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JAN

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NATU
HiSToRY

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE
.

NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS.

VOL, 1.

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

http://www.archive.org/details/illustrationsofnO2twin

ILLUSTRATIONS

OF THE

NATURAL ORDERS OF PLANTS

WITH

GROUPS AND DESCRIPTIONS

ELIZABETH TWINING.

REDUCED FROM THE ORIGINAL FOLIO EDITION.

VOL. EF

LONDON:

SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND MARSTON,
CROWN BUILDINGS, 188 FLEET STREET.
1868.

(The Right of Translation is reserved by the Author.)

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82.

83.

84,

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

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CONTENTS OF PLATES.

VOLUME II.

LOBELIACEZ...... Lobelia Dortmanna. Lobelia splendens. Siphocampylos bicolor.
Lobelia littoralis. Clintonia pulchella.

GESNERACER ... Gesnera zebrina. Aischynanthus grandiflorus. Streptocarpus
Rewii. Cyrtandra staminea. Gesnera allophylla. Gesnera grandiflora.

VACCINIACES ... Vaccinium Myrtillus. Vaccinium Vitis Idea, Oxycoccus macro-
carpus. Thibaudia variegata. Gaylussacia serrata. Vaccinium amenun.

ERICACEZ ...... Erica cinerea. Erica tetralia. Erica ventricosa. Arbutus Unedo.
Rhododendron ferrugineum. Rhododendron arboreum. Kalmia latifolia.
Rhododendron albiflorum.

BELVISIACEZ ... Napoleona imperialis.

Myrsinacez ... Myrsine retusa. Suttonia divaricata. Ardisia crenulata. Jacquinia
aurantiaca. Embelia robusta.

SAPOTACEE ...... Achras Sapota. Isonandra gutta. Mimusops Kauki. Chrysa-
phyllum Cainito.

EBENACEZ ...... Diospyros Embryopteris. Diospyros Lotus. Royena pubescens.
Diospyros melanoxylon.

OLEACE ........- Olea europea. Syringa vulgaris. Ligustrum vulgare, Fraxinus
pendula,

JASMINACEE...... Jasminum officinale. Jasminum fruticans. Nyctanthes arbor

tristis. Jasminum hirsutum. Jasminum ligustrifolium. Jasminum gracile.

SrRYCHNACER ... Strychnos Tieute. Fagrea littoralis. Spigelia marylandica.
Strychnos ligustrina.

ApocyNacem ... Apocynum hypericifolium. Vinca major. Cynanchum nigrum.
Nerium Oleander. Allamanda cathartica. Stapelia marginata. Asclepias
syriaca. Glossonema Boryanum.

Ruizorporacem.. Rhizophora Mangle. Kandelia Rheedii. Carallia zeylanica.
Carallia lucida.

GENTIANACER ... Gentiana acaulis. Erythrea centawrium. Chlora perfoliata.
Villarsia nymphoides. Chironia decussata. Lisianthus Russellianus.
Leianthes nigrescens. Gentiana lutea. Chironia baccifera.

BigNoNIAcE® ... Bignonia radicans. Eccremocarpus scaber. Catalpa syringifolia.
Jacaranda mimosifolia.

1116653

PAGE

96.

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

CONTENTS OF PLATES.

POLEMONIACES... Polemonium cerulewm. Gilia tricolor. Phlox Drummondit.
Cobea scandens.

CoNnVOLVULACEX . Convolvulus sepium. Convolvulus americana. Convolvulus
Soldanella. Ipomea purpurea. Convolvulus tricolor. Ipomea quamoclit.
Cuscuta epithymum.

BoRAGINACEH ... Borago officinalis. Cerinthe major. Tournefortia cymosa.
Myosotis palustris. Symphytum. Ehretia.

HyprRoPpHYLLACEX Hydrophyllum virginicum. Hydrolea spinosa. Eutoca viscida.
Nemophila phaceloides.

SOLANACEZ ...... Solanum Dulcamara. Nicotiana tabacum. Solanum Lycoper-
sicum. Juanulloa parasitica. Capsicum baccatum. Brugmansia san-
guinea. Petunia. Hyoscyamus. Datura Stramonium.

ScROPHULARIACE® Scrophularia aquatica. Digitalis purpurea. Linaria vulgaris.
Veronica chamedrys. Mimulus moschatus. Chelone barbata. 'Torenia
asiatica. Antirrhinum majus. Calceolaria.

» LAMIACEH ...... Lamium maculatum. Salvia patens. Galeobdolon duteum.

Scutellaria cordifolia. Betonica grandiflora. Salvia. Lavandula.

. OROBANCHACEZ . Orobanche minor. Lathrea squamaria. /Bginetia pedunculata.
. VERBENACEZ ... Verbena officinalis. Verbena chamedrifolia. Clerodendrum fallaz.

Lantana aculeata. Myoporum parvifolium. Callicarpa.

. ACANTHACEZ ... Acanthus spinosus. Justicia carnea. Thunbergia alata. Stro-

bilanthes.

. UTRICULARIACER. Utricularia vulgaris. Utricularia Humboldtiana. Utricularia

reticulata. Pinguicula vulgaris.

. PRIMULACEZ ... Primula veris. Dodecatheon Meadia. Cyclamen europeum.

Anagallis arvensis. Anagallis Monelli. Aretia.

. PLUMBAGINACEZ. Plumbago capensis. Plumbago rosea. Statice purpurata.

Armeria vulgaris.

. PLANTAGINACE® . Plantago major. Plantago coronopus. Plantago squarrosa.

Littorella lacustris. Bougueria nubicola.

. NycTaGINAcE&... Mirabilis Jalapa. Mirabilis longiflora. Abronia mellifera.

Pisonia obtusata.

. AMARANTACEEH... Amarantus Blitum. Amarantus caudatus. Celosia cristata.

Gomphrena officinalis.

. CHENOPODIACER.. Chenopodium bonus Henricus. Beta maritima. Spinacia

oleracea. Basella rubra. Blitum virgatum. Salsola Kali: Salicornia
herbacea.

. PHYTOLACCACEZ%.. Phytolacca decandra. Rivina tinctoria.
. BEGONIACER...... Begonia semperflorens. Begonia diversifolia. Begonia sanguinea.

Begonia manicata. Diplocinium Evansianwm.

. PoLygonace® ... Polygonum Persicaria. Polygonum orientale. Rheum spici-

forme. Coccoloba wvifera.

116. LAURACER ...... Laurus nobilis. Cinnamomum javanicum. Persea gratissima.
Dehaasia media.

117. MyrisTicAce® ... Myristica moschata. Virola sebifera.

118. PRoTEACEZ ...... Protea pulchella. Grevillea longifolia. Telopea .speciosissima.

Leucospermum hypophyllum. UHakea acicularis. UHakea undulata.
Banksia media. Banksia speciosa.

CONTENTS OF PLATES.

PAGE
119. THyMELACE® ... Daphne mezereum. Daphne laureola. Dais laurifolia. Dirca
palustris. Pimelia spectabilis. Lagetta lintearia.

120. SANTALACEZ...... Santalum album. Thesium linophyllum. Leptomeria Billardicri.
Leptomeria acida.

121. ELmAGNACER® ... Elewagnus angustifolia. Eleagnus argentea. Hippophe rham-
noides. Myrica gale. Myrica javanica. Myrica cerifera. Comptonia.

122. ArtstoLocuiace® Aristolochia Clematitis. Aristolochia Sipho. Aristolochia gigas.

€ Asarum europeum. Bragantia.

123. Evrnorprace®... Euphorbia Peplus. Euphorbia splendens. Jatropha integerrima.
Poinsettia pulcherrima. Euphorbia pentagona. Hura crepitans.

124. ArrocarPace®... Artocarpus incisa. Ficus carica. Morus nigra. Dorstenia hispida.

125. URTICACEZ ...... Urtica pilulifera. Cannabis sativa. Humulus lupulus. Urtica dioica.
126. PIPERACES ...... Piper nigrum. Piper Betle. Piper ribesioides. Piperomia arica-

rinata. Artanthe elongata. Chaviea Roxburghii.

7 127. AMENTACE®...... Quercus pedunculata. Corylus Avellana. Fagus sylvatica.

Castanea vesca. Salix viminalis. Salix herbacea. Betula pendula.

128. CoNIFERACEH ... Pinus maritima. Juniperus communis. Taxus baceata. Larix
Cedrus. Wellingtonia. Araucaria. Cryptomeria japonica.

9. CYCADACEE ...... Cycas revoluta. Cycas circinalis. Zamia.

130. HyprocHarmacem Hydrocharis Morsus-rane. Stratiotes aloides. Vallisneria
spiralis. Boottia cordata. Anacharis alsinastrum.

131. ALISMACEZ ...... Alisma plantago. Sagittaria sagittifolia. Butomus wmbellatus.
Limnocharis Humboldti. Damasonium indicum. Alisma ranunculoides.
Limnocharis Plumierii.

» 132. OncHIDAceEz...... Orchis mascula. Ophrys apifera. Oncidium Papilio. Sobralia

macrantha. Phalenopsis amabile. Dendrobium jimbriatum. Huntleya
violacea. Vanilla planifolium. Epipactis grandiflora.

133. ZINGIBERACE® ... Zingiber officinale. Hedychium speciosum. Alpinia cardamomum.
Mantisia saltatoria.

154, MUSACEZ......... Musa paradisiaca. Strelitzia regine.

135. Hamoporacez&... Hemodorum planifolium. Anigozanthus coccinea. Barbacenia

‘* Veitchii. Barbacenia Alexandrine. Hemodorum spicatum.

136. AMARYLLIDACEH. Amaryllis belladonna. Galanthus nivalis. Alstrémeria auran-
tiaca. Hemanthus coccineus. Sternbergia lutea. Phycella ignea.
+ Narcissus moschatus.

137. IRIDACEZ......... Tris pseud-acorus. Iris germanica. Tigridia pavonia. Sparaxis
tricolor. Gladiolus psittacinus. Crocus vernus.

138. BROMELIACEZ ... Bromelia Ananas. Aichmea discolor. Tillandsia acaulis.
Bromelia Pinguin. Bromelia fastuosa. Pitcairnia ringens.

139. DioscoracrZ ... Dioscorea triphylla. Testitudinaria elephantipes. Tamus com-
munis. Dioscorea adenocarpa.

140. SMILACE#......... Smilax maculata. Ruscus aculeatus. Convallaria majalis. Paris
quadrifolia. Trillium sessile. Polygonatum multiflorum.

141. Lintacez......... Lilium speciosum. Polianthes tuberosa. Hemerocallis flava.
Fritillaria Meleagris. Tulipa sylvestris. Scilla nutans.

142. CoLcuicacez ... Colchicum autumnale. Melanthium junceum. Kreysigia Cun-
ninghami. Veratrum nigrum.

CONTENTS OF PLATES.

PAGE

143. CommMELINACE®... Commelina celestis. Tradescantia zebrina. Dichorisandra thyrsi- ;
flora. Cyanotis axillaris. Tradescantia virginica. Aneilema. :

144, JUNCACEZ ...... Juncus conglomeratus. Juncus triglumis. Luciola sylvatica.
Narthecium ossifragum.

145. PALMACER ...... Clamerops humilis. Phoenix dactylifera. Calamus palustris. |
Sagus Rumphii. Cocos nucifera. Phytelephas macrocarpa. Elais. i. .

146. PANDANACEH ... Pandanus spiralis. Freycinetia imbricata. -*

147. ‘TYPHACEE 2.000% Typha latifolia. Sparganium simplex. e d

148. ARAGEZ .:....... Arum maculatum. Richardia ethiopica. Amorphallus bulbifer. ’ **
Lemna gibba. Arum tortuosum. Pistia stratiotes. Acorus calamus,

Calla palustris. ;

149. CYPERACEZ ...... Cyperus fuscus. Carex arenaria. Carex stricta. Eriophorum ‘
polystachion. Scirpus tuberosus. Scirpus maritimus. Isolepis acicu- |
laris. Carex rivularis. **®

150. Graminacez ... Triticum estivum. Hordeum distichon. Zea Mays. Saccharum
oficinarum. Panicum italicum. Phalaris canariensis. Phleum pratense.

Briza media. Coix lacryma. Agrostis alba. ,

151. NAIADACEZ ..... . Naias marina. Zannichellia palustris. Triglochin palustre. ~
Potamogeton perfoliatum. Zostera marina. Ouviranda fenestralis. + a

152. EquiseTaceE® ... Equisetum sylvaticum. Equisetum hyemale. Equisetum flu
atile. EKquisetum variegatum. :

153. Lycoropiace®... Lycopodium inundatum. Lycopodium acrostachyum. _ Pilularia
globulifera. Isoetes setacea. Marsilea polycarpa. Marsilea quadrifolia.
Phylloglossum Drummondii. "

154, FmIcacem ~ ..%.. Ophioglossum vulgatum. Asplenium marinum. Scolopendrium
vulgare. Adiantum reniforme. Fadeynia prolifera. Acrostichum alcicorne. . ‘
Platyloma ternifolia. Doryopteris sagittifolia. Anemiacollina. Danza elata.

155. BRYACEAD 3s... 0023 Bryum ligulatum. Sphagnum latifolium. Dicranum glaucum.
Polytrichum commune. Orthotrichum crispum. Hypnum Menziesii.
Leucodon tomentosus. Hymenostoma encalyptoides. Andrea nivalis.

156. Marcwantiace®. Marchantia polymorpha. Marchantia hemispherica. Marchantia
assamica. Rebouilia graminosa. Lunularia vulgaris. Aneura procero
Targionia hypophylla. Anthoceros levis. Duriza helicophylla. — ia
eudichotoma. Jungermannia bidentata. Jungermannia sinuosa, —

157. CHARACEE ...... Chara vulgaris. Nitella flewilis. Nitella translucens.

158, LicHENACER ... Cetraria islandica. Sticta pulmonacea. Roccella tinctoria. Parmelia *
parietina. Cenomyce pyxidata. Cenomyce rangiferina. Cenomyce * *
uncialis, Stereocaulon paschale. Variolaria lactea. Ramalina fracinea.
Usnea barbata. ep

159. FUNGACEZ ...... Agaricus campestris. Amanita muscaria. Agaricus luteus. Boletus
subtomentosus. Boletus sanguineus. Polyporus squamosus. Scleroderma
citrinum. Peziza coccinea. Cyathus striatus. Mucor mucedo. Botrytis
curta. Erineum juglandis.

160. FUCACER ......... Fucus vesiculosus. Fucus nodosus. Himanthalia lorea. Delesseria

sanguinea. Irideea edulis. Sargassum bacciferum. Furcellaria fastigiata.

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TheLobeha Tribe,

LOBELIACE .

THE LOBELIA TRIBE.

Suruss, and herbaceous plants, having an acrid milky juice. The leaves
are alternate, without stipules. The flowers grow at the ends of the branches,
or from the base of the leaf-stalk. The calyx is above the ovary, five-lobed
or entire; the corolla is formed of one petal inserted into the calyx, irregularly
five-lobed or deeply cleft, and sometimes split down nearly to the base, allowing
the pistil and stamens to protrude. The stamens are five, inserted into the calyx
alternately with the lobes of the corolla; the anthers cohere in a tube around the
pistil. The ovary is below the calyx, with from one to three cells, containing
numerous ovules, the style is single, surmounted by a stigma having a cup-like
fringe. The fruit is a capsule, with one or more cells, containing many seeds,
attached either to the central axis, or to the lining of the seed-vessel, gaping at the
summit; the seeds contain fleshy albumen.

These plants have most affinity with Campanulacex ; the anthers being united
in a tube form a connecting link with the Composite tribe.

A milky juice of excessive acridity exists throughout the Tribe; in some
species it contains caoutchoue.

Lobelia was named by Pohl, in honour of Lobel, a Fleming, who was appointed
botanist to James I., and died in London, 1616. This is one of the first instances
of a plant receiving the name of a living person, and one who was not associated
with its discovery. The genus contains several brilliant species, which are highly
ornamental to the flower-garden, although nearly all contain a considerable portion
of deleterious juice, some species so much as to be poisonous, others are of value
medicinally in their native countries. Lobelia Dortmanna (1) is the most deli-
cately graceful of the British species, occurring only in a few situations, but there
abundantly, as in the shallow borders of Windermere, and the lake of Glencoe,
Scotland. The leaves proceed chiefly from the root, and are divided internally by
a longitudinal partition into two cells. L. wrens, of Devonshire, grows on heaths

1. Lobelia Dortmanna, Water Lobelia. 34 Stamens and Pistil.
Britain. 3B Pistil. 3c Stamens.
2. Lobelia splendens, Splendid Lobelia. 3p Slamen. 3E Section of Ovary.

Mexico. | 4, Lobelia /itloralis, Shore Lobelia.

2 istil. 2 :
A Pistil B Slamens ithe wena:

2c Section of Ovary.
3. Siphocampylos bicolor, Two-coloured Sipho- | 5: Clintonia pulchella, Pretty Clintonia.

campylos. Georgia. Colombia.
Z

LOBELIACE. »

and commons in the neighbourhood of Axminster; the whole plant is milky and
extremely acrid, the juice blistering the skin; the flowers are of a bluish purple
colour. This species belongs also to France and Spain. L. cardinalis was the
first foreign specimen introduced to our gardens from North America: it was soon .
found to be sufficiently hardy to bear the English climate, and was generally culti-
vated, but has since heen surpassed in beauty by L. splendens (2), one of the
numerous beautiful plants discovered by Humboldt in Mexico. The lowly little
species, L. /’ttoralis (4), is a humble contrast to those of America, not only in form

of growth, but the flowers are destitute of their bright colouring. L. inflata is
used as a medicine in North America, though dent erent if taken in too large
quantities. L. excelsa is probably one of the “finest species of the tribe, rising to

the height of twelve or fifteen feet in its native country of Nepal, the lower leaves
are a foot in length. lL. rosea, of the same region, bears numerous beautiful rose- By.
coloured flowers. Li. debivis was discovered by the younger Linnezus at the Cape

of Good Hope. L. camporum inhabits fields in Brazil. L. nana forms part of

the vegetation in the highest region of flowering plants on the Andes, at an eleva-

tion of 12,000 feet. LL. chinensis is a creeping plant in the neighbourhood of
Canton. lL. ramosa adorns the plains bordering the Swan River with its bright
blue flowers; thus every division of the globe contributes some species to the
genus. The flower of Siphocampylos has a curved tube. S. bicolor (3) is an
elegant plant, flowering freely. 8. caoutchouc yields a small supply of glutinous
substance from the milky juice. Clintonia (5) very nearly resembles Lobelia.
The corolla of Isotoma is parted into nearly equal segments. I. /ongiflora is of so
poisonous a nature as to cause the death of horses that feed on it in St. Domingo

and Spain. Tupa Feuillei of Chile is supposed to be the most injurious of the
Tribe ; the odour of the flowers alone producing sickness. The only wholesome
plant is probably Centropogon surinamensis, the succulent fruit of which is said to

be eatable. .

The plants of this Tribe abound in the West Indies, in Brazil, at the Cape of
Good Hope, along the range of the Himalaya, and in the Sandwich Isles ; they
also exist in considerable numbers in Chile and in New Holland. Two species of
Lobelia extend to Britain.

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GESNERACE SA.

THE GESNERA TRIBE.

Suruss and herbaceous plants, of a somewhat fleshy nature, and soft wood;
sometimes having a climbing or creeping habit: some have tuberous roots.
The leaves are generally rough or downy, without stipules, generally opposite,
or in circles on the stalks. The flowers are usually in branching clusters,
or panicles, rarely solitary. The calyx is partly adherent to the ovary, five-parted
at the top. The corolla is composed of one petal, tubular, more or less irregular, ~
five-lobed. The stamens are two or four, one pair longer than the other; the
rudiment of a fifth is sometimes present between the short pair: the anthers often
cohere, are two-celled, and have an enlarged connective between the two lobes.
The ovary is half above the calyx, one-celled, with two fleshy two-lobed projections
from the edge; the disk is a fleshy ring studded with glands; the style is con-
tinuous with the ovary, the stigma capitate or concave. The fruit is a dry capsule
in Gesnera, or succulent in Cyrtandra; one-celled, with numerous minute seeds
fixed to the projecting plates: their outer covering is thin, with fine veins, some-
times clothed with long hairs, or bordered with a wide wing: they contain fleshy
albumen, or none.

These plants have some affinity with Campanulacez, and in outward appearance
they partly resemble Bignoniacee.

Slightly aromatic and mucilaginous properties exist in a few of the fruits.

Gesnera, which gives the name to this Tribe, was named after the famous
Conrad Gesner, of Zurich, learned in all branches of natural history, philosophy,
and literature, called the Swiss Pliny: he died in 1565, after having restored the
science of natural history to a higher position than it had held since the time of
Aristotle and Theophrastus. He founded the Botanic Garden and the Museum in
his native city.
' The various species of Gesnera adorn.the fields and woods of Brazil and other
hot countries of South America. The calyx and fruit yield a dye used by the

1. Gesnera zebrina. South America. | 5a. Tuber of Gesnera allophylla.
2, Aischynanthus grandiflorus. Khorea. 5B Pislil with Glands.
3. Streptocarpus Rexii. Cape of Good Hope. 5c Stamens. 5p Seed magnified.
4a, Cyrtandra staminea, Flower.
4p Calyr. 4c Pistil. 6a. Flower of Gesnera grandiflora,
— 4p Fruit. 4 Section. 6B Ovary with Calyx.

dr Seed. 4a Hair magnified, 6c Section of Fruit.

