated this year, allowing a
good look at what's available. Different seed companies have different
criteria so there is some subjectivity involved in evaluating these culti-
vars. Nevertheless, the marketplace is where the best will be determined.
Certainly a remark should be made concerning the new cultivars from
Harris Moran Seed. As a group, their new generation of sh2 cultivars have
appearance that serves as a model for the industry. Ears are the optimum
size with a balanced shape and kernel size to go with it. Tips and sides
fill out well. Plant stand was also very good. This group includes the
cultivars Pinnacle, Landmark, Zenith and HMX 4370S. Pinnacle and Zenith in
particular stood out.
Other yellow cultivars that looked good included an entry from Takii
Seed in Japan, Skyliner 95. This cultivar had good all around characteris-
tics. Ear quality was very good. It's only drawback might be plant height.
It was almost a foot taller than any other cultivar. It may be susceptible
to lodging. An entry from Robson Seed that looked good was Seneca RXY 8301,
Despite an average plant stand it had above average production. XPH 2559
from Asgrow had a very good plant stand and number of ears was good but ear
weight was a little low. Florida Staysweet was typically good and had a
good plant stand. Sugar Buns was a good looking early hybrid from Burpee.
SCH 4041 and SCH 4051 from Illinois Foundation Seed were good looking,
63
productive experimentals. Sweetie, from Sun Seed, was very good looking
and productive, suffering only from a plant stand that was fair at best.
Summer Sweet 7700 from Abbott and Cobb was good overall as was Merlin Super
Sweet from Stokes,
Of the bicolors, several looked very good. Summer Sweet 7802 from
Abbott and Cobb had high production figures and a very good plant stand.
Ear quality was excellent. Another bicolor which was excellent was
SCH 4407. Productivity was very high. Its ears were very presentable,
especially with the small kernels in a bicolor. Another experimental
hybrid from Johnny's Seed that had good looking ears was JX 8510 XS. It
didn't produce quite as well as the other two though. Ivory N' Gold from
Illinois Foundation Seed also did very well. It might interest growers who
prefer a large kernel in a bicolor.
Only three cultivars in this evaluation were white and all of" them did
well. Summer Sweet 8601 was excellent, with high productivity and great
ear quality. Plant stand was also good. Summer Sweet 8502, a slightly
later hybrid, was good but not as productive. The other hybrid. How Sweet
It Is, was the best white sh2 in last year's plot. This year, production
was good but down a little. Ear quality was excellent.
Best Yellow sh2 for 1986 = Pinnacle
Best Bicolor sh2 for 1986 = Tie - SCH 4407
Summer Sweet 7802
Best White sh2 for 1986 = Summer Sweet 8601
Table 1 . sh2 Sweet Corn Harvest Data
No.
Wt of
Rows
Ave
Per
Harv
of
Ears
Per
Ear
Ker
nel
Tip
Cent
Cultivar
Co.
Date
Ears
(lb)
Ear
Lgth
Size
Color
Fill
Blanks
Stand
How Sweet
It Is
CR
8/12
18.7
13.0
18
7.75"
md
Wh
good
none
71
FMX 81
FM
8/12
14.0
10.8
14
8.50
Ig
md
good
few
49
Springsweet
SS
8/12
14.0
10.3
18
8.00
md
md
fair
few
59
Summer
Sweet 7800
AC
8/15
18.0
14.2
16
7.50
md
It
good
some
67
Sugar Loaf
SU
8/12
27.7
20.8
16
7.50
md
md
fair
none
78
FMX 46
FM
8/5
22.0
16.1
16
7.75
md
md
fair
few
63
Summer
Sweet 7900
AC
8/18
16.0
12.6
20
8.50
sm
md
good
few
67
81-2945
R
8/5
18.0
17.2
16
8.00
md
md
good
few
67
Royal Super
Sweet
Extra
-
Early
RO
8/1
5.3
3.3
12
7.00
Ig
dk
fair
few
43
64
Table 1 . sh2 Sweet Corn Harvest Data (continued)
No.
Wt of
Rows
Ave
Per
Harv
of
Ears
Per
Ear
Kernel
Tip
Cent
Cultivar
Co.
Date
Ears
(lb)
Ear
Lgth
Size Color
Fill
Blanks
Stand
Seneca RXY
8301 RS
Summer
Sweet 6700 AC
Crisp N'
Sweet 710 CR
Sky liner 95 TA
Summer
Sweet 8601 AC
81-2946 R
XPH 2559 A
Zenith HM
Florida
Staysweet HM
Butterfruit
Bicolor P
FMX 79 FM
Northern
Super
Sweet SS
HMX 4370S HM
Sweet Belle A
^lilk N'
Honey SS
Ultimate HM
81-2949 R
Ivory N'
Gold I
Landmark HM
Butterfruit P
Sugar Buns BUR
SCH 4405 I
SCH 4407 I
Pinnacle HM
mini Gold I
SCH 5005 I
Star Struck JSS
Summer
Sweet 7200 AC
Crisp N'
Sweet 720 CR
Summer
Sweet 7802 AC
SCH 4035 I
Sweet Treat FM
8/12 25.3 18.8
8/5 5.0 3.5
8/12 19.7 17.7
8/15 24.7 21.1
8/12 28.3 21.2
8/5 13.3 14.6
8/5 25.0 16.2
8/12 19.0 13.7
8/12 23.7 15.2
8/15 17.3 13.5
8/5 19.3 13.2
7/30 14.3 10.2
8/1 18.5 12.0
8/15 18.3 14.2
8/12 27.0 17.7
8/12 19.7 14.8
8/5 17.0 11.3
8/12
8/5
8/5
7/30
8/5
8/12
8/5
8/5
8/5
8/12
25.7
25.3
25.5
19.0
17.7
30.0
30.3
20.3
5.7
15.3
17.2
18.6
19.2
10.9
12.1
21 .7
22.0
12.6
4.5
11.3
8/12 19.0 18.8
8/15 23.0 17.8
8/12 28.0 18.4
8/5 15.3 10.5
8/5 13.7 10.1
16
16
16
16
18
18
16
16
20
16
12
12
20
16
18
16
16
12
12
14
16
20
16
16
16
14
18
20
16
16
16
8.00
7.50
8.50
8.50
7.50
8.50
7.50
7.50
md md
16 7.50
8.00
8.00
8.25
7.50
8.00
8.00
7.50
7.00
8.00
8.00
8.00
7.25
8.00
7.50
8.50
8.00
8.50
8.00
8.50
8.00
7.00
8.00
8.50
Ig
md
md
md
Ig
md
md
md
sm
md
Ig
Ig
sm
md
md
md
Ig
Ig
Ig
md
md
sm
md
md
md
md
md
md
md
WT
md
md
It
It
BI
md
md
dk
md
BI
md
It
BI
dk
md
It
BI
BI
md
md
It
BI
md md
sm
md
md
md
md
BI
It
md
fair
fair
good
good
good
fair
fair
good
good
good
fair
good
good
good
fair
good
good
good
fair
fair
good
fair
good
good
poor
good
fair
good
fair
good
fair
good
no
some
some
few
no
few
few
no
some
few
few
few
no
few
no
some
few
no
some
no
some
no
few
some
yes
yes
few
few
some
no
few
some
62
61
69
70
72
61
81
59
76
48
80
67
85
64
72
65
69
69
77
57
66
53
65
83
71
21
55
72
80
78
56
63
65
Table 1. sh2 Sweet Corn Harvest Data (continued)
No.
Wt of
Rows
Ave
Per
Harv
of
Ears
Per
Ear
Ker
nel
Tip
Cent
Cultivar
Co.
Date
Ears
(lb)
Ear
Lgth
Size
Color
Fill
Blanks
Stand
Sky liner 85
TA
8/12
9.3
6.8
14
8.00
Ig
md
poor
no
56
FMX 244
FM
8/12
21.0
17.3
18
8.50
md
BI
good
few
68
SCH 5009
I
8/5
17.3
11.2
14
7.50
Ig
md
fair
no
81
Burpee's
Sugar
Sweet
BUR
8/15
14.3
9.3
14
7.00
md
It
good
few
59
JX 8510 XS
JSS
8/12
20.7
13.2
16
7.50
md
BI
good
no
72
SCH 4041
I
8/12
29.0
23.6
14
9.00
Ig
md
fair
no
75
Honeycomb
su
8/5
17.7
11 .6
14
8.00
md
md
poor
few
56
SCH 4051
I
8/15
24.0
19.0
14
8.00
md
md
good
few
66
Merlin
Super
Sweet
ss .
8/12
25.0
17.4
18
8.00
md
It
good
no
63
Crisp N*
Sweet 690
CR
8/5
21.3
15.4
16
8.00
md
md
poor
no
69
FMX 77
FM
8/15
17.0
14.7
16
7.50
md
md
fair
yes
53
SCH 4005
I
8/5
10.7
9.0
12
7.50
Ig
It
fair
few
56
Sweetie
su
8/15
24.7
19.0
16
7.50
md
md
good
few
58
Honeybar
TA
8/12
14.7
11.4
16
8.50
md
md
fair
no
32
Crisp N'
Sweet 700
CR
8/12
23.7
16.8
16
8.00
md
md
fair
some
68
Summer
Sweet 7700
AC
8/15
23.7
17.2
20
8.00
md
md
good
few
70
Summer
Sweet 8502
AC
8/15
21.0
15.1
20
7.50
sm
WT
fair
few
59
Summer
Sweet 7600
AC
8/15
15.7
10.8
14
7.25
md
It
good
few
56
Xtra
Sweet '82
EM
8/5
11 .0
8.2
14
8.00
md
md
poor
yes
49
FMX 76
FM
8/5
13.7
10.3
16
7.50
md
md
fair
yes
52
FMX 235
FM
8/5
12.3
9.2
16
9.00
Ig
md
fair
yes
44
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
the
66
se SWEET CORN CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
William H. Shoemaker
Sweet corn has always been an important vegetable for Illinois vegeta-
ble growers. In the fresh market, eating characteristics of a cultivar
play a big part in determining whether that cultivar will be popular with a
consumer and eventually with the grower. With the advent of the super
sweet corn types, a revolution in sweet corn cultivars is determining what
the sweet corn of the future will be. One of the more important factors in
this revolution is the development of cultivars with the se gene (sugary
enhancer gene) that are higher in sugar than standard cultivars. These
cultivars are examined in this evaluation for production and fresh market
quality characteristics.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Proctor Silt Loam
A single 30' row, replicated three times with guard
rows.
Plantings:
Fertility:
Seeds were planted on April 25 with a jab planter at a
depth of 5/8" and a population of 17,500 plant/acre.
Applications of N, P and K were made at the following
rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as ^0% 46-0-0 and 605^ 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A sidedressing of 25 lb N/A as NH4N03 was applied.
Weed Control
An aatrex/sutan tank mix was applied ppi, double disced
at the following rates:
Aatrex Nine-0 at 3.0 lb aia
Sutan+ 6.7E at 3.0 lb aia
Cultivation was used as needed.
Insect Control:
Lorsban 4E was applied as a tank mix with the herbicide
at 1.0 lb aia. Earworm and Corn Rootworm Beetle control
on the silks was provided by spraying Pydrin at 0.15 lb
aia as a directed spray with a high-boy sprayer at silk
emergence through harvest.
Disease Control
Bravo at 1.5 aia was applied once a week once signs of
rust appeared to those plots which had not yet tasseled.
67
Irrigation: No irrigation was used.
Harvest: Harvest consisted of a once harvest of marketable ears
only.
Data: Average of 3 reps, each plot 30' long, maximum of 36
plants.
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
Conditions in this year's plot were near ideal, although soil moisture
was somewhat limited at harvest time. This may have contributed to the
high number of cultivars with poor tip fill. Soil temperatures at' planting
were warmer than normal, allowing the plants to establish quickly. Plant
growth made good progress right up to harvest. Very few problems were
encountered in the plot.
This year's top performers were not last year's top performers. Sil-
verado, which performed so well last year was only slightly better than
average this year. Its production figures were lower and there were some
problems with appearance that weren't seen in '85, particularly a tendency
for the ear, which is typically slender, to arch or bend a bit. Also, Snow-
belle, which was again a very good looking white ear, didn't yield as well
as some of the others as its plant stand was only about 65-70y6. Miracle, a
yellow hybrid, suffered a little more problem with tipfill than normally
seen. Still, its production was very high and should remain a favorite.
Phenomenal, a relative of Miracle from Crookham Seed, performed very much
like Miracle this year. It's a taller plant, slightly later than Miracle
and is a bicolor.
Several cultivars which performed very well included Seneca Sentry,
Prevailer and a couple of experimental lines from Rogers Seed (which is
doing a lot of very good work with se types), 84-2424 and 84-2429. Seneca
Sentry and Prevailer were similar in that their production figures were
both very high but they suffered a bit from blanks on the ear. The Rogers
experimentals were both very productive also. 84-2424 had tipfill problems
though they were minor. 84-2429 was outstanding with only widely scattered
incidence of blanking. It's a large ear with small kernels, very
attractive.
Just a special mention of a cultivar from Musser Seed, 84-1108. It
was a very long ear that was very cylindrical. Weight per ear was very
high so it might be a good processor. Its unique look may also attract
fresh market customers.
Best Yellow se Sweet Corn for 1986 = 84-2429
Best Bicolor se Sweet Corn for 1986 = Phenomenal
Best White se Sweet Corn for 1986 = Silverado
68
Table 1 . se Sweet Corn Harvest Data
Rows
Ave
No. of
Total
Per
Ear
Ker
'nel
Tip
Plant
Cultivar
Source
Ears
Ear Wt.
Ear
Lgth
Size
Color
Fill
Blanks
Stand
Crusader
SS
24.3
20.9 lb
18
7.75"
md
md
good
some
vgood
Ear li glow
BUR
29.7
18.2
14
7.50
md
md
fair
some
vgood
H-233
SW
27.7
14.7
18
8.00
sm
It
poor
yes
vgood
Kandy Korn
EM
23.3
16.0
16
8.25
rod
rod
fair
some
vgood
84-1108
MU
27.0
20.3
16
8.50
md
It
good
yes
vgood
Crystal Bell
SW
30.3
18.3
16
7.50
sm
WT
fair
no
good
Prevailer
AC
34.0
25.8
18
8.00
sm
md
good
some
vgood
Silverado
HM
29.0
17.2
16
8.00
md
WT
good
some
vgood
Supreme
HM
27.0
18.8
16
7.50
md
md
good
some
good
84-2424
R
32.0
19.7
16
7.75
md
md
fair
no
vgood
84-2429
R
36.0
23.7
18
8.00
sm
It
good
no
vgood
Snowbelle
A
22.0
13.9
16
7.50
md
WT
good
no
fair
84-93
MU
33.0
20.7
14
7.00
Ig
dk
fair
no
good
84-435
MU
23.7
18.5
16
7.50
md
md
good
no
vgood
Platinum
Lady
BS
26.7
16.0
12
7.50
md
WT
fair
some
vgood
Summer
Flavor
87 BC
AC
21 .0
12.1
16
7.25
sm
BI
good
yes
vgood
Summer
Flavor
82Y
AC
22.7
17.5
18
9.00
Ig
md
fair
no
good
Seneca
Sentry
RS
33.0
21.4
16
8.00
md
It
good
some
vgood
H 63
SW
25.0
13.5
16
8.00
sm
BI
poor
no
vgood
H 245
SW
22.0
18.5
18
8.00
md
md
fair
some
vgood
Summer
Flavor
79W
AC
22.0
12.0
16
7.50
md
WT
good
no
fair
Miracle
EM
30.3
22.2
18
8.00
md
md
fair
no
vgood
Incredible
CR
24.3
17.6
18
7.50
md
md
fair
no
vgood
Double
Delight
AC
20.5
11.6
16
7.25
md
BI
good
yes
good
Phenomenal
CR
32.0
21.3
16
7.50
md
BI
fair
no
vgood
84-2468
R
23.0
13.1
20
7.75
md
It
poor
yes
good
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
69
JALAPENO PEPPER CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
William H. Shoemaker
Of the many hot peppers that are currently available, perhaps the
jalapeno has the most name recognition among American consumers. The rise
in popularity of Mexican cuisine has attracted much attention to the jala-
peno, causing an increase in retail demand for that hot pepper. As the
public's tastes change, growers may need to produce these new types of
crops, not only to sell those crops but to draw more attention to the other
crops, they produce. This evaluation is an attempt to help growers get off
on the right foot in jalapeno pepper production by testing those cultivars
currently being offered on the seed market.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Proctor Silt Loam
A single row, 12' long, plants 1' apart, rows 3' apart,
3 replications
Planting:
Seeds were started in the greenhouse on April 2 in Pt72
Pro-Trays with Sunshine Mix medium.
Plants were set in the field on June 3.
Fertility:
Applications of N, P and K were made on March 27 at the
following rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as no% 46-0-0 and 60% 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A single sidedressing was made on June 24 at 25 lb N/A
using ammonium nitrate.
Weed Control:
Treflan 4E at 0.75 lb aia, ppi, double-disced.
Insect Control
Orthene for aphid control was applied twice in the green-
house at labeled rate. Ladybug populations were good in
the field so no spray was used. Tomato Fruitworm was
not a problem.
Irrigation:
Harvest:
None was used.
Three harvests of mature green fruit approximately 2
weeks apart.
70
Results and Discussion
See Tables 1 and 2 for harvest data.
This plot seemed to have suffered little from the drought which de-
stroyed the bell pepper plot. The bushy plants thrived while fruit set was
heavy. The cool August temperatures caused maturation to be slow but even-
tually the harvests became heavy. No serious disease or insect problems
were noted in the field. Weed pressure was higher than it should have been.
Almost all of the weeds were velvetleaf. This season pointed out the need
for a good broadleaf weed control program in crucifers and the solonaceous
crops.
Seven cultivars were submitted for evaluation and real differences
were found among them. Several cultivars had compact plant growth which
would allow closer spacing and made harvesting by hand simpler. Of these,
Jalapa and Early Jalapeno showed promise. In terms of weight, Jalapa was
the greatest producer in the plot. In terms of numbers, Early Jalapeno was
the greatest producer. Jalapa produced the heaviest early crop both in
weight and in number of fruit. It had a distinctive cone shape that was
very broad at the stem. It was also very uniform. It's high number of
culls may indicate a sensitivity to drought. Early Jalapeno had a greater
number of fruit turn red, which is very attractive in a jalapeno.
Of the cultivars which had a larger, more spread growth pattern, only
two were productive. Jalapeno M (from Petoseed) and Jalapeno (from Asgrow)
both produced in the same range as the two previously mentioned. The
larger plant made harvesting slightly more tedious and time-consuming.
Fruit appearance was good but not distinctive.
One cultivar which deserves mention is TAM Mild, which is supposed to
have a milder flavor. An authority which tested it in the field concluded
it was truly milder but perhaps not enough to be noticed by the novice if
it is consumed undiluted.
Best Jalapeno Pepper for 1986 = Jalapa
Table 1. Early Harvest Data
Total
Fruit
Cultivar
Source
No. Fruit
Wt. (lb)
No. Reds
No. Culls
Early Jalapeno
AC
30.7
1.0
3.0
3.3
Jalapeno M
PS
42.0
1.2
0.3
5.7
Jalapa
PS
76.7
2.9
10.0
31 .0
TAM Jalapeno
EM
34.3
1.1
3.7
21 .7
TAM Mild
P
37.3
1.3
6.3
20.0
Chili Jalapeno
BS
23.3
0.6
0.7
2.0
Jalapeno
A
25.0
0.7
0.0
2.3
71
Table 2. Total Harvest Data
Total
Fruit
Cultivar
Source
No. Fruit
Wt. (lb)
No. Reds
No. Culls
Early Jalapeno
AC
536.0
11.1
93.0
12.0
Jalapeno M
PS
527.7
11.5
17.0
14.0
Jalapa
PS
487.7
12.0
62.0
40.0
TAM Jalapeno
EM
282.7
6.1
35.7
33.3
TAM Mild
P
205.3
4.7
28.0
33.0
Chili Jalapeno
BS
315.0
7.1
8.0
13.0
Jalapeno
A
513.0
11.7
14.0
11.0
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horitcultural Research Center.
72
WATERMELON CULTIVAR - ROW COVER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
FOR NORTHERN ILLINOIS
William H. Shoemaker
Though watermelons are thought of as a crop that favors sandy soils,
many are produced by vegetable growers in Northern Illinois mineral soils,
To get maximum production from this crop, row covers are essential. This
study examines performance of watermelon cultivars in Northern Illinois
under row covers.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout
Planting:
Fertility:
Weed Control
Insect Control
Due to space limitations and the large size of the plot,
two soil types were included:
Proctor Silt Loam
Drummer Silty Clay Loam
One 30* row, plants 3' apart, rows 10' apart, 3 reps,
guard rows.
Seeds were set in the greenhouse in Pro-Tray 50 's with
Redi-Earth mix on 4/22/86. Plants were set in the field
with 9-45-15 starter solution on 5/23/86.
Applied N, P, K preplant, disced in, at following rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as i\0% 46-0-0 and 60% 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
Sidedressing of N as NH4N03 at 25 lb N/A.
Applied a tank-mix of Prefar/Alanap ppi, disced in at
following rates:
Prefar 4E at 4.0 lb aia
Alanap L at 2.0 lb aia
Cultivation as needed.
Furadan 150 at 1.5 lb/1000' of row was applied at
planting for cucumber beetle control.
Sevin 80W at 1.0 lb aia was applied at high pressure
with a boom sprayer at 7-10 day intervals for cucumber
beetle control.
73
Disease Control: Beginning at fruit set, a maintenance spray program
applied fungicide at 7-10 day intervals alternating
mancozeb and Bravo at the following rates:
Dithane M45 or Manzate 200 at 2.0 lb/A
Bravo 500 at 2.25 pints/A
When needed for powdery mildew control, Benlate 50W was
sprayed with the other fungicide at 0.5 lb aia
Irrigation: None was used.