GESNERACE.
.

natives for cotton and straw-work, and several other purposes. The succulent
fruit is sweet and considered eatable. G. zebrina (1) is one of the most beautiful
species in foliage and flowers. Aischynanthus grandiflorus (2) is an example of
that section of the Tribe the seeds of which have no albumen, and the manner of
growth being of a parasitical nature. It throws out rootlets at the joints, and is of
an aspect very similar to that of an air-plant in the Orchis tribe. Streptocarpus
(3) is remarkable for the long twisted capsule, differing from the rest of these
plants in that respect. The numerous seeds ripen well in this climate, and it is
also of easy culture by dividing the roots; its delicately coloured flowers are
extremely ornamental and elegant. Cyrtandra (4) is an example of the flowers
having only two stamens, and of the fruit being a berry; several species are
natives of the Sandwich Isles, and of Java. Chirita is one of the numerous and
beautiful genera of this tribe which abound in damp warm valleys of the Hima-
layas; there also Didymocarpus and Calosacme flourish in considerable profusion,
reaching to 8U000 feet of elevation. Gloxinia is one of the most known of the South
American genera, and has afforded several valuable plants for the embellishment
of European conservatories; the flowers being of various shades of pale purple
or pink. Sarmienta yields a useful emollient in Chili. Columnea scandens is a
climbing plant of South America, the flowers of which secrete a large quantity
of honey; it has therefore been named by the French colonists Liane @ sirop.
Klugia is a native of Mexico. Achimenes is a genus first introduced from
Jamaica, and named Cyrilla pu/chella, now known as A. coccinea. <A. longiflora
was discovered in ravines in Guatemala, and sent to England in 1840; the
remarkable character of the formation of the flower is the extreme flatness of the
corolla at the top of its long curved tube. It also affords an example of the
change of colour which a flower undergoes during its expansion from the bud;
in the early state, whilst the lobes of the corolla are small and still folded over
each other at the top of the tube, they are of a pale yellowish hue, the tube a dull
purple; when fully grown and expanded, they acquire a bright purple, and the
tube becomes of a yellowish green colour. Alloplectus sparsé/lorus is one of the
most brilliant flowers of the evergreen woods of Rio Janeiro; the calyx and bracts
are crimson, the corolla golden and extremely beautiful.

This Tribe is dispersed in each portion of the world, but in very different
numbers. Gesnera and its immediate allies belong entirely to the Tropical and
hot regions of America. Other genera are natives of Asia; Streptocarpus of the
Cape of Good Hope; Fieldia of Australia; Ramondia and Haberlea are found
in Europe.

LIBRARY
° OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINGIS

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VACCINIACE &.

THE CRANBERRY TRIBE.

SMALL trees and shrubs, much branched, often angular irregularly, frequently
evergreen, sometimes rooting on other trees. The leaves are alternate, un-
divided, without stipules, often having resinous glands on the notches at the
edges, and on the under surface. The flowers are solitary or on branches. The
calyx is above the ovary, entire, or with four to six lobes. The corolla is of
one petal, lobed like the calyx. The stamens are distinct, twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla, inserted into a disk; the anthers have two cells, bursting by
pores at the top, and sometimes two horns. The fruit is a fleshy berry crowned by
the remaining portion of the calyx, succulent, having four to ten cells, with one or
many seeds in each. ‘The seeds are minute, and contain fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has most affinity with Ericacez.

Astringent properties prevail in the bark and leaves; subacid in the fruit.

Vaccinium is a genus of which Britain possesses a few species, North America
several. V. Myrtillus (1) is frequently seen in favourable localities, in rocky
woody places, in the southern counties of England, but is much more abundant in
the north. In Cumberland, it adorns the wooded banks of glens and waterfalls, as
well as the more open heaths and commons. In the Highlands of Scotland it is so
plentiful as to afford a supply of food to the moor-game, and also much employment
to the poor people, who collect the fruit to sell in the market towns for preserving
with sugar for winter use. In the form of jelly it is usually one of the various in-
gredients of a traveller’s repast at a village inn. When the berries are ripe, it is a
remarkably pretty plant; but in Switzerland it becomes a much more striking
embellishment to the scene, particularly when in autumn the leaves change to red.
On the highest part of the Simplon Pass the ground is covered with it in a dwarf
state, but the tinted foliage adds a very pleasing effect amidst the wide dreary
tracts. V. Vitis [dea (2) the Cowberry, is a smaller plant, usually not more than
four or five inches high; this is also an Alpine species, and is found in considerable

1. Vaccinium Wyrtillus, Black Whortle-berry. 4, Thibaudia variegata, Variegated Thibaudia.

Britain. Himalayas.
1a Stamen. lp Seed. 44 Stamen and Pistil.
2. Vaccinium Vitis Idea, Red Whortle-berry, or 4p Pistil. 4c Stamen.
Cowberry. Britain. 4p Section of Ovary.

3. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Large Cranberry. Mie Gaylussacia serrata, Mountains of Silhet.
America. | 64. Vaccinium ameneum, Stamen.
34 Stamen. | 6B Section of Fruit. 6c Section of Seed.

VACCINIACE.

abundance in the north of England, and in all mountainous districts of Europe.
In Sweden and Norway, a preserve of the fruit is a constant accompaniment to
roast meat. V. uliginosum, the Bilberry, is another British species, with large
black fruit, the juice more acid, less wholesome, and said to possess narcotic qualities.
V. formosum, of China, is esteemed sacred ; the flowers come forth at the beginning
of the year, and are then used as religious offerings by the Chinese in their temples.
V. padifolium is an evergreen shrub of Madeira: V. meridionale of Jamaica.
Oxycoccus derives its name from the Greek of acid berry ; the slender revolute
petals distinguish it from Vaccinium. O. macrocarpus (3) is the well-known
American Cranberry, an early importation from North America; although it can
be cultivated in peat districts in this country, the fruit is neither so abundant nor
good. O. palustris, the British Cranberry, is plentiful in watery bogs of Cumber-
land and elsewhere; the fruit is agreeable when cooked, and much eaten in the
northern counties. The silversmiths of Sweden employ it for an acid to destroy
the external particles of copper alloy in silver plate.

Thibaudia has a more highly developed corolla than is usual in this tribe, and
has less of an Alpine character, although the different species inhabit lofty moun-
tains. Some flourish on the Andes of Peru and Quito, and some on the mountains
of New Granada; others grow on the Himalayas and Neilgherries of India. T.
variegata (4) is a native of the mountain-forests of Silhet, the flowers appearing in
the cool season, the seed ripening in July. T. macrophylla bears abundant
which is made into wine. The flowers of T. Quereme yield an aromatic tincture
to the Peruvians, who esteem it as a remedy for toothache. Gaylussacia serrata (5)
is another of the small evergreen shrubs which adorn the mountains of Silhet,
flowering in February. Gaylussacia is found also in Java.

This Tribe abounds in the Temperate regions of the world, particularly in |
swampy or subalpine countries; some species inhabit the mountains of Cen
Asia, others belong to the Andes of South America, where a few are parasitical :
some are natives of North America, and some belong to the moors, marshes, and
mountains of Europe.

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HRICACE &A.

THE HEATH TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and undershrubs; the leaves are evergreen, entire, whorled
or opposite, without stipules. The inflorescence is variable, the flower-stalks
generally have small bracts at their base. The calyx is four or five cleft,
nearly equal, placed below the ovary, and persistent. The corolla is of one petal,
four or five cleft, like the calyx, occasionally separable into four or five petals,
regular or irregular. The stamens are equal in number to the divisions of the
corolla, or twice as many; the anthers are two-celled, separate either at the apex or
base by a disk, or secreting scales ; the fruit is a capsule, many-celled, and many-
seeded, opening in various ways, rarely a berry, as in Arbutus; the seeds are
minute.

This extensive tribe may be divided into two sections. The true Heaths are
amongst the most delicately beautiful of plants, but have scarcely any valuable pro-
perties ; only a few of the succulent berries of some genera are eatable. Rhodo-
dendron and its allies are noble ornaments of the countries where they grow na-
turally, and contribute highly to the embellishment of those to which they have
been transplanted ; in this section dangerous narcotic qualities prevail.

Erica was known only in its humble European species till towards the close of
the last century, when vast numbers were discovered at the Cape of Good Hope by
Francis Masson. The neatness of the foliage, and the graceful elegance of the
flowers, which are of considerable duration, render them worthy of the slall which
has made their cultivation so successful in England. Erica cinerea (1) is extremely
abundant in many parts of Britain, combining with Calluna vulgaris, Ling or
Heather, to adorn the barren commons and moors with brilliant purple flowers,
affording food and shelter to birds, and thatch for the cabins of the peasants in the
northern districts. E. tetralix (2) is a less common species, of much beauty,
although the flowers are comfined to a small terminal cluster.

1. Erica cinerea, Five-leaved Heath. Britain. | 5, Rhododendron ferruginewm, Rusty-leaved

1a Stamen. Rhododendron. Switzerland.
2. Erica tetralix, Cross-leaved Heath. Britain. 5a Stamen. 5B Pistil.
24 Stamen. 2B Pistil. 6. Rhododendron arboreum, Tree Rhododen-
3. Erica ventricosa, Porcelain Heath. dron. Himalayas.
Cape of Good Hope. | 7, Kalmia latifolia, Broad-leaved Kalmia.
4. Arbutus Unedo, Strawberry Tree. ° North America.

S. Europe and Ireland. | 8. Capsule of R. albiflorum.

ERICACE.®.

Arbutus Unedo (4) seems to have attracted notice at an early period, having
been known to and described by Dioscorides. It is one of the finest shrubs of
southern Europe, and is also found in luxuriant growth on the limestone rocks
about Killarney, in Ireland, whither it was probably conveyed from Spain. Al-
though not a native of England, it flourishes remarkably well in the south parts of
Hampshire and elsewhere, bearing both flowers and fruit during the autumn; the
bark and leaves are astringent. In Corsica, a wine is prepared from the berries,
but it is said to have narcotie properties.

Rhododendron ferrugineum (5) is a striking ornament of Alpine regions, ad-
vancing to the extreme limits of woody vegetation ; the bright red flowers of the
Rose des Alpes frequently delight the mountain traveller when he meets with it on
his solitary path, or it is brought to him as a humble offering by the peasants of
the country.. The wood furnishes the shepherds of the lofty summer pastures with
their only fuel. R. Acvsutum is another Alpine species. R. arboreum (6) is a
splendid tree of forty feet in height, growing on the southern districts of the Hima-
layas, between 5000 and 8000 feet “of dlevation : it sometimes occurs in a broad
belt on the slope of the mountain, and in March and April, when each branch is
terminated with a cluster of the crimson flowers, it has a very magnificent aspect ;
the wood is much used by the natives, and a kind of jelly is made from the flowers.
R. dauricum 1 is an early flowering shrub of English gardens, introduced about
seventy years ago from Hastern rey where it rae over the Mongolian Deserts,
and abounds around the Lake Haikal, and in the fir-woods on the shores of the
rivers. R. ponticum is supposed to have yielded the honey which Xenophon de-
scribes to have been so injurious to the Greeks in the celebrated retreat of the Ten
Thousand, causing them to fall down after eating it, as if poisoned. R. lapponicum
belongs to the Northern regions, and extends to the plains of the Arctic zone.

Kalmia /at/folia (7) inhalits rocks and sterile ground in North America; the
flowers exude a deleterious kind of honey, and the leaves are poisonous to animals,
but the Indians make use of the hard wood for various purposes; from the roots
also they make dishes and other small articles. The different species of Azalea
from Asia and North America afford hardy and ornamental shrubs for gardens.
On the mountains of the tropics, Befaria takes the place of Rhododendron, and
covers the rocky slopes to the height of 10,000 feet. Humboldt discovered B.
ledifolia on the Silla de Caraccas at 6000 feet; some species belong to the lower
hills. The bright red berries of Gualteria procumbens contain an aromatic oil used
medicinally in North America. G. hispida, the Wax-cluster of Tasmania, has
white berries of. an agreeable flavour. Andromeda is a genus belonging to Alpine
regions and bogs ; A. hypnoides extends over wide plains in Lapland. Ledum and
others inhabit similar localities in North America.

This Tribe is dispersed in the greatest abundance in South Africa and North
America; in Europe it is common, but limited to a few species; in South America
it is found both within and beyond the Tropics; it abounds less in Northern Asia
and India, and is almost unknown in Australia. When found in Tropical regions,
it exists only on mountains. Erica covers vast tracts at the Cape of Good Hope,
to which by far the greater number of species especially belong. Befaria is peculiar
to the mountains of South America.

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The Napoleona Tribe.

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THE NAPOLEONA TRIBE,

A Few shrubs of small size, having a soft white wood. ‘I'he leaves are
evergreen, alternate, leathery, with thick channelled stalks, entirely destitute
of stipules. The flowers grow from the stem and branches, at the base of the
leaf-stalk, surrounded at their base by a few round imbricated scales. The calyx
is a thick leathery cup, divided into five ovate segments at the top, not folded
over each other in the bud. he corolla is composed of three parts or rings; the
outer circle is of one petal, five-lobed. and having in each division seven strong
ribs, which in the bud are folded closely together, the thin membranous portion’
of the petal lying wrinkled between them. As the flower expands, the ribs still
give it a plaited appearance. The next ring is a row of slender curled fine-pointed
threads. The third is of a cup-shape, the top notched and rolled inwards. The
stamens are twenty. and form a circle within the cup, surrounding the short solid
style; the filaments are wide at their base and narrow at the top; the anthers are
oblong, two-celled, attached to the top of the filaments. The ovary lies embedded
in the mass formed by the base of the corolla, stamens, and disk; it has five cells,
in each of which two ovules are suspended from the top of the central axis. The
upper part of the style is five-angled, and is terminated by a flat stigma, also
having five angles, at the points of which are small glands or pores. The fruit
is a soft spherical berry, surmounted by the calyx, with a tough rind and
mucilaginous pulp. The seeds are large, kidney-shaped, and contain no albumen.

This Tribe has most affinity with Rhizophoraceex, chiefly through Kandelia.

The rind of the fruit contains tannin.

The principal genus of this Tribe was named Napoleona, by Palisot de
Beauvois, who discovered it in Oware, to the south of Benin, in Africa, 1807,
when the great conqueror of France was in the ephemeral zenith of his glory.
Desvaux subsequently named it Belvisia, in honour of its discoverer, and the
tribe was thence called Belvisiacee. Napoleona imperialis (1) is a shrub of
stately growth, about eight feet in height; the large glossy leaves render it very
ornamental even in the winter, but it is at present rarely to be seen in con-
servatories. The flower and fruit are of remarkable structure; in the latter may
be traced a resemblance to that of Careya and Barringtonia, and still more to the

1. Napoleona imperialis. lc Stamen magnified. 1D Cup and Stigma.
Oware and Senegambia. lz Cross Section of Ovary.
1a Calyx. 1p Section of Flower. lr Section of Ovary. la Seed.

BELVISIACE.

Pomegranate amongst Myrtacew. A singular formation in the wood is found to
be nearly similar to that of young plants of Rhizophora, both containing slender
bristle-like tubes, which are perceptible on breaking it crosswise. ‘The strong ribs
and plaiting of the corolla is also very similar to that of the calyx of Bruguiera
gymmorhiza in the Mangrove tribe. But although several points of resemblance
to other plants are discernible, yet the two remarkable genera of which this tribe
is composed are clearly distinguished from every known order. Very little has
been ascertained respecting their properties or uses, but the pulpy fruit of
Napoleona is said to be eatable, and the Africans prepare a kind of ink from the
rind, which is full of tannin. In the unexplored regions of Africa, it is probable
that other species may be discovered. N. imperialis has been found in Senegambia
by the French traveller and naturalist, Heudelot.

Asteranthus, the other genus of this tribe, is an evergreen shrub, the leaves
two or three inches in length, smooth and sharp-pointed. The calyx has usually
the lobes ending in a glandular hair. The flower is from two or three inches in
diameter, the edge of the petal notched and hairy, strongly ribbed and veined.
The conical style is terminated by a six-rayed stigma. The flowers are solitary,
without bracts, and are seated in the axils of the leaves, like those of Napoleona.

This limited Tribe belongs entirely to Tropical Africa.

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MYRSINACE A.

THE MYRSINE TRIBE.

——_—_> —_—_—

Trers and shrubs; the leaves are undivided, entire at the edges, or serrated,
leathery, smooth, without stipules; some are undershrubs, with opposite or ter-
nate leaves. The flowers are small, and grow in umbels, or panicles, or from the
base of the leat-stalks; seldom from the ends of the branches. The calyx is
four or five-lobed, persistent. The corolla is of one petal, attached to the base
of the ovary, divided at the top into four or five equal segments, often marked
with sunken dots or glandular lines. Sometimes the stamens and pistils are in
separate flowers; the stamens are four or five, opposite to the segments of the
corolla, and inserted into its base; the filaments are distinct, rarely connected,
sometimes wanting ; occasionally five imperfect petal-like filaments are alternate
with the others; the anthers are attached to the filaments by their base, and open
by two longitudinal cells. The ovary is free, or partially adherent to the calyx,
with a single cell, containing many ovules. The style is single, often very short,
the stigma undivided or lobed. The fruit is fleshy, containing one or many seeds.
The seeds are angular or roundish, with a hollow scar and a single covering ; they
contain abundant horny albumen.

This Tribe is allied to Sapotacez, chiefly through Jacquinia; and to the Man-
grove tribe by Avgiceras.

Slightly pungent fruit and astringent bark are the only known properties of
these plants.

Myrsine is a genus of evergreen shrubs dispersed over a wide range of latitude
in Africa, although the whole tribe is very limited in its geographical boundaries.
M. africana grows at the Cape of Good Hope, in Abyssinia, and in the Azores, at
the northern limit of these plants. M. retusa (1) is a shrub about two feet high,
with small flowers, scarcely visible amongst the leaves, but beautifully marked with

1. Myrsine retusa, Small-leaved Myrsine. 3. Ardisia crenulata, Crenulate-leaved Ardisia.
Azores. West Indies.
1a Flower. 13 Stamen. lo Pistil. 34 Flower. 3B Section of Fruit.
3c Seed.
2. Suttonia divaricata, Straggling Suttonia. 4, Jacquinia aurantiaca, Orange flowered Jac-
Lord Auckland's Isle. quinia. Sandwich Isles.
2a Flower. 2B Variety of Pistil. 5. Embelia robusta. Ceylon.

2c Section of Fruit. 6a. Seed of Meesa argentea.

MYRSINACEZ:.

red dots, as seen in the microscope. The berries of M. bifaria are said to have
medicinal properties ; the plant is sometimes called Box by European travellers on
the Himalaya, where it grows with an aspect similar to that of our English garden
plant so called. M. semiserrata and M. acuminata ascend as high as Mussooree,
above all other species of the tribe in that mountain region, excepting Mesa
argentea (6) and M. indica. Suttonia divaricata (2) is remarkable as being the
only shrub growing on plains on a level with the sea between 35° and 52° of 8.
lat. Itis frequent in the woods which border the sources of rivers in the Bay of
Islands in New Zealand; in Lord Auckland’s Isle, in 50°, it becomes more woody
and straggling, but is of pleasing aspect when the berries are ripe. This is one of
the species of this tribe scattered over a considerable space of latitude, where the
temperature is favourable, especially in islands. Ardisia is an ornamental evergreen
genus, belonging both to the East and West, in hot latitudes. A. solanacea
embellishes the moist valleys of Coromandel with its fine red and white flowers,
with large erect anthers, and profuse abundance of bright red berries, which have
the property of staining paper brown. A. punctata and A. lentiginosa are natives
of China. A. excelsa, the tallest species, grows in Madeira, and is a tree thirty
feet high, the leaves shaped like those of the Laurel. A. crenu/ata (3) attains
about ten feet in its native country, but is not usually so large in English
conservatories. The red berries remaining throughout the winter, render it a
very desirable species for cultivation. A. acuminata is a native of Guiana,
Jacquinia was named after Nicolas von Jacquin, a celebrated Dutch botanist,
who resided and studied many years at Vienna, where he published several
excellent works on plants, with coloured plates, chiefly from specimens in the
botanic gardens of Schoenbrunn and Vienna, founded by the wise Maria Theresa.
J. aurantiaca (4)-is remarkable for its colour. J. armillaris is a finer species,
with white flowers, the branches of which are woven into garlands in America.
Embelia robusta (5), embilla in Ceylon, is one of the largest trees of the tribe,
affording useful timber and valuable shade. The berries are said to be unwhole-
some. "Theophrasta records the name of one who, 350 B.c., studied and wrote
on the natural history of plants, in Lesbos and Athens. T. Tissues combines the
modern botanist and the ancient sage; it is a prickly evergreen shrub growing
in St. Domingo, there named /e petit Coco. The seeds are pounded and made
into a kind of bread, much eaten by the natives. Clavija of South America has
a pleasant fruit, and a root useful in medicine. The fruit of Reptonia buaxifolia,
the Goorgoora of Cabool, is sold in the bazaars, but not relished by Europeans ;
it is about the size of a cherry, and very succulent. giceras is a singular genus,
differing in the seed-vessel being a follicle, and the seeds destitute of albumen.
It has the peculiar power of sending roots out of its seeds in moist air before
reaching earth. MResinous glands have been discovered in the wood, flowers
and fruit of several species.

This -Tribe inhabits chiefly in the Indian Ocean. No species have been
discovered in Asia further north than in latitude 40°, in Japan. In Africa, none
are known to extend beyond the Tropic of Cancer, on the north. Myrsine
floridana is the only species of North America, in latitude 30° north. None
belong to Europe.

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PAPO TAC KekX.

THE SAPPODILLA TRIBE.

Trees and shrubs, nearly all tropical, of soft wood, often abounding in a milky
glutinous juice. The leaves are alternate, or occasionally crowded into circles
on the branches, without stipules, entire at the edges, leathery. The flowers
proceed from the base of the leaf-stalks. The calyx is regular, divided into four
or eight lobes, persistent. 'The corolla is composed of one petal attached to the
base of the ovary, regular, deciduous; its divisions usually equal in number to
metre of the calyx, rarely more, imbricated in the bud, sometimes fleshy. The
stamens arise from the corolla, are of definite number, distinct; those which bear
fertile anthers of the same number as the divisions of the corolla and opposite them ;
the imperfect stamens alternate with them. The ovary is above the base of the
calyx, with several cells containing one ovule each; the style is single, the stigma
undivided, or sometimes lobed. ‘The fruit is fleshy, with several one-seeded cells ;
the seeds are nuts, often with a bony shining case, having a long slender scar on
the inner face; they sometimes contain albumen.
The Tribe is closely allied to Ebenacee ; chiefly distinguished by soft wood,
milky juice, and complete flowers.
Astringent bark and oily fruit are the principal properties.
Sapota is derived from the Mexican name Zapotl. Achras, a Greek name for a
wild pear, is a genus of several large trees bearing eatable fruit. A. Sapota (1)
grows to the height of twenty feet before branching, abounding in white tenacious
juice ; the fruit varies in size and shape, brown when ripe, the pulpy flesh yellow ;
| like the Medlar, it is sweet in decay; two seeds only ripen, and are of pleasant
| scent and taste. It is much eaten by natives, and is also the favourite food of
turkeys and other birds. Cumana and Margaretta Isle are the best stations for it.
| The Humming-bird forms its nest upon the leafy branches. ‘The bark is used as a
remedy for fever in Peru. A. mammosa, the Marmalade-tree of America, is a
larger species ; and the leaves being a foot long, and three inches wide, render it a
valuable shade near dwellings. The cream-coloured flowers are succeeded by a

——

1. Achras Sapota, Sappodilla Plum. 3. Mimusops Kauki, Indian Mimusops.
South America. Manilla and China.
1a Corolla, opened.
1p Pistil. le Seed. 4. Chrysophyllum Cainito, Star-Apple.
2. Isonandra gutta, Gutta-percha Tree. West Indies.
Singapore and Borneo. 4a Flower. 48 Ovary.

2a Flower. 2B Stamen. 2c Fruit. dco Section of Fruit.

SAPOTACEZ

large fruit having the luscious flavour of quince marmalade. But the most univer-
sally important tree of this tribe is Isonandra gutta (2) ; it is a remarkable instance
of a valuable article lying dormant for a long period after its discovery, as if there
were an appointed time for all things to come forth for the service of man, Two
centuries ago, Tradescant, the first collector of botanical specimens in England, de-
scribed a substance in his museum exactly resembling Gutta Percha; but at that
time many things were classed as curiosities without a thought of utility ; besides,
the machinery by which it is now rendered available was not then invented, nor did
many of the uses to which it is now applied exist. It was therefore removed with
the rest of the Tradescant treasures to Oxford, and remained unperceived by the
eyes of wisdom and science. ‘The enormous increase of the imports of Gutta Percha
from Singapore, after its renewed discovery, is probably unequalled ; from 230lbs.
in 1844, to 1,700,000lbs. in 1848. The extensive forests of the trees in Singapore, —
Borneo, and the countless islands of those seas, yield the principal supply of this
wonderful material, which, abounding in the /atex vessels, exudes from all parts of
the stem and branches, on making incisions. The young leaf-buds are generally
covered with the white glutinous fluid. It rivals and in many points resembles
Caoutchoue, differing chiefly in not being elastic, and in becoming extremely
pliable at a temperature of 145° Fahrenheit. Mimusops Kauki (3) affords gum
from the bark, and bears a sweetish fruit, eaten by the natives of India. From the
aromatic flowers of M. Elengi a fragrant water is distilled. Chrysophyllum _
derives its name from the golden down which clothes the under surface of t
leaves. ©. Cainito (4) is a tall tree with slender, supple branches. The leaves,
as well as fruit, are full of a milky juice, which is sweet and agreeable in the fruit
when ripe. C. microphyllum is a beautiful species, with small leaves shining like i
gold and silver on the lower surface. Bassia yields from its fruit a thick white |
oily substance, like butter; one species is the Butter-tree described by Mungo Park
as so useful to the inhabitants of the interior of Africa. B. longifolia is the ~
Illupie of India, affording a valuable supply of oil for lamps. B. latifolia abounds :
still more in oil; a large supply has lately been imported to England with the
intention of improving the manufacture of soap; the flowers are used in making
arrack in India. The flowers of Bumelia grow in thick clusters on the stem; the
wood is hard, and the astringent bark used in fevers. Lucuma and Imbricaria
bear sweet subacid fruit.

This Tribe inhabits chiefly the Tropics of Asia, Africa, and America; a few
species belong to the south of North America, and to the Cape-of Good Hope. |

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HBENACE A.

THE EBONY TRIBE.

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Trees and shrubs, with heavy, solid wood, and without milky juice. The
leaves are alternate, without stipules, entire at the edges and leathery. The
flowers grow at the base of the leaf-stalks; they are seldom complete, the stamens
being imperfect in some, the pistil and ovary in others. The calyx has from
three to seven divisions. The corolla is of one petal, attached to the base of
the ovary, regularly divided into three to seven parts, deciduous, somewhat
leathery, usually downy on the exterior, and smooth within. The stamens arise
from the corolla, or from the base of the ovary, are of equal number with the
segments of the corolla, and alternate with them, or are twice or four times as
many; sometimes fixed in pairs at the base of the lobes of the corolla. The fila-
ments are sometimes simple, sometimes double, both the divisions bearing anthers
attached by their base, lanceolate, two-celled, gaping lengthwise, sometimes bearded.
The ovary is without a disk, many-celled, each cell having one or two ovules,
pendulous from the top. ‘The style is divided, seldom simple; the stigmas divided
or simple. The fruit is fleshy, round or oval; the seeds have a membranous cover-
ing, a few only ripen; they contain albumen.

This Tribe is allied to Sapotacez, but differs in the dense wood and watery
juice. In some points of structure it has affinity with Oleacee.

Hard wood and eatable fruits are the principal characteristics of the trees.

Diospyros, from the Greek, the fruit of heaven, or pear of Jove, is a genus
known to the ancients, and of considerable value in modern times in the species
Ebony, D. Ebenum, which has been adopted as the name of the tribe. It is abun-
dant in Madagascar, the Mauritius, and Ceylon, from whence large supplies are
imported into Europe ; the centre of the trunk, or heart-wood, is the most valuable
portion, from its close texture, deep black colour, and capability of fine polish.
D. Ebenaster yields likewise an excellent wood for ornamental purposes, occasion-

1. Diospyros ZEmbryopteris, Viscid - fruited 2B Petal and Stamens.
Date-plum. Bengal. 2c Glands and imperfect Pistil.
la Flower. Ip Calyx. 3. Royena pubescens, Downy Royena.
lc Section of Fruit. Cape of Good Hope.
3A Calyx and Fruit.
2. Diospyros Lotus, European Date-plum. 3B Calyx, Stamens, and Pistil.

Italy. | 44. Diospyros melanoxylon. Seed.
24 Calyx and Pistil. East Indies.

EBENACE.

ally marked with white and brown lines. D. embryopteris (1) is also named
glutinosa, from the very glutinous nature of the fruit, used in Bengal to protect
the outside of boats from decay; it is a globular berry, with a yellow pulp, of
astringent quality, but eaten by the natives in the valleys of the Circar mountains,
where it grows ; the wood is hard, and employed for various purposes. The fruit
of several species is considered eatable when mature, although it is generally bitter
before ripening ; that of D. Kaki is preserved as a sweatmeat in China, and_is
sometimes sent to England. D. Lotus (2) bears a sweet and slightly astringent
fruit, which was formerly supposed to be that eaten by the ancient inhabitants of
the north of Africa, the Lotophagi, but that is since determined to be Zizyphus
Lotus. D. virginianum, the American Date-plum, has a white brittle wood, with
a dark brown bark, used medicinally in North America, the fruit is about the size,
and has the same firm texture, as the Date. D. discolor is the Mabolo fruit of the
Philippine Isles. D. melanoxylon of Coromandel yields a wood equal in quality to
Ebony; and the fruit is esteemed by the natives, as is also that of D. racemosa,
tomentosa, and others. D. Roylei is abundant in the Ghauts of Central India,
D. obovata belongs to the West Indies. Diospyros belongs to the lowest zone of
the Peak of Teneriffe, from the shore to the height of 2000 feet. It exists also in
several species in Hong Kong. Royena was named by Linnzus in remembrance
of Adrian von Royen, who, as well as his son David, was a professor of botany at
Leyden. It is a genus nearly confined to the Cape of Good Hope. R. pubescens
(3) is a shrub about three feet high, with a grey bark; the fruit, when ripe, is
about an inch in diameter, the enlarged calyx remains reflexed from it. The rind
of the fruit is leathery, the pulp of a fleshy nature. Maba buaifolia is a low
shrub yielding well-flavoured eatable berries, relished by the natives of Tongatabou,
one of the coral isles of Polynesia, in 20° of south latitude. The wood is dark-
coloured and hard, available for durable purposes, as far as the size admits.
This Tribe chiefly belongs to the Tropics of India; a very few species extend
northwards as far as Europe, in Italy and Switzerland.

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THE OLIVE TRIBE.

Trees and shrubs, with branches usually forked, and ending abruptly by a
conspicuous leaf-bud. The leaves are opposite, simple, sometimes pinnated, as in
the Ash. The flowers grow in racemes or panicles; the flower-stalks placed
opposite each other with a single bract at the base. The flowers are either perfect,
or have stamens and pistils on different flowers. The calyx is divided, persistent,
below the ovary; the corolla is of one petal, four cleft at the top, occasionally of
four petals connected in pairs by the intervention of the filaments of the stamens ;
sometimes the corolla is wanting. The stamens are generally two, in Tessarandra
they are four, alternate, with the divisions of the corolla, or with the petals; the
anthers are two-celled, opening longitudinally. The ovary is simple, without any
disk, two-celled, the cells two-seeded: the style is simple, or wanting ; the stigma
bifid or undivided. The fruit is either a drupe, as in Olea; a berry, as in Ligus-
trum ; a capsule, as in Syringa; or a winged samara, as in Fraxinus ; often with
only one perfect cell : the seeds have fleshy abundant albumen.

This tribe has, in many respects, affinity with the Jasmine tribe.

The chief character is the oil contained in the fleshy portion of the fruit instead
of in the seed. Olea europea (1), the most valuable plant of this tribe, has been
highly esteemed in all ages and countries; in the earliest times, “ the land of oil-
olive” was an expression of the most desirable abundance; to flourish like a green
olive-tree was descriptive of the greatest vigour and prosperity; it has also been
considered as a token and emblem of peace since the memorable day when the dove
came back into the Ark—‘ and, lo! in her mouth was an olive-leaf.’ The use of
oil was early known to the inhabitants of the earth, and its value was so great that
it became a symbol of the highest gifts and qualities. The olive-tree attains a
great age; some at Terni are said to have existed in the time of Pliny. Although
Asia is its native country, it is now perfectly naturalized in different parts of the
south of Europe, thriving best on calcareous steeps near the coast of the Mediter-
ranean ; on the Apennines, between Genoa and Spezia, the effect of the grey
foliage, mingled with the bright green of the chesnut and the dark glossy leaves

1. Olea Europea, Olive-tree. South Europe. | 3. Ligustrum vulgare, Common Privet. Britain.
1a Calyx and Pistil. 1p Flower. 34 Flower, magnified,
le Stone of Fruit. 3B Section of Fruit.
2. Syringa vulgaris, Common Lilac. Persia. | 4. Fraxinus pendula, Drooping Ash. England.
24 Calyx and Pistil. 4a Flower, magnified,
2B Flower, opened. 2c Capsule. 4B Seed.
BB

OLEACE.

of the fig, is extremely picturesque. The unripe fruit, when prepared in salt and
water, is thought an agreeable condiment by Italians and Spaniards; oil is ob-
tained by pressure from ripe fruit ; the bark is bitter and astringent. O. fragrans
is a low shrub with yellow flowers, which are odoriferous as well as the leaves, and
much valued in China. O. excelsa is the largest tree that grows at 5000 feet on
the Peak of Teneriffe. Syringa, the Lilac (2), now acclimatized in England, is
become one of the most common and generally admired of shrubs, producing
highly fragrant flowers in great abundance in May. In the time of Henry VIIL.,
six lilacs were mentioned in the gardens of Nonsuch, as “ trees which bear no
fruit, but only a pleasant smell.” In the marshy districts of Berri, in France, the
peasants employ the flowers as a remedy against the intermittent fever which pre-
vails there. Ligustrum vulgare (3) grows wild in the Isle of Wight and other
parts of England, and is one of those few hardy shrubs which can endure the
smoky atmosphere of cities, although its delicate flowers come forth only in a purer
air. An ever-green variety forms remarkably good hedges. When of sufficient
size, the wood is useful; the berries yield a green dye for-wool. lL. lucidum
produces a kind of vegetable wax in China.

Fraxinus exce/sior, the common Ash, is one of the most graceful as well as
useful of British trees: in form and foliage easily distinguished among other forest
trees. In the Isle of Wight it grows remarkably well, and is particularly beau-
tiful when the leaves acquire their peculiar pale golden hues in autumn. F,
pendula (4) was first discovered at Gamblingay, in Cambridgeshire. F. rotundifolia
and other species yield from the bark the Manna known and used medicinally, the
sweetness of which is a distinct principle called Mannite, differing considerably
from Sugar. Various species belong to North America; the yellow Ash grows
about the branches of the Mississippi, where the large stems are burnt out into
canoes by the French fur-traders, and serve to convey their stores to New Orleans.
The outer bark is eight inches thick; the inner bark of a yellow colour.

The plants of this Tribe are chiefly natives of Temperate climates, approaching
towards the Tropics, but scarcely found beyond 65° of north latitude. Fraxinus
abounds in North America and Europe; Phyllirea and Syringa belong to Asia
and Europe; one species is a native of Nepal; a few species have been discovered
in Australia.

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JASMINACE &.

THE JASMINE TRIBE.

Suruss, often with a twining stem. The leaves are opposite or alternate, mostly
compound, in threes, or pinnated with an odd leaflet, sometimes they are simple; the
leaf-stalks are usually jointed. The flowers grow on opposite stalks, or in small
spreading clusters; the calyx has from five to eight divisions or teeth, and is per-
sistent. The corolla is of one petal, attached to the base of the ovary, tubular
below, salver-shaped at top, and parted into from five to eight. segments, which
rest upon each other, and are twisted or valvate in the bud. The stamens are two,
arising from the corolla, enclosed within its tube. The ovary is destitute of a
disk, is two-celled, two-lobed, with from one to four ovules in each cell; the style
is single, the stigma two-lobed; the fruit is either a berry or a capsule. The
seeds have no albumen, or very little, their outer covering sometimes membranous.

This Tribe has affinity with the Olive tribe; the fruit indicates a connexion
with Verbenacez.

A fragrant oil is contained in the flowers.

Jasminum, the type of this Tribe, derives its name from the Arabic, Yasmyn.
Jasminum officinale (1) is the most common species cultivated in Kurope, and a
general favourite, from its delicious fragrance. Its original country is said to be
Georgia and Circassia; it is also a native of the East Indies, grows plentifully in
Malabar, and there produces its two-seeded fruit, which is not the case in this
country. Gerard records that it was in general use for covering arbours before the
close of the sixteenth. century. A highly-scented essential oil is extracted from the
flowers of this species, and also from those of J. grandiflorum and J. adoratis-
simum. J. Sambac is one of the most odoriferous, much esteemed by the Arabs
and other Eastern nations; the first locality of its introduction to England is said
to be the gardens of Hampton Court, where it grew towards the end of the
seventeenth century, but was subsequently lost. A few shrubs flourished also in the
garden of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, at Pisa, from whence fresh specimens were
brought to this country early in the eighteenth century; two varieties of this

1. Jasminum officinale, Common Jasmine. Asia. 34 Flower opened.
1a Jasminum ligustrifolium. , 3B Fruit.
Flower, opened. 8c Seed.
1s. Section of Ovary. 5D Section.
2, Jasminum fruticans, Yellow Jasmine. 4, Jasminum hirsutum, Hairy Jasmine.
South Europe. East Indies.
3. Nyctanthes arbor tristis, Night-flowering | 5. Jasminum gracile, Slender Jasmine.
Nyctanthes. East Indies. Norfolk Isle.

JASMINACK.E.

species have double flowers, one corolla within the other, the innermost of all
occasionally bearing stamens. J. fruticans (2) is one of the first species planted
in England ; its yellow flowers are not fragrant, but itis of a hardy nature, grows
well in sheltered gardens, and bears a black berry. J. gracile (5) is one of the
beautiful plants which flourish abundantly in the moist climate of Norfolk Isle, in
31° of south latitude. J. paniculatum and J. undulatum are climbing species of
China, with white flowers. J. azoricum of Madeira has yellow flowers. Nyctan-
thes (3) from the Greek for night-flower, is an evergreen shrub, expanding its
flowers only during the darkness of night, whence also the specific name of arbor
tristis; it is not often to be seen in English gardens, but is very commonly
cultivated throughout India, and grows wild on the lower range of the Himalaya,
in several regions, as well as on the banks of the Irawaddy. In the morning, the
fragile blossoms lie scattered on the ground, and are collected by the native women,
and strung into wreaths, as necklaces, or garlands for the hair. The tubes of the
corolla when dried yield an orange dye.

The plants of this Tribe are chiefly natives of the Tropics of India, abounding
in all parts. One species of Jasminum has been found in South America, and
three species of Bolivaria. A few belong to Africa and the neighbouring islands,
New Holland possesses several; two extend into the southern regions of Europe.

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THE STRYCHNOS TRIBE.

Trets, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The leaves are opposite, entire at the edges,
usually having stipules which adhere to the leaf-stalks, or are combined into sheaths.
The flowers are on branching stalks, or solitary. The calyx is below the ovary,
four or five-parted ; the corolla is regular or irregular, four or five or ten-parted.
The stamens arise from the corolla, all placed on the same line. The ovary is above
the calyx, two-celled, the style continuous with it: the stigma simple. The fruit
is either a capsule with two cells, or a drupe with one or two-seeded stones, or a
berry with the seeds immersed in pulp. The seeds are sometimes winged, they
contain fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.

These plants have affinity with Apocynacee, but are distinguished by not
having milky juice, nor a glandular stigma.

Strong venomous properties exist in the seeds.

The genus Strychnos includes several highly poisonous species, fatal to man
and animals; $8. 7%eute (1) is remarkable for the virulent poison obtained from

‘the bark of the root; it grows abundantly in Java, where it is called by the

natives Zjettek. The seed of 8. nux vomica, the Koochla, or Poison-nut of
the East Indies, is one of the strongest known poisons; it has been found
to contain two distinct principles, both acrid narcotics, and energetic in action.
It is a small tree, bearing fruit with a brittle shell, full of a gelatinous pulp,
in which the seeds are embedded. The pulp is eaten by birds without injury,
but the seeds contain the poisonous juices; in small quantity they are used
medicinally to cure the fever of the country, and the bites of venomous snakes,
and are also employed in the distillation of spirits; their texture is so hard, they
ean only be broken by a rasp or file. SS. tox¢fera is the principal ingredient of
the celebrated Wourali poison of Guiana. Amongst the various febrifuges of
‘Brazil is 8. pseudoquina, said to equal the famous Peruvian bark; the whole
plant, except the fruit, which is eatable, is intensely bitter and astringent. 8. pota-
torum, the clearing-nut of India, is a larger tree, and is of great value to the
natives, who use the ripe seeds to purify the pond or river water, which they drink
in preference to that of wells. 'They rub the inside of an unglazed earthen vessel

1. Strychnos Tieute, Poisonous Strychnos. Jaya. | 44. Strychnos ligustrina flower.

1a Root. 4p Flower, opened.
1s Section of Fruit. le Seed. 4o Calyx and Pistil.
2. Fagrea littoralis, Indian Fagrea. E. Indies. 4p Section of Ovary.
3. Spigelia marilandica, Pink-root. N. America. 4 Cross section of Ovary.

STRYCHNACEE.

with the seeds, which soon causes the impure particles of the water to separate and
fall to the bottom, thus rendering it pure and wholesome. The pulpy fruit is
eatable, though not thought agreeable by Europeans. The fruit of 8. spinosa is
eaten by pigs in Madagascar; that of 8. brachiata affords food to deer in Peru.
Fagrea /ittoralis (2) bears a small white flower, much resembling that of Strych-
nos ; it is occasionally found growing in a parasitic manner upon other trees,
F. zeylanica has been introduced into English conservatories, but is rarely seen.
All the species are found in the isles of the Indian Archipelago, as well as in India.
Spigelia was named by Linneus in honour of Adrian Spigelius, a Fleming, after-
wards professor at Padua, in the beginning of the 17th century. 8. marilandica (3)
is considered highly valuable for its medicinal properties, both in the root and
leaves, in North America ; it is sufficiently hardy to bear our climate in the open
air, yet is not much known in gardens. 8. anthelmia is one of the medicinal plants
of the West Indies. 8. glabrata is one of the poisonous plants of Brazil. The
medicine called Papeeta, or St. Ignatius Beans, in India, is procured from the
seeds of Ignatia amara. The leaves of Potalia resinifera yield a mucilaginous
infusion, used as a lotion for the eyes in Brazil. P. amara forms a connecting link
with the Gentians, possessing their bitter properties ; it is at the same time acrid,
like the Dog-bane tribe. Logania is a genus belonging to New Holland, the
flowers small and white.