Harvest: Harvested by slapping fruit to determine ripeness at 3
day intervals. Data was taken on fruit earliness,
weight and number. Observations on plant and fruit
quality were taken.
Data: Average of 3 replications, 10 plants/rep.
Results and Discussion
This trial suffered more stress than any other in 1986 perhaps because
of a near complete failure of the weed control program. Herbicide activity
in the broadleaf weeds was near zero while grasses were controlled fairly
well. The broadleaf s quickly outgrew the melons and, though there was a
good fruit set, provided strong pressure to the melons. As a result, fruit
size was low and yield of marketable fruit was down. Still, with a cool
August and such weed pressure, evidence points to the possibility of achiev-
ing good yields under good cultural conditions. Also, drouthy conditions
put stress on the plants starting about a week before harvest began and
continuing through harvest.
As this trial dealt with medium and full sized melons only, none of
the icebox types will be discussed. Of the large types several stood out.
Madera, from Asgrow, was a Crimson Sweet type that performed very well. It
is a slightly elongated striped melon with a "dusty" finish rather than a
shiny appearance. It maintained good size and harvested a good number of
melons. Charleston 76 was slightly smaller but produced a large number of
marketable fruit. AVX 5500 from Sun Seed was one of the largest fruit yet
was also prolific. It was also earlier than most of the other cultivars.
It's a large round fruit with a Charleston Gray coloring that sometimes
gets a distorted shape (bumpy, slightly twisted). Interior color of this
cultivar was good. Florida Giant, from Asgrow, also known as Black Diamond
or Texas Cannonball, maintained a good average size although it wasn't
highly consistent. We had one specimen weigh over 3^ pounds. Au-Jubilant,
from Hollar Seed, maintained very good size though production was a bit low.
It, like Jubilee, has very large seeds. Dixielee, a round striped melon
from Abbott-Cobb, was fairly productive and very good quality.
Of the medium sized melons. Sweetmeat II was superior. It was a solid
dark green elongated melon with rich red flesh and very good flavor. It
produced more melons than any other cultivar. Summer Festival was also
good, producing almost as many melons. Triple Sweet seedless and XPH 5078
were slightly behind in productivity but were both very good quality.
74
Table 1 . Watermelon Harvest Data
No. of
Total
Average
Cultivar
Source
Fruit
Wt (lb)
Wt (lb)
Description
Calhoun Gray
T
8
119.5
14.9
Charleston Gray type
Baronet
A
9
121.5
13.5
Long solid green fruit
Royal Sweet
AC
13
187.6
14.4
Elongated striper
PS 19981
PS
13
192.6
14.8
Oasis
HM
14
198.3
14.2
Elongated striper
Allsweet
BS
12
159.9
13.3
Long striped melon
Au- Jubilant
HO
11
223.0
20.3
Jubilee type
MOX 1568
HM
14
209.6
15.0
Similar to Oasis
lopride
HM
10
178.2
17.8
Round dark striper
Rebel Queen
FM
16
234.6
14.7
Elongated striper
Prince Charles
EM
11
181.1
16.5
Charleston Gray type
Charleston Elite
NK
11
202.3
18.4
Charleston Gray type
XPH 5078
A
16
184.1
11.5
Long dark green fruit
Sundance
A
15
173.8
11.6
Madera
A
16
281.4
17.6
Crimson Sweet type
Royal Jubilee
HM
7
132.7
19.0
Jubilee type
Crimson Sweet
BS
11
169.3
15.4
Round striper, standard
AVX 5500
SU
18
341.1
19.0
Large round, gray type
Sweetmeat II
PS
25
260.9
10.4
Elongated dark green
Mirage
A
18
235.8
13.1
Elongated striper
Sunshade
A
9
142.9
15.9
Charleston Gray type
Dixielee
AC
14
242.1
17.3
Round striper
Peacock
HM
9
95.9
10.7
Elongated dark green
Calsweet P.V.P.
HO
13
202.5
15.6
Elongated striper
Sweet Charlie
NK
16
216.7
13.5
Charleston Gray type
Triple Sweet
T
19
191.5
10.1
Seedless, round striper
Charleston 76
HM
22
347.5
15.8
Charleston Gray type
Southern Belle
FM
21
229.7
10.9
Round, very dark green
Dixie Queen
BUR
11
139.7
12.7
Round striper
Royal Crimson
PS
12
153.4
12.8
Round striper
Jubilee
A
7
106.5
15.2
Long striper, Ig seeds
XPH 5081
A
24
141.2
5.9
Round dark striper
Bush Jubilee
EM
6
69.8
11.6
Jubilee type
Florida Giant
A
14
253.9
18.1
Large round black
Summer Festival
HM
23
248.2
10.8
Small Charleston Gray
Royal Peacock
T
17
243.1
14.3
Elongated black melon
NVH M258
NK
15
221 .0
14.7
Elongated striper
Royal Windsor
AC
9
155.4
17.3
Charleston Gray type
AU-Producer
HO
13
194.7
15.0
Crimson Sweet type
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
75
CABBAGE CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
Among those vegetables for fresh market which growers in Illinois
commit much acreage to, cabbage certainly plays an important part. While
many growers may plant ten or twenty acres, there are others who plant
hundreds of acres. There are over one hundred cultivars for a grower to
choose from, each with unique characteristics. This evaluation is the
first of several which will determine which cultivars are superior for
Northern Illinois.
Location:
Soil Type:
Plot Layout;
Planting:
Fertility:
Weed Control:
Insect Control:
Materials and Methods
St, Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles, IL
Proctor Silt Loam
One row 15', plants 1.5' apart, rows 3' apart, guard rows
Started in greenhouse 4/3/86 in Pro-Tray 98 's using
Jiffy-Mix Medium. Plants were set in the field on
5/8/86.
Applications of N, P and K were made at the following
rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as 40% 46-0-0 and 6056 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A sidedressing of N at 25 lb N/A as NH4N03.
Treflan 4E at 0.75 lb aia, ppi
Cultivation as needed
When needed, insecticide sprayed with a boom sprayer at
high pressure, including:
Dipel for Imported Cabbage Worm
Lannate for Cabbage Looper
Sevin for Flea Beetle
Disease Control: None used
Irrigation:
Harvest :
Data:
None used
Selective harvest of mature heads only.
15 ' of row, 10 plants
76
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
The season turned out to be a good one for cabbage, particularly for
early cultivars. Early warm weather, more sunshine than normal and good,
healthy transplants all contributed to a great start for the plants. Prob-
lems that did occur were not difficult to deal with and were to be expected,
Imported Cabbage Worm moths were seen in early June so larvae became a pest
soon after. Dipel as a preventative spray controls damage from this pest.
Flea Beetles were not the problem they have been in the past. Cabbage
Looper, a more difficult pest, was later in the season but needed control-
ling for the late cultivars. Lannate did a good job with that pest.
The number of cultivars available on the market is overwhelming. The
seed companies seemed intent on impressing that point on me as there were
more than 75 cultivars in the plot. Several cultivars had to be left out
as they arrived at the Research Center too late to start transplants. The
size of the plot and the season both contributed to the difficulty in
taking data off the plot so information is limited to head weight and size
and core length and thickness. Further investigations will attempt to
reduce plot size and intensify analyses.
77
Table 1 . Cabbage
Cultivar Harvest Data
Average
Average
Harv
Average
Head
Core
Cultivar
Source
Date
Wt (lb)
Width
Height
Length Thickness
Polar Green
SS
7/1
2.9
5.8"
6.0"
2.8" 1
.5"
Charmant
SA
7/7
2.9
5.9
5.8
2.9 1
.8
OS Cross
TA
7/18
6.7
12.3
5.8
2.6 1
1.6
Rio Verde
NK
7/18
M.6
7.6
5.8
3.0 1
1.5
Tri Star
BUR
7/7
2.5
6.9
5.3
2.8 1
1.5
Chogo
SA
7/3
3.3
6.0
6.9
3.0
1.6
New Green
TA
7/7
3.4
8.0
5.6
2.4
1.1
Danish Ballhead
HM
7/18
3.6
6.3
5.6
3.1
r.5
Viking
AG
7/7
3.0
6.9
6.4
3.6
1.8
Tucana
RO
7/1
2.6
5.8
5.9
2.8
1.4
Lasso
JSS
7/7
1.4
5.0
5.1
2.8
1.3
Grenadier
SS
7/1
3.2
6.8
6.5
2.8
1.5
XPH 5116
A
7/18
5.6
6.3
6.1
3.4
1.4
Globe Master
TA
7/18
6.0
7.3
6.6
2.8
1.3
XPH 5114
A
7/3
2.8
6.5
6.5
3.5
1.3
Oca la
SU
7/18
4.2
7.3
6.1
3.4
1.5
Solid Blue 760
AC
7/1
2.4
5.9
5.6
2.9
1.5
Sure Vantage
SA
7/18
3.1
6.5
6.0
3.4
1.5
Perfect Action
JSS
7/21
3.5
6.3
5.6
2.3
1.5
Solid Blue 690
AC
7/7
2.7
5.8
5.6
2.6
1.6
Vantage Point
SA
7/21
5.2
7.4
7.5
4.1
1.5
Solid Blue 700
AC
7/3
3.0
6.5
6.8
3.0
1.5
Golden Acre
PS
7/3
3.1
6.6
6.4
2.9
1.6
Sanibel
PS
7/11
4.0
6.8
6.8
3.6
1.6
Regalia
SS
7/1
4.1
7.0
7.0
3.0
1.4
Hermes
RO
7/1
3.2
6.8
6.4
2.4
1.4
Resist Crown
TA
7/3
2.6
6.9
5.1
2.4
1.3
Grand Slam
NK
7/11
4.4
8.0
7.1
3.6
1.4
Head Start
A
7/1
3.8
7.3
7.4
2.8
1.5
Ruby Perfection
SS
7/31
2.6
5.0
6.0
2.8
-
Safekeeper
SS
7/31
4.2
6.5
7.0
3.5
-
Bislet
AG
7/31
3.2
5.8
6.5
3.0
-
Storage Red
SS
7/31
1.3
3.9
5.8
2.8
-
Dynasty
A
7/1
3.3
6.9
6.4
3.1
1.4
Perfect Ball
JSS
7/31
4.1
6.0
6.8
2.5
-
Ruby Ball
AC
7/7
2.7
6.1
5.9
3.8
1.4
Stonehead
EM
7/7
2.9
5.9
5.6
2.5
1.6
Winterkeeper
SS
7/31
4.2
7.0
6.5
3.5
-
Market Topper
HM
7/7
3.1
6.4
6.0
3.5
1.5
Shamrock
PS
7/7
3.5
6.8
6.5
2.8
1.6
Red Acre
BUR
7/7
2.5
6.0
5.9
2.9
1.5
Conquest
A
7/7
3.3
6.5
6.1
4.5
1.5
Scorpio
SA
7/7
3.5
7.0
6.9
4.1
1.6
Pak Rite
SA
7/1
3.0
6.5
5.9
3.0
1.5
78
Table 1. Cabbage Cultivar Harvest Data (continued)
Average
Average
i
Harv
Average
Head
Core
Cultivar
Source
Date
Wt (lb)
Width
Height
Length Thickness
Jumbo
SS
7/31
5.4
6.5
8.5
4.0
.
PSX 53880
PS
7/1
3.0
6.6
5.9
2.8 1
.1
XPH 5112
A
7/7
3.4
7.0
7.3
4.3 1
.8
Princess 39
AG
7/1
2.9
6.9
6.1
2.9 (
).9
Blueboy
T
7/21
6.5
8.9
6.8
3.6 1
.6
Tastie
BS
7/1
3.9
6.8
6.8
2.9 1
.5
Cabaret
HM
7/21
3.3
6.5
7.0
2.5 1
.3
Alamo
HM
7/21
6.7
7.6
7.3
2.9 1
.6
Grand Prize
PS
7/7
3.6
6.4
6.5
3.4 1
.8
Arco 206
AR
7/21
6.0
8.3
8.5
3.8
1.6
Premium Late
Flat Dutch
A
7/21
4.8
8.4
5.3
2.8
1.3
Survivor
SS
7/21
5.4
7.5
6.9
3.8
1.5
Blue Pak
SS
7/7
2.5
5.6
5.8
3.0
1.6
Market Victor
HM
7/1
3.3
7.0
7.0
2.5
1.4
Solid Blue 770
AC
7/21
6.2
8.3
8.1
3.9
1.4
Superpack
JSS
7/7
2.6
6.0
5.6
3.4
1.8
Hybrid H
HM
7/31
3.8
6.5
6.0
4.0
-
Pierrette
SS
7/7
2.8
6.5
5.9
3.4
1.6
Blue Vantage
SA
7/11
4.3
6.9
6.9
3.4
1.4
Preko
P
7/7
2.2
5.6
5.5
2.5
1.3
57-368
TA
7/7
2.5
6.5
5.9
2.8
1.8
Quisto
NK
7/21
4.7
6.9
6.0
3.0
1.6
Market Prize
HM
7/7
2.1
6.1
5.5
3.8
1.5
Red Rookie
SA
7/11
3.0
5.9
6.0
3.4
1.4
NVH 672
NK
7/11
3.7
7.4
6.5
3.1
1.5
Olympic
NK
7/21
6.2
8.1
7.5
4.8
1.5
Casio
RO
7/1
3.7
7.0
6.8
3.8
1.0
Delphi
RO
7/21
6.8
7.4
7.8
4.1
1.6
Solid Blue 780
AC
7/21
4.0
7.5
6.9
3.5
1.8
Solid Red 781
AC
7/11
3.9
6.9
6.5
4.0
1.5
Canada Savoy
SS
7/11
3.7
9.0
8.1
3.8
1.5
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
79
MIXED MELON CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
One of the great pleasures of summer is sampling fresh melons grown
locally. In northern Illinois, few growers make melons their main crop but
many grow melons. They're generally profitable and they attract people to
the market. Many cultivars are available. This evaluation is an attempt
to screen cultivars currently available for northern Illinois melon produc-
tion.
Materials and Methods
Location:
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Planting:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles, IL
Proctor Silt Loam
A single 30' row, unreplicated with guard rows. Plants
were 2' apart, rows were 10' apart.
Seeds were started in No. 52 Pro-Trays with a peat-lite
growing mix on May 2. Plants were set in the field on
June 4.
Fertility:
Applications of N, P and K were made at the following
rates:
Weed Control:
Insect Control:
Disease Control
Irrigation:
Harvest:
N at 80 lb N/A as ^0% 46-0-0 and 60% 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A starter solution of 9-45-15 was used at planting. Side-
dressed with 25 lb N/A as NH4N03 at 3 weeks.
Applied Pre far 4E at 4.0 lb aia tank-mixed with Alanap L
at 2.0 lb aia, ppi, double-disced. Hand-weeding was used
when necessary.
At planting an application of Furadan 150 was made at
1.0 lb/1500' of row and the plants were sprayed with
Sevin from a hand sprayer at the labeled rate. At 5
weeks a spray program of 1.0 lb aia Sevin sprayed overtop
with a boom sprayer every 7-10 days was begun.
A maintenance program was initiated at fruit set that
consisted of alternate sprays of Bravo 500 and a manco-
zeb, applied with the insecticide. Benlate was added for
powdery mildew control.
None was used.
A twice-weekly or more harvest of mature fruit.
80
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
Several factors were present this year which could have set the evalua-
tion back but did not. These included a late start, a cooler than normal
August and the presence of atrazine residues in the plot. Several culti-
vars were set back by atrazine residues so data from those cultivars will
not be presented. However, despite these problems many cultivars performed
very well. Because August was a dry month there were few foliar disease
problems and the spray program eliminated the cucumber beetle as a factor.
Plant vigor was very good as illustrated by the fact that the 10' wide row
spacing did not prevent the plants from filling out the rows, providing a
complete blanket of foliage. The fruit were well protected from sunlight
until several harvests beat the foliage down. Especially encouraging were
the results from several honeydew cultivars. Though few growers in nor-
thern Illinois currently produce honeydews, there may be reason to believe
that honeydews could be profitably produced for the farm market or roadside
stand.
Several muskmelon cultivars deserve mention for outstanding qualities.
Harper Hybrid from Harris Moran Seed exhibited excellent all-around attri-
butes. It is a small to mid-size melon with consistent size and shape.
It's very round with a small cavity. Its flesh color is a rich salmon.
Productivity was very high, producing four marketable melons per plant.
Most of those who tested the flavor of the cultivars grown this year rated
this cultivar the best. Its only drawback may be that it doesn't have the
deep ribs or heavy netting so familiar to midwestern growers and consumers.
Two cultivars that performed very well were Earligold and Earlisweet.
Their production figures were outstanding, particularly Earlisweet.
Earlisweet was truly early, being within three days of first-to-harvest.
Its production quickly climbed to a high level and stayed there through the
whole season. This resulted in Earlisweet being more than 50yS more pro-
ductive than any other cultivar. It was a very presentable fruit. Its
ribs were prominent but not deep and it was very well netted. Interior
qualities were very good. However, it performed poorly in our taste
testing. Therefore, it cannot be rated as high as some other cultivars.
Still, it should be tested by growers who grow this type of melon. Taste-
testing is subjective and more importantly, flavor is easily affected by
production factors and may vary with different soil types.
Earligold was also early and productive but what made Earligold stand
out was its size and concentrated harvest. It averaged 5.7 lb per melon,
which was high in this evaluation. It began harvest three days after the
first harvest and was Q0% completed two harvests (5 days) later. It was a
less attractive melon, lacking rib development but it was well netted.
Its major drawback was also flavor, being rated "terrible" by most as it
was bland with a strong, disagreeable aftertaste. It must be noted that
previous statements about taste-testing apply here as well. Leaf area for
sugar development was great so that couldn't be a contributing factor.
81
Of the traditional midwestern muskmelon types, those which performed
best include Burpee Hybrid and a Harris Moran experimental, HXP 3593.
Burpee Hybrid began harvest later than most other muskmelons and was not as
consistent in size and shape as others but it was very productive and good
sized. Eating qualities were also very good. HXP 3593 was a little larger
than Burpee Hybrid and got into the bulk of its harvest earlier. Its
appearance was similar to Saticoy, which could be a slight drawback depend-
ing on the market. Eating qualities were very good. Another which had
good production figures was Scoop. It was the earliest cultivar in the
plot. However, it didn't hold well in the field, going from immature to
overmature in two days in some cases. Its appearance and eating qualities
were also fair at best.
Other melons included in this year's plot were honeydews, crenshaws, a
French melon and several types difficult to classify. Of the honeydews,
several stood out as potentially productive for this area, especially with
the use of plastics. Earlidew especially stood out. Its good size (6.1 lb
ave.), good flesh quality, earliness and productivity make it stand out.
Growers who are considering producing honeydews along with their muskmelons
should give this cultivar a trial planting. Be aware however that it has a
tendency to crack in the field so fruit should be harvested at 1/4 to 1/2
slip. Yes, these cultivars do slip from the stem at maturity. Venus
Hybrid, a smaller cultivar, is another productive honeydew. It was con-
siderably later to harvest than Earlidew. The outside skin will develop a
rich yellow cast and occasionally a patch of netting. Flesh is more white
than green at maturity but firm and full-flavored. It rarely cracks in the
field. Honeydew Orange Flesh was a surprise as its performance in the
sandy soils of Illinois was not promising. Its size is similar to Venus
Hybrid. It has an attractive, very round shape. Its outside surface is a
smooth, pale orange. Its texture and flavor were very good.
The Crenshaw melon is not too commonly grown except for local markets,
and that usually in more warm climates. Those cultivars in this year^
evaluation which performed satisfactorily were Early Hybrid Crenshaw and
Burpee Early Crenshaw. At 1.3 melons per plant they may not seem produc-
tive but the fruit weigh over 10 pounds apiece on the average. Both were
of good quality with Early Hybrid being more consistent in size.
Another melon deserves mention. Charmel, a French Charantais-type
melon, was a very good performer. It had a long, consistent production
period with good productivity during that period. Fruit quality was good,
although it did not hold as well as it needs to in the field. Fruit were
deeply ribbed, round to slightly oblate with smooth skin. The flesh is
orange and sweet. Outside coloring is gray until maturity when it turns a
pale orange except between the ribs, where it remains gray. This cultivar
slips at maturity. This melon could attract attention to a retail market.