This Tribe inhabits chiefly the Tropics, a few species only are natives of New
Holland, and North and South America.

UNIV

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THE DOG’S-BANE TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and a few herbaceous plants, usually with milky juice, often of a
climbing habit. The leaves are opposite, sometimes alternate, or in circles on the
stem, entire at the edges, without stipules, but having hairs or glands upon or
between the leaf-stalks. The flowers generally grow from between the leaf-stalks.
The ealyx is five-parted ; the corolla of one petal attached to the base of the ovary,
often having scales at the throat, five-lobed, twisted or folded over in the bud.
The stamens are five, placed on the corolla, alternate with its segments; the fila-
ments of Apocynum are distinct; of Asclepias and others, combined ; the grains
of pollen are distinct in general, but in double masses in Asclepias; the ovaries are
two, with two styles, and one stigma, contracted in the middle in Apocynum, five-
cornered with glands at the angles in Asclepias. The fruit is a follicle, capsule,
drupe, or berry, double or single; the seeds are numerous, usually hairy at the

sear, with, thin, fleshy, or cartilaginous albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Gentianacee, but the form of the stigma is an
obvious distinction, as well as the milky juice.

An acrid juice, sometimes containing caoutchouc, often poisonous, exists in
these plants.

A great variety is found in this.tribe; some species are remarkable for brilliant
flowers ; others, for the succulent leafless stalks; some are slender herbs, others
have a large twisted stem coiled on the ground before rising upwards. In the
time of Pliny, Apocynum was supposed to be poisonous to dogs, whence its name.
A. hypericifolium (1) contains, like other species, an acrid juice; the glutinous
stigma attracts flies, and the irritable stamens close on them. The stalks of
A. cannabinum yield a strong fibre, used by the North American Indians as
hemp, making from it nets, fishing-lines, and garments. <A. venetum belongs to
the Isles of the Adriatic. Vinca (2) flourishes well in shrubberies under the shade
and dripping of trees ; if not really indigenous, it has become naturalized in many
parts of England; the juice of the plant contains gallic acid, but is not milky.

|
1. Apocynum hypericifolium, Hypericum-leaved | 4. Neriaum Oleander, Common Oleander.

Dog's-bane. North America, South Europe and India.
la Stamens, Pistil, and Glands. 4a Stamen. 4B Pistil.
lp Stamen. lo Pistil. 5. Allamanda cathartica. Guiana.
2. Vinca major, Greater Periwinkle. England. | 5a Tube of Corolla, opened.
2a Pistil. 2B Section of Ovary. 5B Pistil. 5e Stamen. ‘
2c Section of Seed. | 6. Stapelia marginata. Cape of Good Hope.
3. Cynanchum nigrum, Black Cynanchum. 7a. Asclepias Syriaca. Flower.
South Europe. 7p Stamen. To Seed-vessel.

3A Seed-vessel. 3B Seed. 8a. Glossonema Boryanum. Stamens and Pisiil.

APOCYNACEE.

Cynanchum nigrum (3) has a singular aspect when the seed-vessels are formed,
though the flowers are insignificant. Some of the most ornamental plants of this
tribe have poisonous properties. Nerium (4), so beautiful in its native countries of
the East, adorning the borders of streams, is considered very injurious ; the
natives of India have a superstitious dread of its baneful effects. In Spain, where
it grows abundantly, the wood is seldom used, on account of its unwholesome
juice; which is, however, not milky, as in most of the deleterious species. The
simple leaves have a tough skin: after being soaked in water, the strong midrib
may be easily drawn out by the stalk, and the pulp extracted ; thus a leaf is clearly
proved to be a bag. Among the more strongly poisonous plants is Tanghinia
venenifera in Madagascar, where formerly criminals were commanded to eat of the
fruit, and if they survived, were considered innocent; a rare occurrence, for one
kernel would suffice to poison twenty persons. Gonolobus macrophyllus is used by
the Indians of North America to poison their arrows. LEchites affords brilliant
flowers in our conservatories, and poison for the arrows of the Mandingoes in Africa.
Hasseltia and others are also excessively acrid. Plumiera is a genus of fine
flowers, but corrosive juices. Allamanda (5) was discovered in Guiana by Aublet,
who saw and figured its large rough seed-vessel, which is now produced in this
climate. Asclepias is the type of the division with stamens fixed round the style
in a column; it belongs almost exclusively to North America, A. cuwrassavica
alone growing in South America. <A. syriaca (7) is one of the sweet-scented and
useful plants of Virginia; the French Canadians eat the young shoots, pre-
pare sugar from the flowers, and collect the silky down of the seeds to stuff
beds. The fleshy roots of A. nivea are used medicinally. Stapelia, named from
Stapel, a Dutch commentator on Theophrastus 200 years ago, is a curious genus ;
the succulent stalks assume divers strange forms, and the flowers have a peculiar
aspect, sometimes from their star-shape, tough substance, and hairy clothing
appearing to be a link, outwardly at least, with some of the lower tribes of
animals. Many of them have an extremely disagreeable odour : like other
succulent plants, they exist in a dry soil; a few are said to afford food to the
Hottentots. Hoya carnosa is a climbing plant from Asia, now seen in almost
all conservatories with its honey-bearing waxen flowers and fleshy leaves. H. cam-
panulata has elegant clusters of pale buff flowers. Sarcostemma is a singular leafless
climber. Caoutchouc exists in the milky juice of several species : in Collophora and
Camarareria of South America; in Vatea of Madagascar; a vast supply for trade
is obtained from Cynanchum in Penang, and Urceola in Sumatra. Alyxia has an
aromatic bark; many others afford medicine. Besides all these, there are several species
yielding pleasant eatable fruit; that of Carissa is made into an excellent jelly.
Carpodium is esteemed by the natives of Sierra Leone. Willughbeia bears a yellow
berry in the axils of the old leaves; the fruit of Cerbera is agreeable. According
to ancient tradition in Ceylon, Tabernemontana dichotoma is the “ forbidden fruit”
of Paradise, and is now of nauseous flavour. 'T’. wéilis supplies a copious sweet
milk. Gymnema Jactifera is the cow-plant of the Cingalese. Aspidosperma
excelsum has a remarkable fluted stem, serviceable for various purposes to the
Indians of Guiana. A. macrocarpa has a seed-vessel six inches long. Vallesia
grows in the Galapagos Isles.

The Tropics is the chief station of these plants; most abundant in Asia.
Asclepias belongs to North America. Vast numbers of Stapelia grow in barren
tracts of South Africa; one species alone is a native of Sicily. Cynanchum has a
wide range between 59° of N. latitude and 32° of 8. latitude. Apocynum extends
northwards into Europe, Vinea into England.

LIBRARY —
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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RHIZOPHORACE A.

THE MANGROVE TRIBE.

Trees and shrubs, the leaves of which are simple, opposite, sometimes dotted
beneath, entire at the edges, or toothed, with convolute deciduous stipules between
the leaf-stalks. The flowers grow at the ends of the branches, or at the base of the
leaf-stalks ; the calyx is surrounded at its base by a cup-shaped bract; the lobes
are valvate in the bud, and are from four to twelve in number ; occasionally all
cohere at their points and edges. ‘The petals arise from the calyx, are equal in
number to its lobes, and alternate with them. The stamens grow from the calyx
with the petals, and are either twice or thrice their number, or numerous; the fila-
ments are distinct, the anthers erect. ‘The ovary is two, three, or four-celled, each
cell containing two or more ovules suspended from the top of the central angle.
The fruit is closed, crowned by the calyx, one-celled and one-seeded. The seed is
pendulous, contains no albumen. ‘The radicle is very long, piercing the fruit when
mature, and descending to the ground.

This singular Tribe has affinity in structure with some allies of the Myrtle
Tribe, with Belvisiacee in its wood, and with several others, but it is clearly dis-
tinguished from all by the seed. growing in the fruit, with the single exception of
Aiigiceras in Myrsinacee.

The bark is generally astringent.

Rhizophora derives its name from the Greek, in allusion to the roots which it
bears profusely from the stem above ground. 'The Dutch named it wilde Runboom
in their East Indian colonies ; the French call it Pa/letuvier ; the Spaniards, Mangle.
Throughout the Tropics, on the banks of large rivers, and along the coasts of the
ocean, are vast tracts of Rhizophora Mangle (1) bordering the land with a dense
mass of spreading trees down to low-water mark, intercepting the rays of the sun,
and causing an extremely unhealthy climate. ‘The natives are able to pass by
climbing dexterously through the interlacing roots and branches, without treading
on the dangerous quagmire below. No one ventures to remain long in the malaria
of such regions. The trees have a peculiarly remarkable appearance, standing on

1. Rhizophora Mangle. Mangrove. | 2c Pistil. 2p Seed germinating.
Tropical Shores. 2x8 Section of Ovary. 2" Cross Section.
1a. Rhizophora macrorhiza. Anther magnified. , : 2
3A. Cavallia zeylanica. Petal. Ceylon.
2. Kandelia Rheedii.
Malabar and the Ganges. | 44. Carallia lucida. Berry.
24 Flower open. 2B Stamen. 4p Section of Fruit. 4c Seed.

RHIZOPHORACE 2.

the verge of land and water, apparently propped up by the numerous roots which
proceed from the stem and descend in an arched form to the ground or water. A
very singular effect is also added by the long seed-vessels germinating on the
branches. To the first Europeans who penetrated amongst the islands of the
Caribbean Sea the spectacle must have been astonishing. The course of rivers is
often interrupted by the encroaching swamps, and travellers are occasionally obliged
to cut a passage for their boat; on the west shores of Borneo the landing at the
mouth of some rivers is nearly impracticable from the accumulation of mud amongst
the roots. When the radicle of the seed is developed and has pierced the capsule,
the young plant is ready to take root immediately on reaching the mud, having the
rare property of resisting salt water, and thus its growth is secured amidst cirenm-
stances unfavourable to any other class of flowering plants. By the time the tree
has attained two or three feet in height, it begins to send forth branches, and then
fresh roots from the stem; at about twelve feet it ceases to grow upwards, but
spreads in branches. ‘The roots at first are fragile, but become firm and of a grey
colour. If their points receive any injury, they do not advance in length, though
fresh branches sprout above, thus forming an entangled thicket, in which birds and
insects innumerable find an abode: on the sea-coast, oysters also attach themselves
to the branches which are submerged. The flowers have sometimes a slightly
agreeable scent ; the anthers soon fall off, the style is prolonged into the fruit, said
to be eatable, and the juice capable of fermentation into wine. LKandelia (2) is
derived from the native name in Malabar, where the trees abound, as well as on
the shores of the Ganges: the specific name is in remembrance of Van Rheede, an
early Dutch traveller in India. The wood serves for fuel, the bark is dried with
ginger and used as long pepper. The petals are still more finely fringed than those
of Rhizophora ; this species has been lately discovered growing also in an estuary
at Little Hong Kong. Carallia, the Carallie of the Telingas, is a genus of small
evergreen trees extending beyond the usual tropical limits of this tribe, northwards
in India. ©. lucida (4) grows on the lower range of the Circar mountains, as well
as in Kemaon and Silhet. C. sinensis has been found in a ravine of Mount
Victoria in Hong Kong. The petals of this genus are not fringed as others,
merely wrinkled or notched at the edges, and the fruit is a small round berry, the
seeds of which do not germinate in the seed-vessel. The astringent bark of
Bruguiera gymnorhiza of Java and the Moluccas is used for dyeing black. The
wood of several species is described to be hard and durable. A Bruguiera, whose
ten-lobed calyx resembles strips of red leather, is one of the remarkable plants
which attract the attention of a colonist or settler on the muddy shores of the
Brisbane river, Australia. Less than twenty years ago, the site of the now pros-
perous port of Adelaide was a Mangrove swamp.

This singular Tribe inhabits the shores of the Tropics ; Carallia penetrates into
the north of India.

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GENTIANACE A.
THE GENTIAN TRIBE.

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Herszaceovus plants, and a very few shrubs; generally smooth, occasionally of
a twining habit. The leaves are opposite, rarely alternate; usually without leaf-
stalks, sometimes having stalks widened at the base into a kind of sheath; entire
at the edges, generally three-ribbed, without stipules. The flowers are at the ends
of the branches, or at the base of the leaf-stalks, regular, very seldom irregular.
The calyx is below the ovary, divided at the top, persistent. The corolla is of one
petal attached to the base of the ovary, tubular below, divided above into from
four to eight segments, equal to those of the calyx; the top of the tube, or the
segments sometimes finely fringed; the corolla is sometimes prolonged into a spur
at the base; in the bud state plaited or folded. The stamens are inserted on the
corolla, alternate with its segments; some are occasionally imperfect. ‘The ovary
is composed of two carpels, one or two celled, many-seeded. The style is single,
stigmas two; the seed-vessel is a capsule or a berry containing many seeds on the
margins of the valves. The seeds are small, and contain soft fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with Apocynacez, but is without milky juice,
and the seed-vessel usually a capsule, not a follicle.

Intensely bitter juice exists in these plants.

Pliny relates that Gentius, king of Illyria, was the first to discover and
appreciate the tonic properties of the genus, which was consequently named after
him Gentiana. G. lutea, of the Alps, is one of the most powerfully bitter species ;
in some parts it covers wide tracts, but remains untouched by cattle; the root
is large, affording an abundant supply of the bitter juice for medicinal purposes ;
formerly it was used instead of hops for beer. The root of G. purpurea is often
two feet in length, and is sometimes substituted for that of G. lutea. G. acaulis (1)

1, Gentiana acaulis, Dwarf Gentian. Europe. | 4. Villarsia nymphoides, Fringed Buckbean.

14 Flower opened. Borders of the Thames.
1p Stamen. le Pistil. 5. Chironia decussata. | Cape of Good Hope.
6. Lisianthus Russellianus. Mexico.

2. Erythrea centaurium, Common Centaury.
England.
2a Flower opened. 28 Ovary und Pistil, | 84. Gentiana lutea. Capsule.
9a. Chironia baccifera. Section of Ovary.
3. Chlora perfoliata, Perfoliate Yellow-wort. 9B Section of Fruit.
Chalk, England. 90 Seed. 9D Section.

7. Leianthes nigrescens. Guatemala

GENTIANACEZ:.

is a lowly species, but its single flower is large and very beautiful. All these
plants flourish best in their native situations, but if in a suitable soil and
undisturbed, the stalkless Gentian forms a pleasing ornament of the garden in
spring, when flowers are rare. G. amarellu and G. campestris grow on open
heaths and fields; the top of the tube of the corojla is curiously bearded, but
the colour is a dull purple, much less attractive than the usual intense blue. A
traveller in Switzerland will often admire with surprise the noble specimens of
tall blue Gentian growing on the Alpine pastures, or on the verge of glaciers. A
lofty elevation is favourable to them generally. G. imbricata ascends to 8600 feet
on the Alps; G. niva/is flourishes nearly on the limit of perpetual snow, unfolding its
brilliant blue flowers amidst the wildest rocks and mountain torrents. One
species is found on the Andes at 15,800 feet; another in Ceylon, between 6000
and 8000 feet above the sea. Cool and pure air is essential to this genus; it is
therefore rare in hot countries, except on mountains; near the equator it is not
found below 7800 feet on the Andes. G. viscosa, with yellow flowers, belongs to
the Canaries, several others to Siberia. G. prostrata has an extensive range on the
surface of the globe, inhabiting the Alps of Carinthia to the height of 9000 feet, the
Altai Mountains in N. lat. 52°, the summits of the Rocky Mountains in North
America at an elevation of 16,000 fect, growing on plains on the sea-level in
Behring’s Straits, on the eastern slopes of the Andes in §. lat, 385°, and at the
Straits of Magellan. G. aphylla, bearing its erect yellow flowers with few or no
leaves, adorns hollow trees in the woods which clothe the hills in the island of Mar-
tinique. G. concinna produces its delicate flowers, striped with red and white, in
Lord Auckland’s Isles in the far south. Erythrea (2) is a good example of our
British Flora, exhibiting in a small type a very perfect representation of a peculiar
characteristic ; the twisting of the anthers after having discharged the pollen is as
clearly shown in this delicate little flower as in the closely-allied genus Chironia (5),
Chlora (3) is one of the remarkably neat plants that grow on the cliffs of Dover,
and in a few other chalk districts ; the elegant golden flowers expand during sun-
shine in July. The whole plant is bitter, and yields a yellow dye. Villarsia
nymphoides (4) extends its long roots in the margins of the river Thames at
Hampton and higher up; the stems are several feet in length, and are kept floating
by means of the large heart-shaped leaves. A link with the water-lilies is ob-
servable in the leaves being rolled inwards when young; it is a native also of the
Lake of Cashmere. Exacum is another British genus belonging likewise to India.
The most valuable plant we possess in this tribe is the Bogbean Menyanthes
trifoliata ; the triple leaf is not to be mistaken for any other, and the exquisitely
fringed flowers are exceedingly beautiful. The intensely bitter properties render it
an extremely valuable remedy. Lisianthus was first imported from Jamaica
towards the close of the last century. L. Russed/ianus (6) is of later introduction
from Mexico. The root of Frasera affords a pure bitter tonic in North America,
used like that of Gentiana. Agathotes chirayta is equally useful in the Himalayas.
Voyra is an exception to the general character of these plants, having no leaves,
only small brown scales, and a parasitical root.

This Tribe extends over almost every part of the world, from plains to the
verge of perpetual snow; most abundant on the Alps and the Andes ; less fre-
quent in extreme north and south latitudes; rare in New Zealand, Tasmania,
Greenland, Iceland, and the Arctic and Antarctic islands; unknown within the
Polar regions.

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LIBRARY .

OFTHE
UNIVERSITY OF iLLINOIS

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THE TRUMPET-FLOWER TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and a few herbaceous plants; often twining or climbing. The
leaves are opposite, very rarely alternate, compound or sometimes simple, without
stipules, often with tendrils. The flowers are at the ends of the branches, in loose
panicles. The calyx is entire or divided, sometimes a kind of sheath. The corolla
is of one petal, attached to the base of the ovary, usually irregular; four or five-
lobed. The stamens are five, of unequal length, one or three imperfect ; the anthers
are two-celled. The ovary is placed in a disk, two-celled, or partially four-celled.
containing many seeds. ‘The style is single, the stigma is formed of two plates.
The capsule is two-valved, two-celled, often long and compressed, sometimes im-
perfectly four-celled. 'The two plates bearing the seeds meet in the axis and unite
in Bignonia; in Eccremocarpus they adhere exclusively to the edges of the carpels.
The seeds are transverse, compressed, winged, without albumen.

This Tribe is related to several others of similar appearance in inflorescence,
but the winged seeds fixed to a plate distinguish it from all.

Bitter and mucilaginous properties exist in the bark.

Bignonia, the type of this Order, was named by Tournefort after his patron,
the Abbé Bignon, librarian to Louis the Fourteenth. All the species are remark-
able for beautiful flowers; some are large trees in the forests of Brazil, and yield
excellent timber for ships; the Zpewma furnishes the hardest wood in Brazil;
another species, called the Pao d’arco, is found by the natives to be peculiarly
well adapted for making bows. B. capreolata and others show very distinctly
the curiously lobed form of the wood, sometimes having eight or sixteen
divisions. B. radicans (1) is one of the most known in this country, in favourable
situations remaining uninjured through the winter in the open air. It flourishes
still more vigorously in Germany, and may be frequently seen there covering the
walls of courts or gardens. B. echinata has a prickly capsule; the branches are

1. Bignonia radicans, Trumpet-Flower. 3. Catalpa syringifolia, Common Catalpa.
North America. North America.

ee ; 8A Calyx and Pistil
la Ov d Pistil. 138 Winged Seed. ¥ 3
Sa gies a mer 3B Stamens and Pistil.

2. Eccremocarpus scaber, Rough Eccremo- | 4, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Mimosa-leaved Jaca-
carpus. Chile. randa. Brazil.
24 Section of Ovary. 44 Calyx and Pistil.
2B Cross Section. 2c Seed. 4B Flower opened.

BIGNONIACE®.

used medicinally. The leaves of B. chica yield when boiled a red starchy substance
called chica, with which the South American Indians stain their bodies; it is also
employed to give an orange-red hue to cotton. The tough and supple young
branches of B. cherere are woven into a kind of wicker-work. The bark of B.
leucoxylon is considered a valuable antidote to the poisonous Manchineel tree,
Hippomane Mancinella among Euphorbiacee. B. multijuga of the Silhet moun-
tains, in India, bears a slender flat pod fourteen inches long, containing numerous
winged membranaceous delicate seeds. B. xylocarpa has a tuberculated seed-vessel
three feet long, as large as a walking-stick ; a very remarkable appearance have
these pods hanging in abundance from the trees on the Malabar Ghauts.