82
Table 1 . Mixed Melon Cultivar Harvest Data
Cultivar ;
Source
Fru
TAM Dew
Improved
HM
15
Harper Hybrid
HM
61
Superstar
HM
41
Scoop
P
70
Honeydew
Orange-Flesh
BS
42
Burpee Hybrid
BUR
65
Charmel
PS
75
Ear li dew
PS
60
Crenshaw
PS
—
Limelight
BUR
21
Laguna
A
20
Honey-Drip
TA
39
84-8446
NI
51
Burpee's
Early
Crenshaw
BUR
20
Earligold
HO
52
84-3944
NI
3
Sat i coy
PS
56
Honeygrow
T
12
Harvest Queen
HM
29
Honeydew
Gold Rind
EM
16
Venus Hybrid
BUR
54
84-3433
NI
24
PSX E-680
PS
34
Market Star
SS
35
Classic
AC
42
Summet
A
46
HXP 3592
HM
47
Conquistador
NK
53
Ananas
PS
13
Rocky Sweet
HO
36
Star Headliner
T
45
Early Hybrid
Crenshaw
AC
20
Allstar
HM
44
Total
Wt. (lb)
Average
Wt. (lb)
Type of
Melon
Comments
78.3
197.2
228.6
219.7
5.2
216.1
3.5
238.1
5.8
201.8
2.9
166.2
4.0
297.7
4.6
191.3
2.6
365.4
6.1
215.8
10.3
137.3
6.9
267.6
6.9
218.9
4.3
199.1
10.0
294.0
5.7
21.6
7.2
235.1
4.2
88.1
7.3
115.5
4.0
96.6
6.0
219.5
4.1
75.7
3.2
152.6
4.5
127.2
3.6
170.1
4.1
173.3
4.1
218.6
4.7
204.9
3.9
62.4
4.8
158.1
4.4
4.4
11.4
5.0
HD good look, very
late
MU good all-around
MU some 8-10 pounders
MU fair quality at
best
HD good looks, quality
MU A standard
EX good quality, nice
HD good quality, some
cracks, very early
CR Too late for No. IL
HD Huge, tasty, late
WS Very large shipper
HD Bact. wilt problem
WS Very round shipper
CR Good looks, flavor
MU All traits good
except flavor
HD Not for No. IL
MU Late producer
HD Not productive here
MU Old favorite
HD Unusual melon
HD Productive, tasty
WS Not productive
MU Inconsistent size
MU Inconsistent size
MU Nice-looking
MU Very nice melon
MU Looks, tastes good
MU Poor netting
EX White flesh, tasty
EX Green flesh, looks
like muskmelon
MU Inconsistent size
CR Very nice fruit
WS Concentrated har-
vest
83
Table 1. Mixed Melon Cultivar Harvest Data (continued)
No of
Total
Average
Type of
Cultivar
Source
Fruit
Wt. (lb)
Wt. (lb)
Melon
Comments
HXP 3593
HM
60
310.6
5.2
MU
Good eating melon
Columbia
NK
65
236.6
3.6
MU
Small but good
Tanya
A
19
80.7
4.2
WS
Unusual flavor,
good
Honeydew
A
2
8.2
4.1
HD
Too late
PSR 10084
PS
34
165.1
4.9
MU
Not impressive
PSR 6682
PS
34
111.7
3.3
MU
Small, poor netting
Sweet n' Early
BUR
66
150.3
2.3
MU
Very round, ribbed
Bonus
TA
—
MU
Did riot work
Edisto
A
29
106.9
3.7
WS
Late
Ear li sweet
SS
119
293.3
2.5
MU
Very productive,
good looking fruit
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
84
BRUSSELS SPROUT CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
Among those vegetables which never seem to receive much attention is
the Brussels Sprout. It's a long season crop which would seem to have a
good potential income but the labor involved in harvesting the crop and
preparing it for sale could be overwhelming if each sprout is to be removed
from the stalk. A possible alternative is to harvest the entire plant and
sell it with the sprouts still intact. This is more likely to work for
farm markets, roadside stands and PYO's but it's worth investigating.
Many of the cultivars we use in the United States were developed in
Japan, including Jade Cross, Prince Marvel and others. Most of the rest
are from Northern Europe. 20 cultivars were found for this year's evalua-
tion, which focused on quality rather than quantity.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Elburn Silt Loam
A single 20' row, plants 1.5' apart and rows 3' apart.
Unreplicated with guard rows.
Planting:
Seeds were started in the greenhouse in Pt 98 Pro-Trays
with a peat-lite growing mix on May 14. 5-week-old
transplants were set in the field on June 18.
Fertility:
Applications of N, P and K were made commercially at the
following rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as >^0% 46-0-0 and 60$ 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
Starter solution, 9-45-15, was used at transplanting.
Weed Control
Treflan 4E was applied at 0.75 lb aia, ppi, double
disced.
Hand weeding when necessary.
Insect Control:
Application of bacillus thuringensis were made on a 7-10
day cycle for worm control. Lannate was used when
Cabbage Looper was found. Sevin 80W was used for Flea
Beetle control while the transplants were young.
Disease Control
None was used.
Irrigation:
None was used.
85
Harvest: A once-over harvest three weeks after pinching tops.
The whole stalk was chopped off at the base with
hatchets.
Data: 20' of row, maximum of 13 plants.
Results and Discussion
Growing brussels sprouts was found to be relatively simple. A side-
dressing would have been a good idea at about 2 or 3 weeks. Because it was
late in the spring when they were started, the transplants were spindly
from the lack of environmental control in the greenhouse. This caused the
transplants to "gooseneck", or crook at the base. Many of the cultivars
tended to lodge later in the year when the tall plants became top-heavy.
A regular schedule of bacillus sprays were necessary to prevent damage
by imported cabbage worm larvae. Diseases were not a problem until the
middle of September, when 2 weeks in a row of daily rain caused black rot
to flourish. There was little difference in cultivars incidence of black
rot although the cultivar 'Early Dwarf Danish', which is truly a dwarf, had
tightly packed sprouts close to the ground. Black rot moved into those
sprouts and the rotting vegetation attracted an unknown fly, which laid
eggs, making maggots a problem. This pointed out the need for good air
circulation between the sprouts.
There was truly a difference in cultivars. The greatest difference
seen was in the consistency of size of sprouts from bottom to top of the
stalk. Only one cultivar was consistent, Oliver, from Burpee and Northrup
King. All plants were pinched three weeks before harvest, allowing the
uppermost sprouts on the stalk to size up. Only Oliver filled out the top
sprouts without some of the top sprouts leafing out.
Oliver was easily the best cultivar in other ways as well. It was the
only cultivar that showed no lodging at all, other than Early Dwarf Danish.
It also had the largest sprouts which, despite their size, were very tight,
of high quality. Some cultivars had suckers, sprouts at the base of the
plant which became dominant and shot up alongside the main stalk. Oliver
had no suckers. Also, the sprouts on Oliver were very attractive, with a
smooth surface hinting at the tight sprout.
Other sprouts had some good characteristics as well. Green Marvel was
an interesting cultivar. It also had attractive sprouts, with a smooth
outer surface, although they were smaller and not as consistent in size.
Quite a few cultivars had problems with sprouts at the base leafing out.
Green Marvel had less of this than most. It was a shorter plant than
Oliver. Prince Marvel and Captain Marvel were similar cultivars from the
same source as Green Marvel, Sakata Seed. They both looked promising with
tall, vigorous plants with less lodging than most. Sprout size was medium
with an attractive look. The biggest problem with both appeared to be
inconsistent size. Early Dwarf Danish, despite the problem with black rot,
had good sized sprouts that were tight and attractive. It was by far the
earliest cultivar in the plot. One other cultivar which looked promising
was Valiant. It had many of the right characteristics but to less of a
degree.
86
Table 1 . Brussels Sprouts Harvest Data
Cultivar
Source
Comments
Roger
Crystal
Green Marvel
Prince Marvel
NK
TA
SA
SS
Long Island
Improved
EM
Lunet
AC
Garnet
TA
Pearl
TA
Jasper
TA
Dolmic
RO
Valiant
NK
Perrine
RO
Emerald
TA
Oliver
NK
Captain Marvel
AC
Acropolis
RO
Sailor
SW
Early Dwarf
Danish
js:
Royal Marvel
SA
Good sprout size, fair uniformity, fairly
smooth, no lodging or suckers.
Some lodging and suckers, fair size.
Slightly smaller plant, sprouts smaller but
loaded and smooth, no lodging or suckers,
fairly uniform.
Good size and uniformity, no suckers, a little
lodging, some sprouting at the base, tall
plants.
Good sprout size but rough, some lodging, no
suckers, one barren stalk, some plant loss
early.
Poor sprout uniformity, too much lodging, some
suckers.
Some lodging, good sprout size but rough
appearance, no suckers.
Some lodging, some basal sprouting, poor sprout
size and uniformity.
Too much lodging, no suckers, sprouts didn't
size up well.
Plants not uniform, leaves well projected,
providing good air circulation, some lodging
and sucker ing.
Some lodging, a little sucker ing, good sprout
size but not uniform.
Good sprout size but lacking uniformity, a
little lodging.
Small sprouts, a little lodging, some
sucker ing.
Plants stand up very well, excellent sprout
size and uniformity, no suckers or sprouting,
outstanding.
Plants stand up well, good sprout size and
uniformity, looks good.
Some lodging, a little suckering, sprouts not
uniform.
Good sprout size, tall plants, much basal
suckering, lodging a problem.
Determinate growth, large sprouts, densely
packed, very short plants, black rot was a
problem.
Sprouts small, not uniform, some suckering.
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
87
BELL PEPPER CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H, Shoemaker
Bell peppers are a popular crop among vegetable growers in Northern
Illinois. They can be very profitable when the crop yields well and is of
good quality. A high number of 4-lobed peppers is desirable as they bring
a premium price. The great number of cultivars available mak^s it diffi-
cult for a grower to know which actually perform best in Northern Illinois.
This evaluation will be the second in a series of screening bell pepper
cultivars for Northern Illinois growing conditions.
Materials and Methods
Location:
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Planting:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Proctor Silt Loam
A single row, plants 1.5' apart, rows 3' apart, no
replications.
Started seed in the greenhouse on April 2 in Pt72 Pro-
Trays using a peat-lite mix. Transplants were set in
the field on June M.
Fertility:
Weed Control:
Insect Control:
Disease Control
Irrigation:
Harvest :
Data:
Applications of N, P and K were made on March 27 at the
following rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as ^0% ^6-0-0 and 60$ 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A sidedressing of NH4N03 at 25 lb N/A was made at 3
weeks.
Treflan 4E at 0,75 lb aia, ppi, double-disc inc.
In the greenhouse, two sprays of Orthene at labeled
rates were made to control Green Peach Aphid. In the
field, no sprays were needed. Ladybugs were plentiful
and no problems with aphids were found.
No serious disease problems occurred. Aphid control
kept viruses from being a problem.
None was provided.
Several pickings at about 2 week intervals.
From single 20' row, 13 plants.
88
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
This year's evaluation pointed out the disastrous effects of moisture
stress on bell peppers. The plants began suffering some drought stress
just after fruit set initiated. During the critical fruit development
stage, drought stress became worse. It's worth noting that the plants did
not show signs of wilting except during periods of high temperatures (>88F)
yet lack of moisture had a great effect on fruit quality. A number of
cultivars had an average of less than one marketable fruit per plant. Most
cultivars had more culls than marketable fruit. Most of these culls were
due to blossom-end-rot, a physiological disorder which results when mois-
ture is limited or when it fluctuates. The lack of moisture prevents ade-
quate levels of calcium from reaching developing tissues. These tissues
then break down easily and are subject to secondary infections from invad-
ing organisms. The disorder occurs characteristically at the blossom end
of the plant, where tissues are most rapidly developing.
As it turn^s out, few cultivars provided more than four marketable
fruit per plant, despite the health of the plants which was good. The few
which exceeded that level were all characterized by having smaller than
average fruit in a typical year. Smaller fruit size provided an "escape"
from the problem of moisture stress. Still, each of these suffered signifi'
cant levels of blossom-end-rot as well.
Many of those which performed the worst included the open-pollinated
types which have been popular for years, such as Emerald Giant, Staddon's
Select, Keystone Resistant Giant and California Wonder. Each of these
averaged less than one marketable fruit per plant. No cultivar could be
said to have performed satisfactorily. This only points out the need for
the grower to use those tools which are available to him to prevent a
disaster. With irrigation, this plot would have provided very good yields.
Best Bell Pepper for 1986 = New Ace
Table 1 . Harvest Data
No. of
non-
Total
No. of
4-lobe
non-
4-lobe
No. of
No. of
% of
Cultivar
Source
n-lobe
Wt (lb)
4 -lobe
Wt (lb)
Fruit
culls
culls
P-130
NK
9
2.0
5
0.9
14
7
33
New Ace
AC
22
3.3
70
10.3
92
80
47
Olympic
A
8
1.6
7
0.6
15
5
25
Jupiter
NK
8
0.8
8
0.9
16
17
52
Ma Belle
PS
18
1.8
18
2.8
36
75
68
California
-
Wonder
BS
5
0.8
3
0.2
8
25
76
Sweet Belle
FM
5
1.0
5
0.8
10
U
58
Shamrock
A
15
3.0
6
1.5
23
26
55
Bell Boy
AC
12
2.5
25
3.9
37
78
68
89
Table 1 . Harvest Data
(continued)
No. of
non-
Total
No. of
4-lobe
non-
4-lobe
No. of
No. of
% of
Cultivar
Source
^-lobe
Wt (lb)
4 -lobe
Wt (lb)
Fruit
culls
culls
Klondike Bell
SS
2
0.2
10
1.8
12
18
60
Golden Belle
HM
1
0.2
23
3.5
24
88
79
Bell Captain
SS
14
3.2
14
2.5
28
28
50
Skipper
A
4
0.9
9
1.5
13
20
61
Hybelle
HM
7
1.3
8
1.8
15
73
83
Mission Belle
FM
17
3.3
26
2.9
43
34
44
Blocky Bell
EM
13
2.2
29
3.9
42
80
66
Lady Bell
HM
6
0.7
13
1.8
19
■ 83
81
Keystone
■ -
Resistant
Giant 3
AC
2
0.4
1
0.2
3
7
70
Tasty
BUR
13
1.7
19
2.4
32
83
72
Four Corners
SS
4
0.7
1
0.1
5
72
94
ARGO
SS
12
2.6
21
4.1
33
37
53
PIP
A
5
0.8
9
1.9
14
40
74
Belle Star
HM
31
5.2
9
1.2
40
50
56
MA 79259
RO
9
1.8
11
1.9
20
43
68
Early
■ -
■ -
Bellringer
EM
24
3.3
47
5.1
71
36
34
Yellow Belle
SS
24
1.8
52
3.4
76
61
45
Green Boy
AG
10
1.7
22
3.1
32
118
84
Crispy
BUR
18
3.1
42
7.5
60
61
50
Annabelle
HM
12
2.4
11
2.3
23
59
72
Ringer
JSS
5
0.6
6
0.7
11
122
92
Stokes Early
SS
23
2.5
61
6.6
84
86
51
Summer
Sweet 860
AC
12
1.4
6
1.0
18
40
69
Emerald Giant
AC
0
0
1
0;2
1
30
97
Grand Rio 66
HM
3
0.3
5
0;9
8
37
82
Cad ice
A
5
0.7
8
l;2
13
93
88
Sharina
A
2
0.4
5
0,5
7
39
85
Staddon's
Select
HM
1
0.1
9
0.8
10
64
86
Midway
HM
9
1.5
12
2.8
21
69
77
Florida VR2
HM
13
1.6
4
0;8
17
31
65
Gold Crest
JSS
16
3.3
25
4.1
41
57
58
Butter Belle
SS
26
1.5
19
1.7
45
58
57
Green Belle
AC
11
1.9
21
3.9
32
59
65
Wonder Belle
TA
10
1.2
19
2.3
29
89
75
Bell Tower
NK
8
1.8
13
3.1
21
52
"^^ ]
Gator Belle
PS
7
1.3
27
5;5
34
61
64
1
William H, Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
90
WINTER SQUASH CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
Along with pumpkins and gourds, winter squash are usually found at any
roadside stand in autumn. They stand out as a symbol of fall and so are
often very popular with customers as the leaves begin to turn color and
fall. As there are many types of winter squash, this evaluation is limited
to a few only. These are the butternut, acorn, buttercup and sweet potato
squashes. This evaluation considers the productivity and characteristics
of many of the cultivars currently available.
Location:
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Planting:
Fertility:
Weed Control:
Insect Control
Disease Control
Irrigation:
Harvest:
Materials and Methods
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
IL
Proctor Silt Loam
A single 50' row, unreplicated, plants 3' apart, rows
10' apart, guard rows.
Seeds were planted with a jab planter at 1/2" to 5/8"
depth on June 17.
N, P and K were applied commercially at the following
rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as 40$ 46-0-0 and 6056 18-46-0
P at 90 lb P04/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
No sidedressings were applied.
Amiben 2E at 2.0 lb aia, ppi, double disced.
Hand weeding where necessary.
Furadan 15G was applied at 1.0 lb/1500' of row at
planting.
Mid to late season applications of Sevin 80W at 1.0 lb
aia for cucumber beetle control or Pydrin at 0.15 lb
aia for beetle and squash bug control.
No disease control was needed.
None was used.
A once over harvest at vine death and fruit maturity.
91
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for Harvest Data.
Though the plot was planted about a week later than desired, this
year's plot performed well. Squash Mosaic Virus was not a problem, proba-
bly due to a much lower population of cucumber beetles. Squash bug popu-
lations seemed lower than normal as well. This evaluation was made much
simpler for those reasons. The deep rooting habit of winter squash made it
resistant to problems of drought that occurred in August. The only prob-
lems were due to germination rates that were low in a few cultivars. Over-
seeding was used but there was still a shortage of plants in several
cultivars.
Seven butternut cultivars were submitted for evaluation this year.
Zenith stood out as a winner in this year's evaluation. It was a 'good
sized butternut with very good uniformity. It produced the largest number
of marketable fruit and with its large size produced the greatest weight of
any butternut. Ponca was also very good, being very uniform but averaging
1/2 lb less per fruit. Puritan was the same size as Zenith but not quite
as productive. Still, it was also a very good looking fruit. The others
all had serious shortcomings. Early Butternut had a poor stand. Its fruit
were large and uniform but the plants had less competition. Waltham just
wasn't productive. Butter bush and Butterboy were productive but fruit
quality wasn't as high. There were problems with narrow necks and necks
that crooked as much as a half -circle. They would not display as well as
some of the others.
A squash submitted by Stokes this year was unique, the sweet potato
squash. The cultivar name was Delicata. Fruit were generally 8" to 16"
long cylindrical with a slightly rough outer surface. Skin was white with
longitudinal dark green stripes. Flesh color was a dull yellow and texture
was very fine, similar to a buttercup. It was productive enough and might
be an attractive addition to a roadside stand display.
The buttercup cultivars submitted this year were a repeat of last
year's entries. Differences in productivity were slight, with Perfection
having a small edge on the competition. The greatest differences lay in
appearance. Delica (not to be confused with Delicata, the sweet potato
squash) and Sweet Mama, both from Takii, were larger fruit, averaging 4.2
and 4.0 lb apiece, respectively. Kindred was the next largest with a
3.3 lb average. These three also differ in shape, with rounded shoulders.
The other cultivars have sharp, squared shoulders. Kindred is also bright
red whereas all the others are a dark green, almost black. It's a toss-up
deciding which is best. It depends on the grower's system and waste.
Eleven acorn squash cultivars were submitted this year. Several cul-
tivars averaged more than two pounds apiece, including Royal Acorn, Royal
Bush, Taybelle and Burpee's Early acorn. Royal Acorn and Early Acorn,
along with Table Ace, were leading producers, each producing more than
4.0 lb of squash per foot of row. Unicorn was close behind at 3.6 lb per
foot of row. Differences in appearance were slight except for Jersey
Golden Acorn, which is a rich, golden orange.
92
Table 1 . Winter Squash Harvest Data
No. of
Total
Average
Lb/foot
Cultivar
Source
Fruit
Wt. (lb)
Wt. (lb)
of row
Type
Delica
TA
60
250.0
4.2
5.0
B-cup
Sweet Mama
TA
60
2i40.9
4.0
4.8
B-cup
Kindred
SS
69
224.8
3.3
4.5
B-cup
Buttercup,
Burgess Strain
HM
86
237.4
2.8
4.7
B-cup
Buttercup,
Burgess Strain
BS
103
246.7
2.4
4.9
B-cup
Perfection
SS
96
286.0
3.0
5.7
B-cup
Ponco
HM
115
204.9
1.8
4.1
B-nut
Zenith
HO
128
294.9
2.3
5.9
B-nut
Puritan
A
100
229.3
2.3
4.6
B-nut
Waltham
Butternut
BS
30
86.6
2.9
1.7
B-nut
Burpee's
Butterbush
BUR
88
114.4
1.3
2.3
B-nut
Burpee's
Butterboy
BUR
101
218.5
2.2
4.4
B-nut
Early Butternut
EM
8
21.8
2.7
0.4
B-nut
Table Queen
Ebony
AC
83
149.8
1.8
3.0
Acorn
Unicorn
HM
125
180.1
1.4
3.6
Acorn
Table Ace
HM
149
243.6
1.6
4.9
Acorn
Table Queen
A
93
154.4
1.7
3.1
Acorn
Royal Acorn
SS
100
213.0
2.1
4.3
Acorn
Jersey
Golden Acorn
AC
88
109.8
1.2
2.2
Acorn
Ebony Acorn
BS
87
162.7
1.9
3.3
Acorn
Burpee's
Early Acorn
BUR
79
208.2
2.6
4.2
Acorn
Table King
HM
75
115.5
1.5
2.3
Acorn
Taybelle
A
62
146.1
2.4
2.9
Acorn
Royal Bush
A
15
31.6
2.1
0.6
Acorn
Delicata
SS
81
186.9
2.3
3.7
Sw. Pot.
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
93
JACK 0' LANTERN PUMPKIN CULTIVAR PERFORMANCE OBSERVATION
William H. Shoemaker
Many vegetable growers finish up their season with a bevy of full-
season crops that constitute the Fall Harvest. Usually the pumpkin grown
for Jack 0' Lanterns is the centerpiece crop. The presence of these round,
orange, bulbous fruits announce the arrival of autumn and provide a fresh
draw of customers to the roadside stand. The importance of this crop
creates a demand for pumpkin cultivars with dependability, uniformity and a
distinct set of characteristics to satisfy the customer. This evaluation
attempts to canvass the cultivars available to see how they compare with
each other in a Northern Illinois field trial.
Materials and Methods
Location:
St. Charles Horticulture Research Center, St. Charles,
XL
Soil Type:
Plot Layout:
Proctor Silt Loam
One 50' row, unreplicated, plants 3' apart, rows 7.5*
apart .
Planting:
Fertility:
Planted on May 2M with a jab planter at 1/2" depth.
Applications of N, P and K were made at the following
rates:
N at 80 lb N/A as kO% M6-0-0 and 605S 18-46-0
P at 90 lb POil/A as 18-46-0
K at 125 lb K20/A as 0-0-62
A sidedressing of 25 lb N/A as NH4N03 was applied at 4
weeks.
Weed Control
Amiben 2E was applied at 4.0 lb aia, ppi, double disced.
Hand cultivation was used as needed.
Insect Control:
Furadan 150 overtop at 1 . 5 lb/1000' of row for early
Cucumber Beetle control. Pydrin at 0.15 lb aia was
applied with a high-pressure boom sprayer for Squash Bug
and Cucumber Beetle control from fruit set on.