Eccremocarpus, named from its pendent seed, is a very elegant genus; E.
scaber (2) is now become a frequent inhabitant of our gardens, climbing ovey
trellis-work or walls in a southern position, and is of extremely elegant growth.
Catalpa, the Indian name in North America, is one of the most beautiful of the
flowering trees introduced to Europe. ‘The leaves of C. syringifolia (8) come forth
late in the season, but are large and of a bright green; when the numerous spikes
of delicately coloured flowers appear towards the end of July, the graceful beauty of
its aspect can scarcely be surpassed. The long seed-vessels are rarely produced in
this country ; in America, a decoction made from them is said to be a remedy for
coughs. Although of so tender an appearance, these trees are able to endure the
smoky atmosphere of large cities ; one of the first seen here was planted by Lord
Bacon in the gardens of Gray’s Inn, London, and as well as one in Lincoln’s Inn,
blossoms freely in summer. C. longissima of the West Indies is a taller species,
with oblong wavy leaves. Jacaranda (4) retains its Brazilian appellation; all the
species have extremely graceful foliage, resembling that of ferns in general character ;
in our conservatories, they grow freely in foliage, but seldom bear flowers. ‘Tecoma
is a Mexican genus, growing also in Brazil and at the Cape of Good Hope; like
others of this tribe, it has brilliant flowers, and contributes to the embellishment of
the world. Some of the species have useful properties ; T. impetiginosa contains a
large portion of tannin, and its bitter mucilaginous bark is employed for medical
baths and other purposes. The leaves have also valuable healing qualities. In-
earvillea is indigenous to China and Japan, and also has been discovered on the
Himalayas. Amphicome arguta grows in Kunawur; the seed-vessel is a slender
pod, of nearly similar appearance to some of the cruciferous plants. Trigono-
carpus belongs to the Burmese coast, Schrebera to the south of India, Wightia to
Nepal. Fieldia is a native of New Holland.

The plants of this Tribe adorn the Tropical countries of both hemispheres ; some
extend to the north as far as Pennsylvania in North America; others southwards
to the southern parts of Chile in South America. None belong to Europe.

LIBRARY | oe |

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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POLEMONIACE &.

THE POLEMONIUM TRIBE.

Hersaceovus plants, some of which are climbing. ‘The leaves are opposite, occa-
sionally alternate, compound, or simple. The flowers are generally in panicles,
seldom solitary ; the calyx is usually below the ovary, five-parted at the top, some-
times irregular, persistent. The corolla is regular, or nearly so, five-lobed. 'The
stamens are five, inserted into the middle of the tube of the corolla, alternately with
its-‘segments ; the pollen’ of the anthers is mostly blue. ‘The ovary is above the
calyx, three-celled, with few or many ovules; the style is simple, the stigma trifid.
The capsule has three cells and three valves, which separate from the three-
cornered central axis. The seeds are angular or oval, containing horny albumen ;
sometimes winged ; often enveloped in a viscid substance full of entangled spiral
threads.

This Tribe is connected with Convolvulacee by Cobea: it has also affinity
with Gentianacex, but is distinguished by the three-celled ovary.

These plants are mucilaginous and bitter.

Polemonium was known to the ancients, and is said by Pliny to have derived
its name from the circumstance of two kings disputing who had the honour of dis-
covering its value. Whatever may have been the supposed efficacy formerly, it is
now classed among the useless plants, although Polemonium cerulewm (1) is one
of the prettiest of our native flowers. It grows chiefly in the north of England and
south of Scotland; at Malham and Gordale, in Yorkshire, it is abundant, often as
much as two feet high; in cottage gardens it is a common ornament, generally
known by the name of Greek Valerian, or Jacob’s Ladder; it has been found also
on the Himalayas. P. reptans is a creeping species of North America; P. mext-
canum belongs to Mexico. P. gracile reaches the northern limit of the tribe in
Siberia, and it is also known in Japan. Glia is a genus named after a Spanish
botanist, introduced of late years from California and Chile. he leaves of all the
species are extremely slender, and the flowers very delicate. G. tricolor (2) was
first brought to England twenty years ago, and is now an established favourite in the

1. Polemonium ceruleum, Greek Valerian. 3. Phlox Drummondii, Drummond's Phlox.
England, Texas.
a Y ~ 2 A : - .
[a Stamen. 1p Capsule. 4, Cobea scandens, Climbing Cobea. Mexico.
lc Section of Capsule. Ip Seed. 4a. Stamen.
ce = fe m5 | i hy “i ; acilis
2. Gilia tricolor, Three-coloured Gilia. 5a. Pistil of Collomia gracilis.
California. | 5B. Section of Ovary.

POLEMONIACE.

garden. Phlox being derived from the Greek signifying flame, was probably at first
applied to a different plant ; the species now so called are natives of North America ;
they are of hardy nature and produce their bright flowers of various shades of
purple late in autumn, when red or yellow flowers are more prevalent; they are
consequently a pleasing addition to the flower border, and help to maintain the due
harmony of colour. P. paniculata and its white variety are old inhabitants of our
gardens, well known formerly as Lychnidea. At the base of the slender curved
tube is a store of honey, which bees extract, biting a hole in the tube. Several
other species have been imported lately from North America, and though of more
lowly growth, bear panicles of beautiful bright flowers of various shades of red and
purple. This genus extends to Japan. Cobsa was named by Cavanilles in honour
of Barnadez Cobo, a Spanish naturalist and author in the middle of the seventeenth
century. Jt is an exception to the usual character of the tribe, being of a climbing
habit, and possessing extraordinary power of growth in length of branches; in the
shelter of a conservatory, it has been observed to attain 200 feet in the course of
the summer. The number of pores in a square inch of the under surface of the
leaf is 20,000 ; the capacity for development in plants seems in some degree to be
connected with the number of pores. Mistletoe has only 200 pores in the square
inch, and never attains to any great length. Rhubarb has 40,000, and expands
its leaf and stalk to an immense size. Cyanathus belongs entirely to lofty parts of
the Himalaya. Collomia gracilis (5), an extremely viscid plant, is a native of
North America, now frequent in English gardens. Leptosiphon, so named from
the exceedingly slender tube of the corolla, is a late importation from California, in
which country several other genera of this tribe exist.

These herbaceous plants are most abundant in the Temperate latitudes of North
and South America, more particularly in the North-west regions. A few only are
natives of Europe and Asia. In the Tropics they are unknown.

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CONVOLVULACEA.

THE BIND-WEED TRIBE.

Suruss and herbaceous plants, usually twining, and containing milky juice; the
stalk and Jeaves are smooth, or simply downy ; a few only are erect shrubs, and a
few are leafless climbing parasites. The leaves are undivided, or lobed, seldom
pinnatifid, and are without stipules. The flowers grow at the ends of the branches,
or from the base of the leaf-stalks, or in dense clusters; the flower-stalks have
usually two bracts, which enlarge after flowering. The calyx has five divisions,
often unequal, persistent. The corolla is of one petal, attached to the base of the
ovary, regular, and deciduous; the limb is five-lobed and plaited. The stamens
are five, inserted into the base of the corolla, alternate with its segments. The
ovary has from two to four cells, seldom only one, few-seeded. The style is single,
usually parted at the top, sometimes with as many divisions as those of the ovary,
and arising from their base. The stigmas are obtuse or acute. Around the base
of the ovary is an annular disk. The capsule has from one to four cells, and is dry
or succulent. The seeds have a small quantity of mucilaginous or fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Boraginacez and Polemoniacez.

An acrid milky juice exists in these plants.

Conyolvulus is a genus of very beautiful, though ephemeral flowers ; it contains
also the useful Batatas of the East and West Indies, and the medicinal gum-resin
Scammony of Arabia. C. sepium (1) is a graceful ornament of our hedges; the
flowers, as usual in this tribe, wither after a few hours, but in cloudy weather
remain open till towards evening, though they generally close before rain. The
calyx being protected and shaded from any outward influence by the two large
bracts is exceedingly pure and transparent in texture, affording in the microscope
an excellent view of the circulation of juices in the cells. The root is said to possess
properties equal to Scammony. C. americana (2) is a corresponding species in the
hedges of America, and scarcely differs except in the bright pink colour of the

1. Conyolvulus sepium, Great Hedge Bindweed. 5a Ovary and Pistil. 5B Slamen.
England. He Capsule. 5p Top of Capsule.
2. Convolvulus Americana, American Bindweed. 5E Cell with two Seeds. br Section.

America. | 6. Ipomea quamoclit, Fine-leaved Ipomea.
3. Convolvulus Soldanella, Sea-shore Bindweed. East Indies.

Coast, England.

4. Ipomea purpurea, Major Convolvulus.
America. | 84. Cuscuta verrucosa. Ovary and Calyx.

7. Cuscuta epithymum, Lesser Dodder.

5. Convolvulus tricolor, Minor Convolvulus. 8B Fruit. 80 Section of Ovary.
South Europe. | 9A. Cuscuta Europea. Flower opened.
DD

CONVOLVULACE.

flower. C. Soldanella (3) is one of the creeping-rooted plants which bind the
sand of our coast in Essex and elsewhere, and is one of the three British plants
existing in the Galapagos Isles. The leaves are small and tough, as is common in
such situations; but the flowers are fragile, expand in the morning, and are of
short duration. These species, and a few others, have lately been named Calystegia,
on account of the bracts. Ipomea purpurea (4) is one of the general su
favourites in gardens, exhibiting daily an interesting variety of colours; the deep
blue predominating whilst the plant is in full vigour, gradually fading with its
strength and the decline of temperature, the last flowers being generally pink, This
suggests two ideas—whether the development of blue depend on the power of the
plant to acquire carbon, or on the state of light in the atmosphere. OC. tricolor (5)
has been long admired as a flower of pleasing lively aspect. CO. arvensis, of our
waysides, is found also in Madeira. Ipomea quamoclit (6) is one of the few
examples of a finely-divided leaf in this order; it was introduced into our con-
servatories early in the seventeenth century, from the East Indies; the West Indies
also includes it in its flora. A traveller and botanist, now in St. Domingo, mentions
it as adorning a grave with its brilliant scarlet flowers. It has likewise been found
entwining round Euphorbia nerecfolia in South China. I. tuberosa, the arbour
vine of Jamaica, extends its stems to a very considerable length. I. pes-capre
stretches runners 200 feet along the sandy beach of Panama. The root of I.
pandurata, is used as Jalap in the United States; but I. Jalapa, from Xalapa, in
Mexico, affords the chief supply of that medicinal resinous drug. I. Turpethum,
of the East Indies, Malay Isles, New Holland, and the Isles of the Pacific, affords
a valuable medicine. The leaves of I. maritima are used for fomentation in Brazil,
and several other Tropical species possess valuable properties. Pharbitis cerulea
yields medicine from its seeds; P. cathartica from the root. Piptostegia is a
medicinal genus of Brazil. The Mexican poison Guaco is said to be a kind of
Convolvulus.

Cuscuta forms the type of the parasitical leafless section of this order; it re-
sembles mistletoe in the manner of attaching itself to other plants, the suckers
penetrating as far as the first wood, and never farther; it, however, differs in its
early growth, commencing by rooting in the earth, and only afterwards becoming
detached, and deriving its sole nourishment from the plant to which it clings by
means of the small suckers on its stalk. OC. epithymum (7) is frequent on heaths,
entwining its thread-like stems around furze and other plants, twisting in close
coils, then branching off and bearing clusters of delicate and beautifully shaped
flowers. C. ewropea is less common, and is chiefly found on thistles, nettles, and
flax. C. epilinum, of Germany, has of late years been observed on flax in this
country, and was probably introduced with that seed. In Bohemia, C. monogyna
is often clinging over willows and poplars. A gigantic species in Affghanistan
covers willows thirty feet high. C. racemosa is used medicinally in Brazil; the
fresh juice for hoarseness, the dried powder for healing wounds.

This Tribe is abundant in the Tropics, found in all Temperate regions, rare in
cold climates, and unknown in the coldest. Cuscuta is less frequent in Tropical
countries, where its place is filled by Cassytha among the Laurel tribe.

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BORAGINACE A.

THE BORAGE TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, with round stems. The leaves are alternate,
simple, often covered with rough hairs growing out of a hard base; without
stipules. ‘The flowers grow on one-sided spikes, or racemes, or panicles, some-
times solitary from the base of the leaf-stalk. The calyx has four or five divisions,
and is persistent. The corolla is of one petal attached to the base of the ovary,
tubular, the upper part divided into as many segments as the calyx. The stamens
are inserted on the corolla, are equal in number with the segments, and alternate
with them. ‘The ovary is four-parted, and four-seeded ; or two-parted, and four-
celled. The style is simple, arising from the base of the lobes of the ovary in
Borago and others, terminal in Heliotropium and Tournefortia; the stigma is
simple or bifid. The seeds distinct, four or two, separable from their covering,
destitute of albumen. Those of Tournefortia are connected in a berry, and con-
tain a small portion of albumen.

This Tribe is closely allied to the Nettle tribe, but has a regular corolla, a
round not a square stem, and rough leaves without resinous dots.

These plants contain mucilaginous cooling properties.

Borago was known to Pliny as a cheering addition to wine; the flowers of
B. officinalis (1) were long after his time used as an ingredient in a cooling,
refreshing beverage. It has a tapering mucilaginous root, and large succulent »
stalks, which, as well as the leaves, are thickly beset with sharp bristles. Like all
the plants of this tribe, the flower-stalk is incurved until the .buds open, and the
petals of this genus and many others are pink in the bud, and only acquire their
bright azure hue when fully expanded. This is one of the curious facts respecting
the colouring of flowers requiring the combined study of chemist and botanist.
B. orientalis is a native of Turkey; B. crassifolia of Persia. Cerinthe (2) is
common in France, and there called Medinet ; in England, Honey-wort, from the
store it offers to bees. In Italy and Sicily it grows plentifully. Myosotis (4) is

1. Borago officinalis, Common Borage. 4. Myosotis palustris, Forget-me-not.
1a Calyx. ls Petal. England. Streams, England,
lc Stamen. Ip Anther. dA. Pistil of Symphytum.
2. Cerinthe major, Great Honey-wort. 5B Calyx with two Nuts.
South of France. 5o Section of Seed.
3. Tournefortia cymosa, Broad-leaved Tourne- | 6a. Fruit of Ehretia.
fortia. Jamaica. 6B Section of Fruit.

3A Flower. 6c Seed. 6p Section.

BORAGINACE.

one of the fairest ornaments of our rivulets, and has been named Forget-me-not
here and in Germany, and considered an emblem of friendship. The pink buds
change to a pure enamelled blue when open. Other species grow in woods, fields,
and other dry situations. M. versicolor has yellow flowers mingled with the blue.
M. azorica, brought by Mr. H. C. Watson from the Azores, is larger and of a
deeper blue than any of our British species. Several other genera of this tribe
belong to our flora. Anchusa officinalis, the Alkanet of old authors, was formerly
supposed to possess cordial properties; it is chiefly to be seen near the sea in
Northumberland. Cynoglossum, the Hound’s-tongue of waste ground and road-
sides, has a pungent, nauseous scent, and is esteemed narcotic. Amongst the
flowers which come forth in May is Pulmonaria; the leaves, once supposed to be
efficacious for coughs, are speckled with white. The fleshy mucilaginous roots of
Symphytum officinale had also formerly a reputation for coughs; it grows
generally in watery places, as in a hedge ditch; once plentiful near the Thames
in the meadows of Twickenham. S8. tuberosa, with its large white roots, belongs
more to the south of Scotland than to England ; it is found likewise in the woods
and mountains of Germany. Echium vulgare, the Viper’s-Bugloss, is clothed in
all parts with prickly bristles arising from callous points; notwithstanding its
roughness, it is a fine plant when the long spike of red buds, and the blue flowers,
have attained the height of one or two feet. On some of the old walls in the north
of France it grows much taller, and is very beautiful. E. rubrum yields a red
substance, useful to dyers. Lithospermum is distinguished by the grey polished
seeds, as hard as stones; it is sometimes called Grey Millet, from the appearance
of the seeds. The bristles of this genus are minute and hard; the flowers blue or
buff. L. arvense, growing principally in corn-fields, has white flowers. The red
coating of the roots serves as a red dye, but that of L. tinctoréa is more used.
Onosmodium is one of the few species of N. America; Trichodesma, of Northern
India, where it is used to cure the bite of snakes. Tournefortia, named by
Linneus after the great French botanist, belongs to the section of this tribe with
the seeds united in a berry, preserving the two chief characters of rough leaves and
incurved flower-stalks. T. argentea bears a pretty cluster of white berries.
T. cymosa (3) has an extremely graceful aspect when the slender cymes of pale
flowers hang from amidst the large leaves. Some species of Ehretia (6) bear
eatable berries. The favourite flower of this section is the fragrant Heliotrope.
Heliotropium ewropeum has been cultivated three hundred years. H. peruvianum
was brought from Peru about a century ago; it has larger clusters of flowers, and
is more highly scented. H. ewropceum is one of these plants found on the plains of
India. H. malabaricum is peculiar to that country. Anchusa, Myosotis, and
some other European genera, exist also in the Himalayas.

This Tribe inhabits chiefly the Temperate countries of the Northern Hemisphere,
is very abundant in South Europe and Central Asia, diminishing northwards.
Heliotropium. Tournefortia, and others, are principally Tropical trees or shrubs ;
a few only extending to South Europe, or in America as far as 45° north.

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THE WATER-LEAF TRIBE.

Smatu trees, bushes, and herbaceous plants, often hairy. The leaves are some-
times lobed, alternate, or the lower ones opposite. The flowers are on curling
spikes, occasionally solitary and stalked, growing at the base of the leaf-stalks.
The calyx is below the ovary, persistent, deeply five-cleft, sometimes having re-
flexed appendages between the lobes. The corolla is of one petal, placed below the
ovary, regular in form, five-cleft at the top, partly campanulate. The stamens are
five, alternate with the segments of the corolla, bent inwards in the bud; the
anthers are two-celled, gaping longitudinally. The ovary is simple, two-celled,
with two long styles and two stigmas. The fruit is a two-valved capsule, one or
two-seeded ; the seeds are netted on the exterior, and contain abundant cartila-
ginous albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Boraginaceex, but is distinguished by the terminal
style, and the scales at the base of the corolla.

Slightly bitter properties exist in an unimportant degree in a few of these
plants.

Hydrophyllum is named from the Greek for water and leaf, on account of the
small portion of water contained in the folded leaf during the early growth of the
plant. Hydrophyllum virginicum (1) inhabits marshes in North America, known
and eaten as Shawanese salad in spring when the leaves are tender: introduced
into the Chelsea Botanic Garden 1739. H. canadense is a nearly similar species,
one of the many cures for the bite of snakes, and the noxious exhalations from
Rhus Toxicodendron. H. capitatum grows in shady swamps and rocky groves
bordering the rivulets of the Upper Missouri; a bushy plant two feet high, of a
succulent nature, bearing white pellucid flowers. Hydrolea spinosa (2) abounds
in the moist marshy places on the banks of rivers in the Island of Cayenne. The
whole plant is downy ; the bitter properties of the leaves render them useful as a
healing remedy for wounds in the West Indies : it may be occasionally seen in
our conservatories, but of slender size, not attaining the vigour of growth of its
native country, where it forms bushes three feet in height. H. zeylanica extends

1. Hydrophyllum Virginicum, Virginian Water- | 2. Hydrolea spinosa, Thorny Hydrolea.

leaf. North America. 24 Calyx and Ovary. South America.
1a Flower, opened. 2B Stamen. 20 Section of Ovary.
1p Ovary and Pistil. 3. Eutoca viscida, Clammy Eutoca. California.
le Section of Ovary. 4. Nemophila phaceloides, Blue Nemophila.

1p Cross section. lz Section of Seed. North America.

HYDROPHYLLACE.

over the plains of India from north to south. Eutoca is one of the numerous
annual herbs with pretty blue flowers, discovered lately in North America, adding
considerable embellishment to our gardens during the summer months. E. viscida
(3) is clothed with hairs, having minute viscid glands; the capsule contains many
small seeds. E. glandulosa is a very beautiful species, with flowers of a deep blue,
growing on the bituminous slate rocks of the hills bounding the Colorado river in
the Upper Missouri country. Nemophila phace/loides (4) is also from the abundant
store furnished by North America, and well suited to our climate; though of a
very delicate texture, it remains in flower in the open border until late in autumn.
Several other species have been lately imported. Whitlavia was discovered in
California by Dr. Coulter, and named after a zealous patron of the Botanic Garden
at Belfast. W. grandiflora nearly resembles Eutoca in general growth, but the
flowers are more bell-shaped. W. minor differs chiefly in its less size. Ellisia
nyctalea grows amidst the Marmot burrows of the prairies of the Upper Missouri.
Romanzovia is one of the few examples of this tribe forming part of the scanty
vegetation of Arctic America. Codon is a native of the Cape. Nama belongs to
both the East and West Indies.

This Tribe is scattered over the northern and extreme southern provinces of
North America, rare in other countries.

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THE POTATO TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants. The leaves are alternate, undivided, or
lobed ; some near the flowers are placed close together. The flowers are various,
sometimes growing from the base of the leaf-stalk. ‘The calyx is below the ovary,
five-parted, seldom four, persistent. The corolla is of one petal, attached below the
base of the ovary; the top five-cleft, seldom four, regular. The stamens are
inserted upon the corolla, as many as its segments, and alternate with them; the
anthers burst by pores, or lengthwise. The ovary is usually two-celled; the style
single, stigma simple. The seed-vessel is a capsule with two, four, five, or many
cells ; or a berry ; the seeds are many, and contain fleshy albumen.

This Tribe is chiefly distinguished from Scrophulariaceze by the flowers being
regular, with as many stamens as lobes.

Narcotic and even poisonous properties exist in these plants, as well as whole-
some food in some portions.

Solanum includes herbaceous weeds, some of which are noxious, spiny shrubs,
and a very few trees; the nutritious potato, the narcotic tobacco, and several
medicinal species of value. S. dulcamara (1) is common throughout Europe ;
it is sometimes called Bittersweet, the roots havifig first a bitter, then a sweet
flavour. S. nigrum the other British species, with white flowers and black berries,
is narcotic; this is one of the three English plants found in the Galapagos Isles.
The fruit of S. Lycopersicum (3) is more esteemed for food on the Continent than
here, and is much cultivated in the south of Italy. 8S. melongena, the egg-plant,
is grown both in the East and West Indies for the sake of the fruit, in shape and
whiteness like an egg. In the north of Africa it is plentiful, and is eaten at
Tangier by Moors and Europeans. S. ethiopicum supplies Chinese Mandarins
with a delicate fruit the size of cherries. But the most important beyond compare
is S. tuberosum, the Potato, first brought to Spain from the Andes, near Quito,
early in the sixteenth century; it was thence taken to Italy and Vienna. Sir

1. Solanum dulcamara, Nightshade. England. | 4. Juanulloa parasitica, Parasitic Juanulloa.

1a Calyx: and Pistil. lp Stamens. Peru.

lc Stamen. 1p Section of Seed. 5. Capsicum baccatum. East and West Indies.

“eee : j. Brugmansia : i Red Brugmansia.
2. Nicotiana tabacum, Tobacco. N. America. 3 eee RS are eet mig os

2a Flower, opened. 7a. Ovary of Petunia

3. Solanum Lycopersicum, Tomato. 8a. Capsule of Hyoscyamus.
S. America, | 9A. Fruit of Datura Stramonium.

SOLANACE.

Walter Raleigh found it in Virginia, and introduced it to England and Ireland
in 1586. Tow ards the end of the eighteenth century it became spread all over
Europe, except the hot parts of Spain, and was accepted as a wholesome and
valuable addition to the common food of man. Potatoes are not true roots, but
tubers formed on underground branches, and contain leaf-buds arranged spirally
around, capable of producing new plants. On the plains of Brazil grows S. wndu-
latum, eight feet high, with thorny branches, large purple flowers, and fruit nine
inches in diameter. 8. laciniatum yields the eatable Kangaroo apple in Tasmania.
Nicotiana (2) is better known by its name of Tobacco; derived from the Mexican
place of its growth ; for nearly three hundred years it has been the favourite narcotic
in almost every country in the world, rivalled chiefly by the Betel of the East. It
was first used by Sir Walter Raleigh, who thus provided the English with two
popular plants out of this tribe. Immense quantities are cultivated in America,
China, Japan, and other Eastern countries, as well as in Europe, wherever the
temperature is sufficiently hot. The leaves being the part used, great care is taken
to encourage their growth, rather than that of the flowers. N. rustica, with green
flowers, is also grown in Germany. Among the powerful narcotic medicines
afforded by this tribe; Hyoscyamus niger Henbane is the most ancient in fame; it
grows on heaps of rubbish in various countries, usually in the neighbourhood of
dwellings. The corolla is delicately veined; the capsule (8) opens with a lid, and
contains numerous seeds. Datura stramonium, the Thorn Apple (9) of South
America, is now indigenous here; the whole plant is poisonous, but some parts
yield medicine. ‘Atzopa Belladonna affords a powerful medicine for the eyes ;
the black berries are poisonous. The Hottentots obtain a virulent poison for their
arrows from Acocanthera venenata. Juanulloa (4), named after two scientific
botanists of Madrid, is an exception to the usual character of these plants, being
parasitic in its growth. The seeds of Capsicum baccatum (5) when pounded are
known as Cayenne Pepper. The pods are used in the West Indies as a pungent
seasoning for food. Those of C. annuum are generally pickled in a green state.
Brugmansia sanguinea (6) is one of the ornamental shrubs of Peru; the flowers of
all the species are graceful in form; those of B. arborea are large and exceedingly
fragrant. Physalis alkekeng/; with its scarlet berry inclosed in the inflated mem-
branous calyx, is thought pretty in our gardens; in Switzerland the fruit is
commonly eaten. Verbascum is a genus of considerable beauty, native in Britain
and throughout Europe; the leaves and stem are in some species so abundantly
clothed with downy cotton that it is used for the wicks of lamps. Petunia,
Nierembergia and Salpiglossis are all South ‘American, now contributing countless
varieties of gay flowers, hardy enough to flourish in European gardens.

This Tribe is found in nearly all countries except those within the Arctic and
Antarctic Circles, most abundant in the Tropics, and chiefly in species of Solanum.

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POROPHULA RIACH A:

THE FIG-WORT TRIBE.

Survuss and herbaceous plants. The leaves are opposite, alternate, or whorled.
The flowers are on branching stalks, or grow from the base of the leaf-stalk ;
seldom in spikes. The flower-stalks are opposite or alternate, simple and one-
flowered, or many-flowered on dichotomous branches. ‘The ealyx is below the
ovary, persistent, four or five-lobed; the sepals more or less divided, sometimes
quite distinct, often unequal, the side ones smaller. The corolla is of one petal,
five-parted, or the two upper petals united at their points, making it four-parted ;
the tube is long or short; the upper part of the corolla flat, as in Veronica, or
erect, nearly equally divided, or two-lipped, sometimes spurred at the base, folded
over in the bud, the upper lobe innermost. The stamens are in a single row
opposite the sepals, the upper one wanting or imperfect, the two lower often
deficient ; the anthers are two-celled, opening lengthwise. The ovary is two-celled,
the style simple or rarely bifid. The fruit is a capsule, seldom a berry, two-celled,
sometimes opening by pores or lids. The seeds are small, numerous, and contain
albumen.

This Tribe has most affinity with Solanacez, but the corolla differs in not being
plaited. Buchnera being leafless, and Striga parasitic, they form a link with
Orobanchacee.

Acrid and bitter properties prevail in the leaves and roots of several species.

Scrophularia, Fig-wort, is dispersed over Europe, and extends to the Canaries,
north of Africa, and the Levant. SS. aquatica (1) is frequent in ditches, and is
remarkable for the acute angles of the stem, and the small dark flowers. It has
an unpleasant scent, and scarcely any animals will eat it. It is said, however,
that the roots are wholesome, and that they afforded food to the starving garrison
at the siege of Rochelle. 8. divaricata, of the Altai mountains, has extremely

1. Serophularia aquatica, Water Fig-wort. 3. Linaria vulgaris, Common Toad-flax.
England. England.
1a Flower opened. 4, Veronica chamedrys, Germander Speedwell,
1p Calyx and Ovary. le Stamen. England.
Ip Section of Ovary. 5. Mimulus moschatus, Musk-plant. Colombia.
Se Bia, magnifies. 6. Chelone barbata. Mexico.
pe bee oa et 7. Torenia asiatita. East Indies.

eee 8a. Antirrhinum majus. Capsule.
2. Digitalis purpurea, Purple Foxglove. ; : J z f
England. 8B. Capsule of A. orontiun.

2a Stamens. 9a. Flower of Calceolaria.

SCROPHULARIACE®.

large leaves. Digitalis was so named by Fuchs, from the flower being shaped like
athimble. D. purpurea (2) is one of the most ornamental of our native plants,
and is admitted to gardens and shrubberies: although a strong poison, it affords a
valuable medicine in the dried leaves. Several species are natives of Europe;
D. ambigua and others with yellow blossoms are amongst the beautiful flowers
that adorn the Alps of Switzerland and Tyrol, delighting the traveller and
botanist. Linaria is abundant on hedge-banks in many districts; its flowers
yield a yellow dye and a bitter medicine, but in sandy pastures it becomes a
-troublesome weed. lL. cymbalaria grows chiefly on walls, and can endure the
smoke of cities; it has a pungent flavour like cress, and is supposed to have medi-
cinal value in India. lL. pilosa of the Pyrenees has round leaves, densely hairy.
L. sapphirina is an exceedingly elegant Portuguese species. Antirrhinum is of
nearly similar appearance, but the flower has no spur, is merely swollen at the
/ase. A. majus, seen on some of our old walls, affords many pleasing varieties
or gardens. ‘The seed-vessel (8) opening by three pores, has a strong resemblance
to the head of a monkey. Veronica chamedrys (4), an example of the flat-
flowered section of the tribe, is a general favourite, opening its delicate blue flower
in spring on banks and in meadows. Before the true Tea was imported, it was
used for a common beverage, and is still esteemed good in Sweden. All the
European species are small herbs, but V. speciosa of New Zealand is a large
plant bearing fine spikes of blue flowers; an arborescent kind has been dis-
covered in Lord Auckland’s Isles. V. beccabunga and other British species
belong also to mountain rivulets in North America. Mimulus moschatus (5)
is very fragile, but much cultivated for its agreeable scent. Torenia (7) is
considered medicinal in Malabar. Euphrasia, Eyebright, is one of the plants
constantly to be found on our chalk downs, occasionally used for its medicinal
qualities. Melampyrum is a favourite with cows, and is said to cause good butter.
Rhinanthus, the Yellow-Rattle, usually forms part of the crop in a hay-meadow.
Like others of this tribe, the flowers resemble the nose of an animal. Such like-
nesses have been imagined for several of these flowers. Chelone (6) was so named
from the Greek for a tortoise, which the back of the flower was thought to resemble
in shape, though not in colour. Buddlea globosa is a shrub with honey-scented
orange-coloured flowers: B. madagascariensis bears slender spikes of flowers. B.
Neemda is an elegant Indian species; all have long narrow leaves, silvery beneath.
Teedia and Manulea come from the Cape. Browallia, Schizanthus, and others,
have been introduced from Chile and Peru by exploring travellers. Paulownia is
a tree bearing noble spikes of purple flowers on brown stalks; rarely flowering in
this country, forming an obvious link with Bignoniacee. Maurandya and Lopho-
spermum are climbing plants flowering abundantly. Among useful medicinal
plants in this tribe is Gratiola officinalis in the meadow pastures of Switzerland,
G. peruviana in Peru, Bramia serrata in Brazil, and Vandelia diffusa in Guiana.
Scoparia dulcis is a remedy for ague in Jamaica. Picrorhiza and Herpestes are
intensely bitter herbs of India. Sibthorpia is a graceful little trailing plant in
Cornwall, recording the name of the collector of the classical Flora Greea. Limo-
sella aquatica, the humble Mud-wort of ponds, also finds its place in this tribe of
varied aspect. The corolla of Calceolaria (9) is extremely enlarged at the base,
forming a kind of slipper.

This Tribe is extensively dispersed over the world, from the Tropics to the
coldest regions; in Central Europe it forms about one-twenty sixth of flowering
plants; one species is found in Melville Isle, and several contribute to the scanty
vegetation of Tierra del Fuego.

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102

LAMIACE A.

THE DEAD-NETTLE TRIBE.

Unper-survss and herbaceous plants: the stems are four-cornered, with opposite
branches. The leaves are opposite, divided or undivided, without stipules, covered
with receptacles of aromatic oil. ‘The flowers are nearly sessile, opposite, sometimes
in circles around the stem, sometimes solitary. The calyx is tubular, below the
ovary, persistent, the odd tooth next the stem, five to ten-toothed, usually two-
lipped. The corolla is of one petal, attached below the ovary, two-lipped, the
upper lip whole or bifid, overlapping the lower in the bud. The stamens are four,
two long, two short, placed upon the corolla alternately with the lobes of the lower
lip, the two upper sometimes wanting ; the anthers are two-celled, or one-celled at
the point. The ovary is four-lobed, seated on a fleshy disk; the single style pro-
ceeds from the base of the ovary, the stigma is acutely bifid. The fruit is one or
four small nuts, enclosed within the calyx, but uncovered. 'The seeds areerect, with
little or no albumen.

! This Tribe has close affinity with Verbenacez, but is distinguished from that
and all other allied tribes by its four-lobed ovary.

A fragrant aromatic oil exists abundantly in the leaves of these plants. None
are unwholesome.

Lamium is a genus of very little beauty, and few or no aromatic properties, yet
as it exhibits very distinctly the chief characters of this Order, it has been selected
to give its name to the whole tribe. L. maculatum (1) is the prettiest of our
native species; L. album, the white Dead-nettle, the most common. The only
species thought worthy of a place in gardens is L. orvala of Italy, but even that is
now rarely seen. Salvia ranks amongst the best of the tribe; it contains many
herbs and under-shrubs, and is widely dispersed. 8. verbenaca of our fields be-
longs to each great division of the globe. The leaves are usually covered with a
fine network of veins, and pores full of aromatic oil. 8. officinalis of South Europe

1. Lamium maculatum, Spotted Dead-Nettle. 4. Seutellaria cordifolia, Heart-leaved Sculel-
Eneland. laria. Mexico.
1a Flower opened. lB Calyx.

le Calyx-and Ovary. 5. Betonica grandiflora. Siberia.

2. Salvia patens, Spreading-flowered Salvia. ba. Flower of Salvia. .
South America 6B Ovary and Pistil.
2a Ovary and Disk. 6c Section of Ovary. Gp Seed.
3. Galeobdolon luteum, Yellow Weasle-Snout. 7A. Flower of Lavandula.
England. 7B Calyx and Pistil.

LAMIACE&.

was formerly much used for its beneficial properties, and still retains a place in herb
gardens, for cooking purposes. $8. Sc/areais made into wine in some countries. §.
patens (2) is now become a hardy inhabitant of our gardens, and is one of the most
beantiful species. 8. sp/endens is another fine specimen from Mexico, producing its
bright red flowers late in the autumn. §8. glutinosa is atall plant, with pale yellow
flowers, very abundant on mountains in Switzerland. 8. patula, with white flowers,
is Portuguese. Galeobdolon (3) inhabits shady places in Kent and a few other coun-
ties, but is not common ; it grows also in moist woods on the Continent. Scutellaria
cordifolia (4) is a brilliant example of a lowly genus; G. minor is a remarkably
neat little plant, growing in marshy places in Wales and elsewhere; the calyx has
a peculiar projection at the back, and closes when the flower falls. Betonica
grandiflora (5) has the same character of a wide interval between the pairs of
leaves, as our B. officinalis, which was once considered useful as a medicine, and in
dyeing wool yellow. So numerous are the aromatic species in this tribe, it is im-
possible to describe them all. Many are of extensive value, and were amongst the
earliest medicinal herbs used in our island; some were brought from the south by
monks and missionaries. Rosemary grows by the sea on the south and west of
France; by distillation, it yields a fragrant oil, and a substance resembling camphor
is obtained from the leaves: the peculiarly fine flavour of Narbonne honey is sup-
posed to be caused by the bees feeding on the flowers. 'The Welsh still consider it
emblematical of repentance, and scatter it on graves. Melissa, Balm, affords honey
to bees, and a pleasant tea, in former times much employed in fevers. One of the
most fragrant of our native aromatic plants is Thymus Serpyllum, creeping over
heaths and commons, becoming quite dwarf, like many others on chalk downs. TT.
vulgaris is the garden Thyme. 'T. capitellatus, the bracts covered with glands, is
common in Portugal. Mentha piperita yields the medicinal Pepper-mint; M.
viridis, the culinary Spear-mint, used also medicinally, both in the form of oil and
water. M. Pulegium is the useful herb Penny-royal. But the most esteemed,
probably, of European species, is Lavender, Lavandula vera, frequent in many parts
of the Continent, particularly on the Lavendelberg, at Kreuznach, near the Rhine,
and between the lakes of Neuchatel and Morat, in Switzerland. The fragrant
volatile oil contained in the flowers (7) is a chief ingredient in Eau de Cologne and
perfumery of all kinds. L. Spica yields an oil used in porcelain-painting. LL.
Stachas, French Lavender, is a native of the Stechades, on the south coast of
France. Basil, Savory, Marjoram, and several others, are valuable as domestic
herbs. Horehound and Ground-Ivy are also of common use in country districts
as remedies for coughs. A species of Ocymum affords eatable tubers in Madagasear,
but this is a rare instance in the tribe. In Brazil many species have valuable
medicinal qualities, and are used by the natives. Martius describes the famous
Matico as a Phlomis. The celebrated Patchouli of the East, used to stuff beds,
is said to belong to this aromatic tribe.

Chiefly abundant in Temperate regions, between 40° and 50° of North latitude ;
growing in hot, dry situations, as well as in woods, hedges, and meadows; a few
only in marshes. In the isles of the Mediterranean, they form about one-twentieth
of the Flora. In the northern provinces of India, two hundred species have been
discovered. To the north of Europe they diminish gradually, are rare in Lapland,
and not found in Melville Isle.

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103

OROBANCHACE ZA.

THE BROOM-RAPE TRIBE.

Herzacrous plants, growing parasitically on the roots of other plants. The
stems are without leaves, covered with brown scales. The calyx is below the
ovary, divided, persistent. The corolla is of one petal, attached below the ovary,
irregular in form, folded over in the bud. The stamens are four, two of them
larger than the others; the anthers are generally two-celled, occasionally one-celled,
the cells are distinct, often hooked at the top, bearded at the base. The ovary is
above the calyx, one-celled, placed on a fleshy disk. The style is single, the
stigma two-lobed. The seed-vessel is a capsule, enclosed within the withered
corolla, one-celled, two-valved, each valve having one or two plates along the
middle, bearing seeds. The seeds are of indefinite number, minute, and contain
fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Fig-worts, in the two long and two short
stamens, but it is known by the one-celled capsule, and parasitic habit of growth.

Astringent and acrid properties exist in these plants.

Orobanche is said to have been named from the Greek, in allusion to its habit
of attaching itself to, and strangling the Orobus and other plants of the Vetch
or leguminous kind. Some parasites do not molest the tree or herb on which
they grow, but the Orobanche is often very injurious, and by fixing on the roots,
draws away the valuable nourishment from the plant. The Genevese botanist,
Vaucher, observed that the seeds of O. racemosa will lie many years in the
ground unless they chance to come in contact with Hemp, when they immediately
begin to germinate. He found, moreover, that they can only grow on young
plants, being unable to attack and penetrate stronger roots. O. minor (1) is a
small species, but very hurtful when abundant in a clover field, as it often is in
Norfolk and Essex. Unless the earth be carefully removed from about the plants,
it would not be suspected to have any connexion with the clover, as it is only
at the points of the roots that they grow together; where it has once taken
possession of a field the crop becomes too scanty to be of any value. O. major

1. Orobanche minor, Lesser Broom-rape. 2B Seed-vessel, opened.
England. Ce aes i Ets
1a Sead-vessel, open. 5. Aiginetia pedunculata, Stalked epee
1p Section of Seed-vessel. East Indies.
2. Lathrea squamaria, Tooth-wort. England. 3A Flower, opened. 3B Stamens.
24 Seed-vessel. 3c Pistil. 53D Ovary.

OROBANCHACE.

is a stouter darker plant, chiefly attached to Broom or Furze. O. elatior is of
brighter hue, and parasitic on clover; these three species grow on a gravel soil;
O. rubra on basaltic rocks in Scotland and Ireland, at Staffa, and the Giant's
Causeway: this is probably not parasitic, for few other plants vegetate on the
thin layer of earth which covers the rocks. O. fatida of a red brown hue in
the whole plant is a native of Portugal. A Russian species, O. ammophila,
bears blue flowers on its brown stem. Some of these plants are said to have
astringent properties; O. eptthymum yields a bitter tonic, used in some countries
medicinally; the flowers are slightly fragrant. Orobanche is more plentiful on
the Continent than in Britain, twenty-four species being found in the Flora of
Germany. Another nearly similar genus, of dull pale aspect, is the Lathrea (2) ;
growing chiefly in the shade of woods; it is devoid of bright colour in the
flowers, and the leaves are of a pale brown. The manner of growth in some degree
resembles that of ferns, the fibrous roots proceeding from an underground
portion of the stem, which remains horizontal before rising upwards. This is
one of our British plants which finds a suitable temperature in the upper regions
of the Himalayas. AXginetia pedunculata (8) is a more brilliant example of this
tribe than any British species; the form and colour of the flower remind forcibly
of the Gesnera tribe, and seem to indicate an affinity which does in fact exist
between the two tribes, although they differ in some important points of structure.
fEginetia pedunculata grows on the roots of tall grasses in Bengal, frequently
also on various kinds of Bamboo, springing up, blossoming, and producing seed
during the rainy season. Whilst in flower it is singularly beautiful: the whole
plant is of a soft fragile texture, slightly scented like mushrooms. The root is
fleshy and grey; the hollow sheath-like calyx contains in its base a clear liquid;
the capsule is the size of a hazel-nut, and is filled with numerous minute dark-
brown seeds. AX. indica grows in the valleys of the Himalaya, and is used
medicinally by the natives. Epiphegus virginiana is known as a medicine in
North America. Phelipea, or Cistanche Jutea, is employed as a black dye for
the ropes made from the fibres of the Doom Palm of Thebes: it is a native also
of Portugal, bearing several large yellow flowers on its brown scaly stem. P.
lanuginosa of the Altai Mountains is blue.

This Tribe is common in Europe, particularly in the southern countries ; it
is found also in Africa, at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Barbary ; it exists,
though rarely, in Central and Northern India, and in North America.