Disease Control
Good insect control for virus problems. Mancozeb and
Benlate in a tank mix were applied for Black Rot control
when needed.
Irrigation:
Harvest:
None was used.
A one-time full harvest after mildew took the vines down
on 10/6.
94
Results and Discussion
See Table 1 for harvest data.
This year's plot performed well with good plant stands after thinning
in all but a few cultivars. Cool temperatures in August seemed to delay-
maturity but this may have also allowed fruit to size up despite the lack
of rainfall. Last year's plot was devastated by Squash Masaic Virus but
this year the Cucumber Beetle populations were much lower so SqMV wasn't a
problem. Squash Bug populations were also low. Furadan provided excellent
early-season insect control which allowed the plot to be established
properly.
Cultivars in this year's plot included any but the true pie pumpkins,
such as 'Dickinson Field Pumpkin'. This provided quite a bit of diversity
of shapes and sizes, from the large 'Connecticut Field' types to the small
'Spookie' types to the miniatures, such as 'Jack-Be-Little'. Of the large
types 'Thomas Halloween' stood out by producing large numbers of big fruit.
Its average weight per fruit was the highest of any cultivar while its
number of fruit produced was among the highest of the large fruited types.
The fruit of this cultivar tend to be elongated.
Though it averaged in the 10 lb range, 'Autumn Gold' stood out for
several reasons. Its emergence rate was much higher than any other
cultivar. It has a deep, rich dark orange color that was superior and was
more uniform in size and shape than most cultivars.
A real disappointment emerged when it was discovered that the seed
planted for the cultivar 'Spirit' was a different, inferior cultivar. This
occasionally happens to research farms as well as growers and, particularly
in this case, can be just as frustrating. 'Spirit' is a cultivar with
loads of potential so it shouldn't be ignored because of its lack of
presence in this year's evaluation.
'Spookie' was the most productive of the small pumpkins (2 to 6 lb).
'Baby Pam' from Agway was close behind in numbers of fruit produced and was
a heavier fruit. An experimental from Harris/Moran Seed had very heavy
duty plants and produced large, tough stems that took much abuse.
'HXP 2672' was also a good-looking, uniform fruit.
There were two miniature types in this years plot. These types are
very heavily ribbed, flattened (about 1.5" from top to bottom) and about 3
to 4" across. They have become wildly popular in some areas and so deserve
a good look. Of the two evaluated, 'Jack-Be-Little' from Abbott and Cobb
was a much more productive cultivar. Both cultivars were of good quality
with little real difference in appearance.
• Best large pumpkin cultivar for 1986: Thomas Halloween
Best small pumpkin cultivar for 1986: Spookie
Best miniature pumpkin cultivar for 1986: Jack-Be-Little
95
Table 1 . Harvest Data
Cultivar
No. of Average
Source Fruit Wt. (lb)
Comments
Sweetie Pie
Howden Field
Half Moon
Naked Seeded
Jack-Be-Little
ss
178
0.52
HM
39
15.30
AC
24
12.94
SS
73
1.63
AC
372
0.49
Jackpot
HXP 2677
HM
HM
44
37
14.21
14.16
Pankow's Field
HM
60
16.66
HXP 3678
HM
76
11 .58
Jack 0' Lantern
Spookie
Cinderella
BS
HM
BUR
47
156
32
9.11
3.68
12.46
Autumn Gold
JSS
80
9.87
HXP 2672
HM
116
3.31
Young's Beauty
HO
85
10.57
Connecticut
Field
A
41
16.49
Trick or Treat
Funny Face
Baby Pam
AC
AC
AG
36
58
136
13.37
11 .17
4.97
Triple Treat
Thomas
Halloween
Little Lantern
BUR
AG
SS
42
82
88
4.15
18.49
2.53
Unique shape, very fluted, good color
Fair uniformity, good stems, nice
size
Fair stand, good stems, didn't color
up well
Poor stand, nice looking, seeds do
not have a seed coat so easy to pre-
pare for eating
Similar to Sweetie Pie, very produc-
tive
Good color, some stems weak
Excellent color. Excellent stem
strength
Nice stems, good color, not too
uniform
Heavy duty crown and stems, nice
color
Light color, some weak stems
Nice color, good stems
Determinate plant (bushy), smooth
skin very light color, almost yellow
Excellent plant stand, great emer-
gence excellent color, good stems,
smooth skin
Very heavy duty plants, excellent
stems, smooth skin, very good stand
Fruit not too uniform, good stems,
good color
Many large pumpkins, good stems and
color
Good color, not too uniform
Very stout plants, good color
Light colored stems, nice looking
fruit
Very nice color, light colored stems
Large, elongated fruit, good stems
Light colored stems, small pumpkins
William H. Shoemaker is Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of the
St. Charles Horticultural Research Center.
96
1986 VEGETABLE CULTIVAR TRIALS
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
R. E. Call and J. W. CouJiWi
Commercial vegetable growers can often increase their returns by planting
new cultivars with increased insect and disease resistance, higher yields and
improved quality. Some of these new cultivars are best adapted to the climates
and soils of either northern or southern Illinois. This report gives the results
of vegetable trials conducted in extreme southern Illinois.
Methods. The Dixon Springs Agricultural Center is located in Pope County.
The Grantsburg silt loam soil tends to be droughty and irrigation is required
for maximum yields and quality. The plots were irrigated with 1.0-1.5 inches
of water every week of no rainfall. During the period of May 14-18, 7.92 inches
of rain fell. Pesticide applications were made according to recommendations in
University of Illinois Cooperative Extension Circulars 897, 907 and 1184.
Fertilizer applications were based on soil analyses taken in the fall prior
to planting. The fertilizer rates used, weed control measures, plot spacings
and planting dates were as follows:
MUSKMELON
Fertilizer:
475 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast in the rows
and incorporated prior to planting.
Weed control : Mechanical cultivation between the rows. Black
plastic mulch in the row.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 15 feet, plants at 2 feet;
3 plants per plot.
Planting date: Seeded 4/23/86; field set 5/29/86.
PEPPERS
Fertilizer: 300 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast and incor-
porated prior to planting. Sidedressing of 50
pounds NH4NO2 applied 5/30/86.
Weed control: Treflan preplant incorporated 5/30/86 at a rate of
one quart per acre. Mechanical cultivation.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 6 feet; plants spaced at 2 feet;
5 plants per plot.
Planting date: Seeded 4/07/86; transplanted 4/22/86;
field set 5/13/86.
97
PUMPKINS
Fertilizer: 475 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast and
incorporated prior to planting.
Weed control: Mechanical cultivation between rows.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 15 feet; plots spaced at 4 feet;
3 plants per plot.
Planting date: Seeded 4/22/86; transplanted 5/29/86.
SWEET CORN Fertilizer: 700 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast and in-
corporated prior to planting. Two sidedressings
of 100 pounds of actual N per acre applied 6/03/86
and 6/16/86 in the form of NH4NO3.
Weed control : All plots received 2 quarts AAtrex and 1 quart Dual
pre -emergence per acre. Mechanical cultivation.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 3 feet; plants spaced at 1 foot;
10 plants per plot.
Planting date: Planted 4/30/86 through 5/07/86.
TOMATOES
Fertilizer: 300 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast and
incorporated prior to planting. A sidedressing
of 50 pounds of NH4NO3 was applied on 5/30/86.
Weed control: Treflan preplant incorporated at the rate of one
quart per acre. Mechanical cultivation.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 6 feet; plants spaced at 2 feet;
5 plants per plot.
Planting date: Seeded 4/10/86; transplanted 4/21/86; field set
5/13/86.
WATERMELONS
Fertilizer:
400 pounds 12-12-12 per acre broadcast and
incorporated prior to planting.
Weed control: Black plastic mulch in the row. Mechanical
cultivation between the rows.
Field spacing: Rows spaced at 15 feet; plants spaced at 3 feet;
5 plants per plot.
Planting date: Seeded 4/22/86; field set 5/29/86.
98
TABLE 1. U. S. WEATHER STATION RECORDS, 1986 GROWING SEASON
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Paul QueAXeAmoLU)
Week
ending
Rainfall
Air Temperature Week
Maximum Minimum ending
Rainfall
Air Temperature
Maximum Minimum
l^n
\^Yli
°F1
APR 7
0.45
82
49
AUG
4
0.01
94
59
14
0.03
79
34
11
3.25
90
55
21
1.49
73
38
18
0.8
91
56
28
0.44
85
27
25
0.01
91
61
MAY 5
0.02
85
36
SEP
1
0.10
92
46
12
0.54
89
56
8
0.14
88
46
19
7.92
85
48
15
0.42
87
47
26
2.00
77
41
22
29
2.43
1.34
88
91
58
68
JUN 2
0.59
88
55
OCT
6
1.78
90
52
9
2.42
90
59
13
0.37
76
35
16
0.10
90
55
20
0.00
77
33
23
0.00
93
56
30
0.00
93
58
JUL 7
0.44
95
60
14
2.18
96
67
21
0.87
96
68
28
0.29
96
63
•^The maximum (single highest) and the minimum (single lowest) temperature
recorded during the week.