LIBRARY
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104

VERBENACE M.

ee THE VERVAIN TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and a few herbaceous plants. The leaves are generally opposite,
simple, or compound, without stipules, thickly occupied by transparent pores in
Myoporum. ‘The flowers are on opposite branches, or on alternate spikes, or from
the base of the leaf-stalks, and solitary. ‘The calyx is tubular, five-parted, per-
sistent, placed below the ovary. ‘The corolla is of one petal, tubular, attached
below the ovary, generally irregular at the top, sometimes nearly equal, or two-
lipped, deciduous. The stamens are usually four, two shorter, seldom equal. The
ovary is two or four-celled, the style single, arising from the top of the ovary, the
stigma bifid or whole. The fruit is a drupe, a nut, or a berry. The seeds contain
a small portion of fleshy albumen, or none.

This Tribe is chiefly distinguished from Lamiacer by the concrete ovary, and
terminal style, and the general absence of aromatic pores in the leaves.

Slightly bitter and aromatic properties exist in a few only of these plants.

Verbena or Vervain is said to be derived from an old Celtic name. V. offict-
nalis (1) was held in high repute in ancient times for various solemn rites and
sacrifices by Greeks and Druids, as well as for medical purposes, but is now, with
many other European herbs, discarded for others from hotter countries generally.
It is a common plant by the wayside, but attracts very little notice. This is the
only English species, but we find several more in America. V. triphylla is re-
markable for the extreme fragrance of the Jeaves, the surface of which is covered
with small glands of oil, the delicious scent remaining long after the leaves are
dried. The flowers are minute, pale purple, and of no beauty, but the plant is
much cultivated on account of the leaves; in Devonshire it flourishes in the open
air, and grows to the height of five or six feet. W. chamedrifolia (2) is now
become one of the most ornamental flowers of the garden, producing abundantly

1. Verbena officinalis, Common Vervain. 4. Lantana aculeata, Prickly Lantana.
England. West Indies.

2. Verbena chamedrifolia, Germander-leaved | 5, Myoporum parvifolium, Small-leaved Myo-
Verbena. Buenos Ayres. porum. New Holland.

24 Section of Flower.

2B Ovary and Pistil. ;

2c Calyx and Bract. 2p Slamens. Ga. Fruit of Callicarpa. 6B Seed-vessel.

5a Seed-vessel.

3. Clerodendrum fiullar, Scarlet Clerodendrum, | 7A. Fruit of Gmelina arborea.
East Indies. 7p Section of Fruit.

VERBENACE,

its bright red blossoms until autumn frosts. Several other varieties have been
produced by cultivation from South American species ; the white flowers of one
are very fragrant in the evening. COlerodendron is a genus belonging to the Hast.
C. fallax (3) is a beautiful shrub for the conservatory, the leaves sometimes nine or
ten inches in length, and the scarlet flowers continuing to come forth for many
weeks. CO. fragrans is very sweet-scented, and the flowers often become double.
C. deflexum is a shrub on the mountains of Penang. Lantana belongs chiefly to
the West Indies, but is a frequent inhabitant of our greenhouses ; the flowers are
usually orange or yellow, some variable in hue. L. aculeata (4) is prickly on the
lower part of the stem. L. macrophylla yields a beverage taken as tea in Brazik;
L. pseudo-thea is also thus used: the leaves of other species in Chili contri )
aromatic baths. Stachytarpheta is considered in Jamaica as a good substitute for
tea. Callicarpa (6) is said to possess aromatic properties in the bark; that of C.
Janata is sometimes a substitute for Betel to the Cingalese, and the Malays believe
it to have medicinal qualities.

The most important species in this Tribe is undoubtedly the 7’ekka of Malabar, —

the well-known Teak-tree, Tectona grandis. It forms a large and valuable portion
of the extensive forests on the mountains of Coromandel, Ceylon, and Java, attains
a great size, and yields the most durable timber yet discovered for ships ; it contains
abundant particles of silex, which renders the texture of the wood extremely hard.
The flowers are very small, the leaves are deciduous, large, and covered with small
rough conical points ; the natives obtain from them a useful red dye. Gmelina,
named after the author of the Flora Sibirica, is a fine evergreen genus of the East
Indies; G. arborea (7) the gumhar of the Hindoos is a large tree with spreading
drooping branches, the timber is very hard, though light in weight, and rivals the
Teak in durability, being equally secure from the ravages of the Teredo. Another
remarkable tree belonging to this Tribe is Avicennia tomentosa, named from the
famous Persian sage born in the tenth century, now known as the White Mangrove
of South America; the first specimen of Tropical vegetation that greeted Hum-
boldt when he landed on the coast of Cumana. These singular trees flourish best
in salt swamps, and are found on the margins of all the Indian estuaries; like
Rhizophora, stretching out long creeping roots over the mud. ‘he seeds have
also the remarkable vitality which causes them to germinate before the fruit falls ;
the tender leaves and roots of the young plant may be often seen piercing the fruit
whilst still on the tree. In shape and size the fruit nearly resembles the almond.
The bark is employed for tanning, and a resinous substance which exudes was
formerly eaten by the natives of New Zealand. The drupaceous fruit of Premna
esculenta and others are eatable; but some are very acrid, as that of Vitex trifolia,
the Wild Pepper of India.

This Tribe is common in the Tropics, and in the Temperate regions of South
America; rare in Europe, Northern Asia, and North America. In the Tropics
it is developed in large trees and shrubs, in cooler climates the species are her-
baceous. Myoporum belongs chiefly to Australia.

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The Acanthius Tribe

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105

ACANTHACE A.

THE ACANTHUS TRIBE.

Survuss and herbaceous plants, sometimes having simple hairs, very rarely in a
stellate form. The leaves are opposite, rarely in fours, or unequal pairs, without
stipules, simple, entire at the edges, or serrated, sometimes sinuated, or lobed, and
spiny. The flowers are terminal, or from the base of the leaf-stalks, in spikes, or
branching panicles, sometimes solitary ; opposite or alternate on the branches. At
their base are three bracts; the central one usually large and leafy, and spiny if
the leaves are so, enclosing the calyx, or forming a substitute for it. The calyx is
four or five-lobed, equal or unequal, the two side sepals very small in Acanthus,
generally much imbricated and divided, sometimes entire, persistent, occasionally
wanting, as in Thunbergia. The corolla is of one petal, attached below the ovary,
two-lipped, the lower lip overlapping the upper in the bud; occasionally one-
lipped, as in Acanthus, sometimes nearly equal, deciduous. The stamens are
usually two, both having anthers, sometimes four, the two longer only being fertile ;
the anthers are two or one-celled, opening lengthwise. ‘The ovary is seated on a
disk, two-celled, composed of two carpels, with one style, and a two-lobed stigma.
The capsule is two-celled, the cells two or many-seeded, bursting elastically, with
two valves which bear seeds on their edges. ‘The seeds are roundish, suspended
by hard, cup-shaped, or hooked projections from the plates of the valves; they
contain no albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Bignoniacee, and Scrophulariaces, but is distin-
guished from the former by wingless seeds, and from both by the large leafy bracts,
and the hooked processes attaching the seeds.

Mucilaginous and slightly bitter properties exist in these plants.

Acanthus was named from the Greek for a spine, the leaves being usually spiny
at all the points. Pliny describes an Acanthus on the lawn of his garden, and
such a position is most favourable for it, the leaves spreading around in a very
noble manner, when free space is allowed for growth; if in a border crowded
amongst other plants its peculiar character is concealed. The foliage of Acanthus

1. Acanthus spinosus, Prickly-leaved Acanthus. 24 Calyx and Bracts. 25 Stamen.
Italy.
1a Flower. lp Outer Sepals.
lo Inner Sepals. 1p Stamen.
le Section of Seed-vessel.

3. Thunbergia alata, Winyed- talked Thun-
berzia East Indies.
44 Flower of Strobilanthes.
2. Justicia carnea, Pink-flowered Justicia. 4p Flower, opened.
Rio Janeiro. 4c Ovary. 4p Section of Ovary.
Bish diy

ACANTHACE.

has the honour of having afforded one of the most elegant and permanent types of
ornament to architecture. In the transparent atmosphere of Greece, the simple yet
striking effects of light and shade on vegetable forms, rendered them the best and
most natural objects to be adopted as studies by the skilful artist. A. mollis has
extremely large, gracefully waved leaves, which may be clearly traced in classical
art. A. spinosus (1) is a beautiful species, perfectly hardy in our climate; the
spike of flowers rises to three feet in height, and being of a firm texture, remains
long an embellishment to the garden. The petal is one-lipped, the large upper
sepal of the unequal calyx forming a kind of hood to the stamens and pistil. The
capsule shows the chief distinguishing mark of this Order, the hooks which support
or bear the seeds. A. niger of Portugal has dark spineless leaves. A. spinosis-
simus of South Europe has deeply pinnatifid leaves with strong white spines.
A. repens and A. volubilis are East Indian, of different habit of growth, the one
creeping, the other climbing. The mucilaginous roots of some species have been
used in medicine. Justicia abounds in the Tropics, the name records that of an
eminent Scotch horticulturist. J. carnea (2) of modern introduction to European
conservatories, is one of the finest species. J. pectoralis in the West Indies yields
a mucilaginous syrup, and the leaves are used by the natives for healing purposes.
J. biflora of Egypt is also an emollient plant. J. paniculata is considered a valu-
able tonic in India. Thunbergia, an example of the section without calyx, and of
a climbing nature, was so called in honour of a learned professor of botany in
Upsal, who travelled in Africa and Asia. The peculiar colour of the flower of
T. alata (3) is a pleasing variety in English greenhouses. T. coccinea of Nepal has
a bright scarlet flower; T. fragrans of India is white and sweet-scented, confirm-
ing the theory that fragrance is most frequently combined with white flowers.
Ruellia of South America and the West Indies contains several purple and blue
species well known here. The deep blue dye called Room in Assam is obtained
from a Ruellia. Barleria is an East Indian genus, named after a French Dom-
inican, who travelled and studied botany in the seventeenth century, and published
drawings of plants rare in his time. Porphyrocoma, Beloperone, and others are
later importations, chiefly from $8. America. Aphelandra fulgens is a brilliant
species of Mexico. Gendarussa vulgaris is considered a remedy for rheumatism
in the East Indies. Phaylopsis /ongifolia is a native of Sierra Leone. Mendozia
of Brazil is an exception in this Tribe, the fruit being a drupe, containing one
seed.

This Tribe is chiefly Tropical, abounding especially in the Tropics of Africa
and America. A few species only inhabit the United States of America. Acan-
thus extends northwards into Greece.

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Oris. Cone Ret A © Ban.

THE BLADDER-WORT TRIBE.

Hersaceovus plants inhabiting marshes or water. The leaves grow from the top
of the root, are either whole or compound, resembling little roots, and bearing
small bladders of air or water. The flower-stalk is generally single, seldom
branching, and is either naked or clothed with minute scales like stipules, sometimes
bearing little vesicles in whorls. The flowers are single or in spikes, or in many-
flowered branches, with a single bract, seldom without. The calyx is below the
ovary, divided, persistent, partly two-lipped, the upper lip generally three-notched,
the lower two-notched. The corolla is of one petal, placed below the ovary, irregular
and two-lipped; the lower lip produced into a spur, which is sometimes double.
The stamens are two, included within the corolla, and inserted into its base; the
anthers are one-celled, sometimes contracted in the middle. The ovary is composed
of two carpels, united at the edges, one-celled. The style is single, very short, the
stigma bilabiate. The capsule is one-celled, many-seeded, with a large central
plate to which the seeds are attached. The seeds are minute, without albumen.

These herbaceous plants have most affinity with Scrophulariacez, chiefly dis-
tinguished by having a one-celled capsule: they are connected with Primulacez
through Hottonia.

A peculiar property of thickening milk exists in the leaves of Pinguicula.

Utricularia is named from wtricula, a little bottle, alluding to the vesicles of
several species. The plants grow abundantly in the rivulets, lakes, and marshy
pools of hot countries; three species are natives of Britain, in different localities ;
few are known beyond their respective stations, being difficult of cultivation. The
flowers are extremely fugacious and delicate, and can scarcely be preserved in a
herbal; the brilliant colour of the petals changing to black when pressed and dried ;
those of the British species are yellow; those of the Tropics and other hot regions
are generally blue. The structure of the small bladders is very curious ; during

1. Utricularia vulgaris, Greater Bladder-wort. 2p Slamens. 25 Pollen, magnified.

England. : : :
TA eesti. Ip Capsule. : 3. Utricularia reticulata.

lc Vesicle, magnified. Rice-grounds, East Indies.

2. Utricularia Humboldtiana. | 4. Pinguicula vulgaris, Common Butter-wort.
Savannahs, Guiana. England.
2a Calyx and Ovary. 4a Calyx, Pistil, and Stamens.
28 Calyx and Capsule. 4B Stamen. to Pistil.

2c Section of Capsule, magnified. 4p Section of Capsule,

UTRICULARIACE.

the early growth of the plant they are wholly submerged, and contain only water,
but when the flowers begin to be developed a change takes place, they rise to the
surface, and are found to be filled with air only, small valves closing the orifice.
When the seeds are ripening they again sink below. The aquatic species are
amply provided with vesicles, and are kept floating by their aid ; some which belong
to the Tropics are fixed by fibrous roots in the marshes, requiring no other support,
and have no vesicles. U. vulgaris (1) is our finest species, and may be seen in
ditches and deep pools on the south coast; from the finely-divided leaves, as well
as form of the flower, it is sometimes called Hooded Milfoil. U. Humboldtiana
(2) grows in the elevated marshy savannahs of the Roraimé mountains in Guiana,
the stem rising to the height of three or four feet, bearing several singularly formed
and very elegant purple flowers. This is a remarkable instance of the manner in
which an European genus is developed into a more noble type in Tropical regions.
It was discovered adorning its native savannahs by Sir Robert Schomburgk, who
dedicated it to his learned friend Alexander von Humboldt, but it is one of those
fragile ornaments of the creation not destined for transportation or dispersion. U.
reticulata (3) is a native of inundated rice-grounds in the East Indies, twining
amongst the rice-stalks, with its round smooth stems destitute of leaves. The pale
netted flower is a curious variety from other species. U. montana adorns with its
delicate white flowers the sunny meadows around the mountains of the island of
Martinique. During the late voyage of Mr. Spruce in the Amazon, he found a re-
markable species, U. qguingueradiata; the flower-stalks, about two inches long,
have an involucre of five rays, spreading horizontally, which floats and supports
the plant with its large yellow flower, like a floating lamp. The rays are composed
of transparent cells, convex on the surface, forming a kind of chain of vesicles.
U. uniflora growing on the white sand of the shore is the simplest species yet
known ; the stem, the size of a sewing-needle, is fixed in the sand by a small cone
of roots; it bears no leaves, only a small tubular bract below the simple white
flower. U. nelumbefolia is a curious species described by travellers in South
America; it makes its habitation in the pools of water accumulated from rain or
dew in the hollows of the leaves of a plant of the Pine-apple tribe, probably a
Tillandsia, or some allied genus. The roots derive nourishment from the water
entirely, for itis no parasite, and has no connexion with the plant which thus in so
singular a way affords it shelter. The roots creep from one leaf to another, and the
Utricularia spreads and flourishes. Pinguicula inhabits the marshes and bogs of
Britain and many other countries. P. vulgaris (4) abounds also in Sweden and
Norway, where the leaves are used by the peasants to thicken the milk of reindeer,
which is effected without the separation of curd or whey, and is esteemed as a
delicacy, the luxuries of food being in those northern countries of a simple nature.
The leaves appear to have a certain degree of irritability, bending backwards when
the plant is taken out of the ground. P. Jusitanica is an example of a Portuguese
plant migrated to Britain; it grows in Dorsetshire and in the south of Ireland, and
has also been found in Scotland. This genus is represented in Fuegia by P. an-
tarctica, the chief distinguishing character being a spur much shorter than that of
P. lusitanica. Genlisea belongs exclusively to Brazil.

This Tribe inhabits marshes, streams, and still waters in all parts of the world ;
most abundant in the Tropics.

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The Primrose Iribe

107

Bo tpelt CATCH AL.

THE PRIMROSE TRIBE.

ANNUAL or perennial plants, generally of herbaceous nature, and sometimes nearly
shrubby. The leaves usually proceed from the top of the root, or else are oppo-
site, or alternate, or in whorls on the stem; they have no stipules. ‘The flowers are
either on a simple stem arising from the root, or in an umbel at the top of the stem,
or variously arranged in the axils of the leaves on the stem. ‘The calyx is five-cleft
at the top, half or entirely below the ovary, regular and persistent. The corolla is of
one petal, attached to the base of the ovary, regular in form, the top divided into
five segments, seldom four; Glaux is without petals. The stamens are inserted
upon the corolla, and are equal in number to its segments, and placed opposite to
them. In Samolus and Lysimachia imperfect stamens are alternate with them.
The ovary is one-celled, the style is single, the stigma capitate ; the seed-vessel is
a capsule opening by valves, with a central distinct plate; that of Anagallis is a
pyxis, opening with a lid at the top. The seeds are numerous, with fleshy al-
bumen.

This Tribe of herbaceous plants has much affinity with Myrsinacez, which is
chiefly distinguished by the shrubby nature of the species and the fleshy fruit.

Some of these flowers have soporific properties; the roots are sometimes bitter
and acrid.

The name of Primula denotes its being amongst the first plants to flower in the
spring. P. vulgaris is one of the earliest tokens of departing winter, adorning our
woods and hedge-banks some weeks before other plants have opened their buds.
By garden cultivation it has produced double varieties of all colours. P. veris (1)
is the sweet-scented favourite cowslip, plentiful in the meadows and copses of some
districts of England, as well as of most European countries. The flowers make an
excellent wine, much esteemed by farmers’ wives. P. auricula, a native of the
Alpine regions of Europe, has been developed into countless beautiful varieties ; the
flowers exhibit various shades of purple and brown, the peculiar powdery covering

1, Primula veris, Common Cowslip. England. 3A Calyx. 3B Stamens and Pistil.
1a Flower. lp Flower, opened. 30 Slamen. 3D Pistil.

Pas Be 4, Anagallis arvensis, Scarlet Pimpernel.

2. Dodecatheon Meadia, American Cowslip. England.

Virginia. 4a Seed-veysel. 4B Section.
3. Cyclamen europeum, Common Cyclamen. 5. Anagallis Monelli. Italy.

Europe. | 6A. Ovary of Aretia. (ip Seed.

PRIMULACE/.

renders it a singular plant, and it was formerly an object of much attention, now in
some degree superseded by the immense number of new plants imported from all
lands. In some of our large manufacturing towns in the north it still affords in-
teresting occupation to the workmen to raise new varieties of Auriculas. P. farinosa,
of Yorkshire, is one of our most delicate native flowers; in Switzerland it is also
frequent. Five species only belong to Britain, but the German and Swiss Floras
contain twenty-one; P. longi/lora, P. villosa, P. integrifolia, and others, inhabiting
the pastures and rocks of the higher Alps. Dodecatheon (2) is one of the first
importations from Virginia; its specific name of Meadia records a celebrated phy-
sician and naturalist, whose monument may be seen in the nave of Westminster
Abbey. Cyclamen is another of this tribe, which sends forth its welcome flowers
in the early months of the year. C. ewropwum (3) is become rare in this country,
though it is common in the woods of Austria and Lombardy; the flattened bulbs
lie on the surface of the ground, and are eaten by pigs. After the flowers are
withered, the stalks curl round, and remain amongst the leaves till the seeds ripen.
Anagallis appears to have been known to Pliny and Dioscorides. A. arvensis (4)
is frequent in corn-fields and open places, one of the few red flowers indigenous in
this country, and, like the Poppy and all bright red flowers, is found in situations
exposed to the sun. By peasants it is called Shepherd’s-clock, as it closes its flowers
after noon-day ; this power, however, seems to be lost if the plant be gathered and
placed in water. A. tenella is a very delicate little trailing plant on bogs, in Wales
and elsewhere. A. Monel/i (5) flourishes well in our conservatories. Hottonia is
the elegant Feather-foil of our streams and ditches, the slender stalks rising above
the water, bearing whorls of pink flowers. Lysimachia grows in watery places or
moist woods ; all the British species have yellow flowers. LL. thyrsiflora is chiefly
found in Scotland. One of the most widely dispersed genera of this tribe is Sa-
molus, belonging to every quarter of the world. 8. Valerandi in the ditches of our
south coast, may be examined with interest, the form of both flower and capsule
being remarkably neat; a small bract is on the middle of each flower-stalk. S.
ebracteatus grows on the shores of Cuba. §. floribundus on the coast of Peru; 8.
littoralis on the coast of New Holland. ‘'Trientalis ewropea is rarely to be seen in
the north of England, but it abounds in the woods of Norway; the stem is about
four inches high, crowned by a few leaves and brilliant white flowers; the black
seeds are covered with a white netted skin. Soldanella and Aretia are among the
beautiful little Alpine plants which ascend to the limits of perpetual snow. In
Lapland and Siberia we trace this tribe in the forms of Diapensia and Androsace.
Douglasia blossoms amidst snow on the Rocky Mountains of North America.

This Tribe is most common in the northern and colder regions of the globe ;
rare within the Tropics, where it only exists on the sea-shore or on lofty mountains.

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108

PLUMBAGINACE SA.

THE LEAD-WORT TRIBE.