99
BEST IN TRIAL, 1986
Table
MUSKMELON
PEPPERS
Paste
Compact
WATERMELONS
3,4
PUMPKIN
5
SWEET CORN
su yellow
6
su white
7
su bicolor
7
se yellow
8
se bicolor
9
se white
9
sh2 yellow
10
sh2 white
11
sh2 bicolor
12
sweet genes
13
(yellow)
TOMATOES
Main Crop
14
Union County 15
Cherry 16
17
18
19
Earlidew, Performer, Star Performer, All star. Market
Star, Summet, Super Star, Harper, Gold Star, Burpee
Hybrid, Saticoy, Supermarket , Earligold, Nova, HXP 3006,
Ambrosia, Explorer, Canada Gem
Skipper, Cadice, Summer Sweet 860, Annabel le. Big Bertha,
Lady Belle, Argo, Peto Wonder, 8339, Lamuyo, Yolo Wonder B,
HMX 4660, HPX 3650, Golden Boy, Jalapa Hot
Jackpot, Howden, Spirit, HXP 3678, Funny Face, Connecticut
Field, Jack- 0- Lantern, Spookie, HXP 2677, Baby Pam
Sundance, Norsweet, Seneca RXY 7001, FMX 163, Seneca 258,
Arrester
Quick Silver, Chalice, Silver Queen, Seneca Paleface
Harmony, Honey-N- Frost, HPX 4369 B, XPH 2615 BC, Dandy,
Carnival, Bi-Queen
BUX 5158-1, Crusader, Great Taste, Miracle, XPH 2638,
Silverado
XPH 3363 B
XP 221, Snowbelle, HXP 3367 W, XPH 2581 W
Summer Sweet 7200, Great Time, Illini Gold, Summer Sweet
7600, FMX 77, Zenith, Main Time, Ultimate, Summer Sweet
7700, Summer Sweet 7900, Sweetie
Summer Sweet 8601
Ivory § Gold, SCH 5425, SP-008, Summer Sweet 7802, XPH 2608
FMX 161, Honeycomb, FMX 23
President, HPX 5074, Jet Star, Summer Flavor 4000,
Celebrity, NC 8230, NC 8322, NC 83133, HYB 724, Sunny,
Pik Red, HXP 2795, Piedmont, Suncoast, Mt. Pride,
NC 8288, Winner's Circle
HXP 2795, Pik Red
Baxter's Early, Small Fry, Cherry Challenger, Large
Red Cherry, Sweetie, Cherry Grande
Chunky, Macero II
Better Bush, Patio, Patio Prize
Seedless 313, Super Sweet Seedless, XPH 5081, Calsweet,
Semiseedless Yellow, Royal Jubilee, Crimson Sweet,
Yellow Baby, Rebel Queen
100
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119
TABLE 16. CHERRY TOMATO TRIAL, 1986
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Cultivar
Source
Marketable
yield/pit
Avg
size
Culls
/plant
Notes
[lb]
(oz)
[no]
AVX 7093
Baxter's Early
SU
PS
34.7
19.6
0.75
0.55
1.8
0.0
Very attractive, firm,
trial
Small Fry
Cherry Challenger
85
AC
17.4
14.8
0.60
0.77
0.0
0.0
Firm, very small
Attractive, tough
skin, trial
HXP 4817
NC 8642
HM
NCS
14.8
13.5
0.55
0.54
0.8
3.2
AVX 7094
Castlelette
SU
AR
11.6
10.5
0.94
0.71
1.2
0.6
Firm
Red Cherry- Large
Cherry Sweet
B
NK
8.6
6.7
0.78
0.95
1.2
0.0
Standard
Sweet, cracks when ripe
Castlehy 1048
Cherry Grande
AR
PS
5.8
5.6
1.00
1.11
0.4
0.0
Not uniform
Trial
Sweetie
Gardener's Delight
PS
JSS
5.3
4.5
0.20
0.47
0.0
12.2
Very small, very sweet
Standard
Large Red Cherry
Whippersnapper
SU
JSS
3.5
3.1
0.73
0.49
1.4
5.6
Attractive
Pink fruit
Cherry Gold
Sweet 100
SS
SS
2.6
2.4
0.32
0.34
23.2
3.4
Cracking
Standard
Cherrio
Small Red Cherry
JSS
B
2.1
2.0
0.63
0.25
8.4
4.8
Cracks
Soft
Cherry Supreme
Tiny Tim
AR
SS
1.9
1.5
0.93
0.49
0.6
21.6
Some cracking
Sweet Cherry
Early Cherry Dwarf Bush
B
AG
1.3
0.8
0.78
0.64
3.6
8.0
Cracking
Harvested: 7/09 through 8/08 - three pickings. (These plants would yield 3-4 times
as much if picked the entire season.)
120
TABLE 17. PASTE TOMATO TRIAL, 1986
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Cultivar
Source
Marketable
wt/plant
Avg
size
Culls
/plant
Culls w/
Blossom
End Rot
Notes
[lb]
(oz)
[no]
(1)
Chunky
XPH 5308
SU
A
44.3
24.7
3.2
4.1
4.8
11.8
0
35
Nice
XPH 5210
Macero II
A
HM
24.0
22.1
2.9
3.5
5.6
3.8
62
59
Long,
tapered,
very nice
XPH 5101
Nova
A
SS
19.8
19.5
2.4
2.2
9.8
3.0
62
63
Del Ore
Ranch
HM
SU
18.3
18.2
2.5
3.0
5.2
3.2
26
20
Vee Pick
Veeroma
SS
SS
16.8
14.7
3.9
2.9
2.2
6.4
52
76
Moira
Bellestar
SS
SS
14.6
13.3
3.9
3.6
5.8
3.8
0
24
Boxy shape
Square Paste
AVX 8680
SS
SU
11.8
11.7
2.8
3.0
3.8
6.0
39
53
Tough skin
Uniform
XPH 5300
A
9.2
2.4
6.8
0
Harvested: 7/17 - 8/18/86 -- four pickings
121
TABLE 18. COMPACT TOMATO TRIAL FOR HOME PLANTING, 1986
Dixon Springs Agricultural Center
Yield
Avg
Culls
Cultivar
Source
Foliage^
/plant
size
/plant
Notes
Ub]
loz)
[no]
Bush Beefsteak
SS
2
11.8
5.7
13.4
Better Bush
P
3+
9.8
6.3
4.6
Potato leaf, large
plant
Patio
SS
2
9.2
3.4
7.2
Manitoba
SS
2
8.2
4.0
20.0
Patio Prize
SS
3
8.0
6.2
6.8
Florida Basket
SS
1
1.5
0.8
21.8
Sub Artie Max
SS
1
5.9
2.5
36.8
Some cracking
Dwarf Champion
SS
2
4.3
4.8
5.8
Potato leaf, large
plant, pink fruit
Pixie Hyb II
BUR
1
3.7
2.0
20.8
Florida Petite
SS
1
(Very
poor;
no yield)
Very dwarf
U = Poor
5 = Excellent
Harvested: 7/09 - 8/25/86
122
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124
SOURCES OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES
We gratefully acknowledge the following companies, universities and
individuals for seed used in our trials. Inclusion or exclusion of
companies in this list does not constitute a recommendation. Not all of
these companies sell seeds directly to commercial growers.
A Asgrow Seed Co., Kalamazoo, MI 49001
AAS All America Selections, Box 3^4, Sycamore, IL 60178
AC Abbott & Cobb, Box 307, Feasterville, PA 19047
AG Agway, Inc., Box 1333, Syracuse, NY 13201
AM Asmer Seeds, Ltd., Asmer House, Ash Str., Leicester, England LE5000
AR Arco Seed Co., Box l8l. El Centre, CA 92244
AS Agri Seed, 850 Dryden Road, Metamora, MI 48455
ASW American Seedless Watermelon Seed Corp., Goshen, IN 46526
B Ball Seed Company, Box 335, West Chicago, IL 60185
BE Bejo Zeden BU, P. 0. Box 9, Dorpsstraat 612, 1722ZG, Noordscharwoude,
Holland
BPS Burgess Plant & Seed Co., Box 218, Galesburg, MI 49053
BS Burrell Seed Growers Co., 405 N. Main, Rocky Ford, CO 81067
BUR W. Atlee Burpee Co., 615 N. 2nd Street, Clinton, lA 52732
C A. L. Castle, Inc., Box 877, Morgan Hill, CA 95037
CF Comstock Ferre & Co., Box l8l, Wethersf ield, CT 06109
CR Crookham Co., P. 0. Box 520, Caldwell, ID 83605
DA Daehnfeldt, P. 0. Box 947, albany, OR 97321
DE De Giorgi Co., Inc., Council Bluffs, lA 51501
EM Earl E. May Seed & Nursery Co., Shenandoah, lA 51603
FM Ferry-Morse Co., Box 100, Mountain View, CA 94040
FMC FMC Corp., ACD, Western Res. Center, Box 2508, El Macero, CA 95618
FR Fredonia Seeds, Fredonia, NY 14063
FS Farmer Seed & Nursery Co., Fairbault, MN 55021
G decker's Seedman, Metamora, OH 43540
GER Germania Seed Co., 5952 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, IL 60646
GS Goldsmith Seed Co., Box 1349, Gilroy, CA 95020
GUR Gurney Seed & Nursery Co., 2nd & Capitol, Yankton, SD 57078
HA H. G. Hastings Co., Box 4088, Atlanta, GA 30302
HC Hollar and Company, Inc., P. 0. Box 106, Rocky Ford, CO 81067
HE Herbst Bros. Seedsmen, Inc., 1000 N. Main, Brewster, NY 10509
HF Henry Field Seed & Nursery Co., 407 Sycamore, Shenendoah, lA 51602
HM Harris-Moran, 3670 Buffalo Road, Rochester, NY 14624
HO R. L. Holmes Seed Co., 2125 46th Street, N.W., Canton, OH 44709
HU A. H. Hummert Seed Co., 2746 Chouteau Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103
HZ The H. G. Heinz Co., Dr. Davy Emmatty, 13737 Middleton Pike,
Bowling Green, OH 43402
125
I Illinois Foundation Seeds, R. R. 1, Tolono, IL 61 880
J J. R. Jung's Seed Co., Randolph, WI 53956
JSS Johnny's Selected Seeds, Albion, ME 04910
KYS Know-You-Seed Co., 26 Chung Cheng 2nd Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
L Liberty Seed Co., Box 806, New Philadelphia, OH 44663
LS Letherman ' s Inc., 1221 E. Tuscarawau Street, Canton, OH 44707
MR Martin Rispens & Sons, Box 5, 3332 Ridge Road, Lansing, IL 60438
MS Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823
MU Musser Seed Co., 1403 Chicago, Box 787, Caldwell, ID 83605
NCS North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650
NI Nickerson Zwann BV, Postbus 19, 2990 AA, Barendrecht, Holland
NK Northrup King & Co., 1500 Jackson Street, NE, Minneapolis, MN 55413
NS Niagra Seed, FMC Corp., Seed Dept., Box 3091, Modesto, CA 95353
OE Ohlseus Enke, Roskildevej 325A, DK-3620, Taastrup, Denmark
OK Oklahoma State University, Norman, OK 73069
OS L. 0. Olds Seed Co., Box 1069, Madison, WI 53701
P George W. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, SC 29647
PS Petoseed Co., R. R. 4, Box 1255, Woodland, CA 95695
R Rogers Bros. Seed Co., Box 1647, Idaho Falls, ID 83401
RCA Ridgetown College of Agriculture & Techology, Ridgetown, Ontario,
Canada
RO Royal Sluis, 1293 Harkins Road, Salinas, CA 93901
RS Robson Seed Farms Corp., 1 Seneca Circle, Hall, NY 14463
SA Sakata & Co., 120 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104
SG Sluis & Groot of America, Inc., 124-A Griff en St., Salinas, CA 93901
SI Siegers Seed Co., 7245 Imlay City Road, Imlay City, MI 48444
SS Stokes Seeds, Inc., Box 548, Buffalo, NY 14240
ST Standard Seed Co., 931 W. 8th Street, Kansas City, MO 64106
SU Sun Seeds, Inc., 9301 Bryant Ave., S. , Bloomington, MN 55420
SW Seedway, Inc., Hall, NY 14463
T Otis S. Twilley, Box 65, Trevose, PA 19047
TA Takii Seed Co., 301 Natividad Road, Salinas, CA 93906
UA University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
UFL University of Florida, Bradenton, FL 33505
UMO University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201
VJ Vaughn-Jacklin Corp., 5300 Katrine Avenue, Downers Grove, IL 60515
VBS Vermont Bean Seed Co., Garden Lane, Bomoseen, VT 05732
VE Vesey's Seed Co., York Prince, Edward Island, Canada
WL Wayne Lough, Box 411, DeForest, WI 53532
WM Willhite Melon Seed Farms, Box 23, Poolville, TX 76076
126
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA
3 0112 027984977
5/26/2010
T 199213 3 51 00
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