Unpersuruss and herbaceous plants. ‘The leaves are alternate, or in clusters,
undivided, somewhat sheathing at the base, sometimes marked with transparent
dots. The flowers are either in loose panicles or combined into close clusters.
The calyx is tubular, plaited, persistent, sometimes coloured. The corolla is of
one petal, with a slender tube of five petals with a long narrow claw. The
stamens are of definite number, in Plumbago fixed to the base of the ovary; in
Statice and its immediate allies, placed on the petals. The ovary is one-celled,
one-seeded; the styles usually five, with the same number of stigmas. The
fruit is a nearly-closed utricle. The seeds contain a small quantity of mealy
albumen.

This Tribe has some affinity with Plantaginacee, but is distinguished by the
plaited calyx.

Tonic and astringent, acrid and caustic properties exist in these plants.

Plumbago derives its name from a substance found in the root of the European
species, in colour resembling black lead; it is used as a remedy for toothache in
France, but stains the teeth grey, this peculiar caustic colouring matter is called
Plumbagine. P. europea is the only species belonging to Europe, but several
exotic species are cultivated in our conservatories for ornament, though not for
use. P. capensis (1) is a graceful plant, and produces its delicate flowers
throughout the summer. P. rosea (2) was brought from the East Indies by the
celebrated Dutch traveller and botanist Rumphius, in the last century; he called
it blister-root, from the use made of it by the natives. P. scandens climbs over
hedges in St. Domingo and Rio Janeiro; it has a white flower, and is considered
to possess medicinal properties in South America. P. zeylanica is found in
Ceylon and in Australia. Statice is a genus known to, and described by Pliny ;
it is dispersed throughout Europe and from Siberia to the Mediterranean, is found
also in Egypt, in the Canaries, and at the Cape of Good Hope. 8. purpurata (3)
having been introduced from South Africa in 1800, has been occasionally seen
in our gardens from that time. §. spec/osa and others are natives of Russia,

1. Plumbago capensis, Blue Plumbago. 3. Statice purpurata, Purple Statice.
Cape of Good Hope. South Africa.

1a Stamens and Pistil. 1p Ovary. 4, Armeria vulgaris, Common Thrift. England.

2. Plumbago rosea, Red Plumbago. 4a Calyx. 48 Section of Flower.
East Indies. 4c Ovary and Pistil.

PLU MBAGINACE®.

all of a durable nature and pleasing aspect. 8. ‘mbricata, a shrub of Teneriffe,
is a beautiful species, with small purple flowers. 8. Caroliniana is a very
powerful astringent, used medicinally in America. Several are woody shrubs;
in Cabul a large portion of fuel wood is obtained from Statice. S. Limonium
is the Sea Lavender, frequent on the muddy shores of the mouths of our smaller
rivers. The flowers of this genus and Armeria have five separate petals, the
stamens attached to their base. Armeria vulgaris (4) grows plentifully on most
parts of the English coast, particularly abundant on the shores of the Isle of
Wight and other southern positions, extending along the cliffs to the Land’s
End westward. It forms a good bordering for gardens, and is preferred for that
purpose in some situations where the soil is favourable. Armeria differs chiefly

from Statice in the flowers being collected in close round heads, having an
-involucre at the base, forming a kind of sheath at the top of the stalk. Cera-

tostigma is a native of China. . Vogelia belongs to the Cape; it records the name
of a zealous but unfortunate explorer of African plants, who fell a victim to the
climate. A®gialitis grows amongst the mangroves of Northern Australia, and
in the Delta of the Ganges.

This small Tribe is found thinly scattered from Greenland to Cape Horn,
inhabiting salt marshes and sea-coasts, in Temperate regions; abundant on the
shores of the Mediterranean, and in the southern provinces of the Russian empire ;
rare in the Tropics and in China. Plumbago belongs to Europe, India, America,
the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia.

MAMI WM MINACARL-
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109

PLANTAGINAC E A,

. THE RIB-WORT TRIBE.

Hersacrous plants, a few of which are shrubby, usually stemless. The leaves
grow in tufts on the ground, and are opposite or alternate in the species having a
stem, flat and ribbed, or tapering and fleshy. The flowers grow in spikes, or
solitary, as in Littorella; the calyx is four-parted, persistent. The corolla is of
one petal, membranous, fixed below the ovary, four-parted at the top, persistent.
The stamens are four, inserted into the corolla alternate with its segments. The
filaments are thread-like, soft, bent inwards in the bud; the anthers are two-celled.
The ovary is composed of a single carpel, without a disk, two-celled, sometimes
four-celled by the angles of the central plate; the style is single, slender; the
stigma hairy, simple, rarely partly bifid. The capsule is membranous, opening
transversely, bearing the seeds on a loose central column. ‘The seeds are many,
two, or single, and contain fleshy albumen. .

These plants have some affinity with Plumbaginacee.

The herbage is slightly astringent, the seeds mucilaginous.

Plantago is a genus of plants of peculiar aspect, in some points forming a kind
of link with the grasses ; the long leaves, with strong linear ribs, giving a name to
the Tribe, and the slender spike of inflorescence, both bear some resemblance to
several of the grasses. P. major (1) is one of our most frequent species, growing
by the wayside almost everywhere throughout the country; it is equally common
in all parts of Europe, and has been observed in Japan. The numerous small
seeds are the favourite food of birds, and the leaves have still a reputation among
peasants for healing slight wounds. A variety called Rose-plantain is thought
sufficiently pretty to be admitted into the flower-garden. P. coronopus (2) is often
too abundant on lawns, spreading over it to the exclusion of the fine tufted grasses ;
the name of Star of the Earth expresses its form, as the leafs and stalks lie close

1. Plantago major, Greater Plantain. 4. Littorella lacustris, Plantain Shore-weed.
England. England.
1a Flower. 1p Seed-vessel. 5. Bougueria nubicola. Bolivia.
le Seed. 7 5a Flower, magnified.
1p Seed magnified. 5B Section of Seed. 5c Stamen.

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2. Plantago coronopus, Star of the Earth. ete ta Le ae

England. 64. Flower of P. lanceolata.
} 6B Ovary and Pistil.
3. Plantago squarrosa, Leafy-spiked Plantain. 6c Section of Ovary.
Egypt. 6D Seed. 6r Seed-vessel.
G@

PLANTAGINACE. 5

pressed on the ground. In former times, when vegetable food was not so choice
and varied as at present, the leaves were eaten as salad, but they have an un-
pleasant flavour. This is one of our native plants which an English traveller will
recognise at Funchal in Madeira. P. radicata of Portugal is of similar character,
but much larger. P. danceolata, the Rib-grass of pastures, is not esteemed here,
but is said to afford good fodder for cattle on the Swiss Alps. P. maritima is of
varied growth, according to the locality; it may be found with thick fleshy leaves
on rocks bordering the Solway Frith and other. salt situations, thus conforming to
the general rule that fleshy-leaved plants thrive chiefly near the sea; for when
growing in situations removed from the influence of saline air or soil, as by the
side of small rivers in the Craven district of Yorkshire, the leaves are flat, and
scarcely more fleshy than those of other species. P. sqguarrosa (3) is an example
of the few species which have leaves on the stem, not all proceeding from the root ;
a large supply of potash is yielded from the ashes. P. cynops is shrubby, grows
in the south of Europe, and is supposed to be referred to by Pliny. In Madeira
is found P. arborescens. P. remotiflora, P. amplexicaulis, and P. penicillata,
form part of the vegetation of the mountains of Scinde and Beloochistan at an
elevation of 5000 feet. The remote Auckland Isles are the abode of a species
much resembling the British P. media, which has been named P. Auchklandica.
The largest known species is P. maxima, the flower-stalks measuring thirty inches
in height. Littorella (4) is a delicate little plant, growing in watery sandy places ;
like some Plantains, the flowers have extremely long stamens, curved inwards in
the bud, then erect, afterwards becoming flaccid and drooping. 'The pistil and
stamens are in separate flowers. It is the only species known, and is found on the
margins of ponds or lakes. Bougueria (5) was named by Decaisne after its dis-
coverer, who accompanied Condamine on a journey in Peru. It is a genus inter-
mediate between Plantago and Littorella, having the habit of growth of the former,
and a capsule nearly resembling that of the latter. Bouger found it growing in
the fissures of the porphyritic rocks of the mountains that rise above the city of
Potosi, at an elevation of 14,000 feet. The root is thick and large in proportion
to the plant ; the linear leaves are somewhat fleshy, and when young are covered
with white hairs. Perfect and imperfect flowers exist on the same spike ; the cap-
sule contains one seed, and remains closed. Although Plantago is a lowly genus,
it has been observed in almost every country, in Morocco and at the Cape of Good
Hope, in India, Japan, Kamtchatka, Patagonia, and the Andes. The mucilaginous
seeds are of some utility. Those of P. arenaria are said to be employed in the
dressing of muslin.

This Tribe is scattered over the whole world, in various localities; most abun-
dant in cool or Temperate climates.

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Nese a Gal Nyt Chea.

THE MARVEL OF PERU TRIBE.

Cuterty herbaceous plants, both annual and perennial, a few shrubs and trees.
The leayes are usually opposite, sometimes alternate, almost always unequal, without
stipules. The flowers grow on terminal stalks, or from the base of the leaf-stalks,
in clusters or solitary, sometimes imperfect, having an involucre of one or several
parts, either minute or large, often brightly coloured. The calyx is tubular, coloured,
the limb whole or toothed, plaited in the bud, becoming hardened at the base,
forming a covering to the seed, the limb falling off. The stamens are of definite
number, attached to thesbase of the ovary, sometimes on one side. The anthers
are two-celled. ‘The ovary is above the calyx, with a single erect ovule; the style
single, the stigma simple. ‘The fruit is thin, enclosed within the persistent base of
the calyx; the seed is destitute of the usual covering, the base of the calyx cohering
to it; it contains farinaceous albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with Amarantacez and Chenopodiacex, but is
distinguished from both by the base of the calyx becoming a tough covering to the
seed.

The roots of several species possess medicinal properties.

Mirabilis is the usual Latin appellation of the genus which is the type of this
Tribe, but French botanists still prefer the name Nyctago, given it by Van Royen,
and adopted as the designation of the plants generally, in allusion to their night-
blowing. Clusius named it Admirabilis. Mirabilis Jalapa (1) is the most frequent
example of the genus in our gardens, having been introduced before the close of the
16th century; the large tuberous roots were formerly supposed to yield the true
medicinal Jalap, but that opinion has been long since found to be erroneous. The
flowers by cultivation acquire varied colours, which renders it a pleasing ornament
to the border. M. longiflora (2) was not brought to England till 1759, and is a
less hardy species, not flourishing in all soils, but it is a very desirable annual

1. Mirabilis Jalapa, Marvel of Peru. 3. Abronia mellifera, Honey-scented Abronia.

West Indies. California.
14 Section of Flower. 34 Stamens and Pistil.

3B Fruit. 3c Seed.

2. Mirabilis longiflora, Fragrant Marvel of 4, Pisonia obtusata, Obtuse-leaved FPisonia.

Peru. Mexico. Sonth America:
2s Hair, magnified. 44 Flower, magnified.
28 Involucre and Seed. 4p Stamens and Pistil.

2c Seed. 2p Section, 4c Cluster of Fruit.

NYCTAGINACE,

plant, from the extreme fragrance of its delicate flowers, which expand about sunset
and wither before sunrise, so fragile is their texture. The long tube is clothed with
glutinous hairs by which small insects are detained; the roots are powerfully
medicinal. M. dichotoma of the West Indies opens its flowers in the afternoon,
and is called by the French fleur de quatre heures. M. suavolens is a medicinal
plant much employed in Mexico as a cure for rheumatism; the scent resembles that
of Anise. Although many species of Mirabilis are admired for their beautiful and
fragrant flowers, others are of very insignificant aspect and rank amongst mere
weeds. ‘The seeds of some contain so large a portion of farinaceous albumen, as to
afford a supply of food to the Japanese: they have also the art of extracting a
colouring pigment from them. Abronia is a genus of no known use, yet with
delicate pretty flowers. A mellifera (5) is found in the northern parts of California,
in 46° of north latitude, and 12° of west longitude; it was first discovered by
David Douglass, near the Great Falls of Columbia, and is abundant on the dry,
sandy deserts of the interior of the country, never seen on the sea-shore, where grow
A. umbellata and A. arenaria. The stem and flower-stalks are slightly glutinous,
like those of several species of Mirabilis; the flowers have the scent of honey in the
evening, which is the usual time of perfection for these plants. The involucre of
A. umbellata is of a bright pink colour, which gives a singular effect to the flowers.
Pisonia is a genus of evergreen shrubs named after Piso of Amsterdam, who wrote
on the Natural History of Brazil, 1648. P. obtusata (4) offers a striking contrast
to the herbaceous plants of this Tribe, being perennial in its nature, of stiff foliage
and minute inflorescence of no beauty of colour. The seed is covered with a soft
pulpy substance that is considered eatable in its native country. The roots contain
medicinal properties. P. aculeata belongs to the East and West Indies, is very
common in Jamaica and St. Domingo. The spines are awl-shaped, with a recurved
sharp point, they grow at the base of the leaf-stalk, perpendicular to the branch,
and cause much inconvenience to travellers, sometimes nearly preventing their
passage through woods, by arresting their garments. The fruit, covered with
small glutinous points, clings fast to everything that comes near to it, and frequently
encumbers birds on their flight by sticking to their wings. P. cnermis is a native
of the Island of Carthagena. Boerhaavia was so called in honour of the famous
botanist of Leyden, who died 1758, the first friend and patron of Linneus. B.
hirsuta and B. procumbens have both medicinal properties. The root of B. de-
cumbens is called hogmeat in Jamaica, and is used as an emetic in Guiana like
Ipecacuanha. B. diffusa and B. repanda grow almost everywhere in India. B.
viscosa is a climbing plant of Peru; B. scandens of Jamaica. Bugainvillea,
recording the name of a celebrated traveller, is also of a climbing habit, with large
rose-coloured bracts in the conical clusters of flowers.

This Tribe exists chiefly in the Tropics, scarcely extending far beyond them,
except Abronia in North America, and Boerhaavia in the Southern Hemisphere.

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AMARANTACE 4.

THE AMARANTH TRIBE.

Suruss and herbs; the leaves are simple, opposite or alternate, without stipules.
The flowers grow in heads or spikes, not always containing both stamens and
pistil. The sepals are three or five, placed below the ovary, usually membranous,
and coloured, sometimes herbaceous; distinct or united at the base, all equal, or an
outer one dissimilar, often surrounded by dry, coloured bracts. 'The stamens are
fixed at the base of the ovary, either five and opposite the sepals, or twice or thrice
the number ; either distinct or united; the anther one or two-celled. ‘The ovary
is single, free, containing one or a few ovules hanging from a central thread. The
fruit is a membranous bag or a berry; the seeds are pendulous, and contain
farinaceous albumen.

‘hese plants have close affinity with Chenopodiacez.

Wholesome mucilaginous properties exist in the leaves.

Amarantus is a name derived from the Greek, expressing its permanent nature
and colour, many of the flowers retaining their bright colouring long after being
gathered. The genus is dispersed in different proportions in each quarter of the
world. A. Blitum (1) is the only British species, small in size, and of no beauty
of colour; a striking example of the lowly form of a genus on the limits of its
station, which in a more genial and favourable climate is developed into superior size
and brilliancy of colour. It is to be seen chiefly in boggy ground, near Cambridge
and elsewhere. The seed is solitary, black, and shining. In this country it is con-
sidered a mere weed, but in some parts of France it is cooked and eaten by the poor
peasants ; for, like others of this Tribe, it contains a mild mucilaginous juice. A.
caudatus (2) is an old favourite in the garden, having been introduced from the
East Indies before the close of the sixteenth century. This and other species pro-
duce a large supply of seeds, which share in the durable nature of the flower, and
preserve the power of germination many years. A. frumentaceus is cultivated for

1, Amarantus Blitum, Wild Amaranth. 3. Celosia cristata, Crested Cock's-comb. Asia.

England. | 4. Gomphrena officinalis, Officinal Gomphrena.

1a Flower with Stamens. :
Brazil.

lp Flower with Pistil.

44 Flower and Bracts.
lo Seed-vessel.

4B Calyx. do Pistil,
2. Amarantus caudatus, Love lies Bleeding. 4p Flower open. de Seed.
East Indies. | 5a. Flower of C. longifolia.
24 Flower. 2B Slamens. 2c Seed. 5B Stamens. 5c Section of Seed.

AMARANTACEE.

the sake of the seeds, like corn, in the Mysore country; A. Anardhana on the~
Himalayas for the same object. The species known as Prince’s-feather is stiff and
erect, but some are of more graceful form and very ornamental. Others are service-
able as food, and afford a wholesome supply; A. o/eraceus, to the natives of Guinea,
China, and similar hot countries. A. viridis is among the eatable herbs of the
East Indies. Some are used medicinally ; A. debilis is one of the medicinal species
of Madagascar. Celosia cristata (5) is a remarkable plant of annual growth, at-
taining a wonderful development by cultivation and care; in Japan it is frequently
to be seen, with the expanded flower-stalk covered with its countless minute flowers,
as much as a foot in length and breadth. It is considered to have medicinal pro-
perties in India, where it is indigenous, as well as in China. C. margaritacea is
found at moderate elevations on the Suen range of mountains. Gomphrena
officinalis (4) is of high repute in its native country, supposed to be a remedy for
all diseases, and the bite of snakes; G. macrocephala possesses similar properties,
and the roots are tonic. G. globosa has been long known in our conservatories as
the Globe Amaranth; the bright purple flowers remaining unwithered during many
months. Achyranthes is a genus with dry membranous flowers of no particular
beauty of form or colour, excepting A. porrigens, which has rounds heads of crimson
flowers. A. globulifera of Madagascar is employed as a medicine. A. aspera and
A. fruticosa are among the various medicinal plants used by the natives of
India. Achyranthes inhabits also Norfolk Island, and extends into Europe as far
as Sicily. Many of this tribe grow on the plains of India; some are traced along
the base of the Himalaya, ascending to moderate elevations. Chamissoa, Alternan-
thera, Pupalia, and others, belong equally to America. Digera is common in
India, and grows likewise in Arabia and Egypt. Deeringia is a native of India
and Australia; Desmochetia spreads northwards in India, and is found also in
Java and the Isle of Bourbon. Allmannia is scattered over the isles of the Indian
Archipelago, and in Singapore. Cladostachys and Centrostachys are natives of
Nepal. Polyscalis is peculiar to the mountains of India, flourishing at a higher
elevation than any other plant of this tribe; P. seguax and P. capitata having been
seen between 7000 and 8000 feet. Oplotheca floridana is a stiff, erect plant,
bearing spikes of small white flowers, a native of Florida.

This Tribe is most abundant in the Tropics, especially of America, gradually
diminishing in Temperate regions, unknown in the coldest countries; five species only
belong to Europe. It is found in various localities, on plains and mountains, dry
barren situations, salt marshes, or woods.

LIBRARY ©

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“UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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THE GOOSE-FOOT TRIBE.

Unper-snrvss and herbaceous plants, some of which are climbing; sometimes
having jointed stalks. The leaves are alternate, occasionally opposite. The
flowers are small, sometimes the stamens and pistil are in separate flowers. The
calyx is deeply divided, sometimes rather tubular at the base; in Basella the sepals
form two rows; the stamens are inserted into the base of the calyx, opposite its
segments and equal to them in number, or fewer. The ovary is single, above
the calyx, or sometimes adhering to the tube of the calyx. The styles are two or
four, rarely single, the stigmas undivided. The fruit is membranous, sometimes
a kind of berry is formed by the succulent calyx; the seed contains either a flat
spiral embryo in albumen, or a conically spiral one without albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Amarantacee and Phytolaccaceez, but is
distinguished by the number and position of the stamens.

Many of these plants contain soda, others sugar, in the root.

Chenopodium, from the Greek for goose-foot, is a genus very frequent in
Europe, usually on waste ground, or on heaps of rubbish, where C. bonus Henricus
(1) is to be found. This species was formerly cultivated in gardens, and eaten
as a vegetable; the mucilaginous leaves are still, in country places, thought good
for healing slight wounds. OC. olidum also affords wholesome food. C. maritimum
may be preserved as a pickle; when burned it produces soda, like several other
plants of this tribe. C. quinoa of Peru is one of the common eatable herbs of that
country ; its seeds contain wholesome farinaceous matter. The shape of the leaf
varies in different species, but they are all more or less of a triangular form; and
that of C. bonus Henricus sufficiently justifies the choice of the generic name,
resembling as it so nearly does the webbed foot of a goose. Beta (2), from the

1. Chenopodium bonus Henricus, Goosefoot, or | 4. Basella rubra. East Indies.
Mercury. England. 4a Sepal and Stamen.
1a Ovary and Styles. 1p Seed. 4B Stamen. 4c Ovary and Styles.
le Flower of C. album. 4p Section of Ovary. 4e Fruit.
1p Section. lz Section of Seed. 5. Blitum virgatum, Strawberry Blite.

ae South Europe.
2. Beta maritima, Sea Beet. Shores, England. 6a. Flower of Salsola Kali.

eee er 68 Spiral embryo.
3. Spinacia oleracea, Spinage. South Europe. | 7a. Spike of Salicornia herbacea.

3a Stamen flower. 7p Flower, maynified,

CHENOPODIACE.

old Celtic word for red, has long yielded a good supply of nutritious food in its
root, enlarged by cultivation, but is of late years become of greater importance
to man for the sugar obtained from two species. B. vulgaris of the south of
Europe is the common Beet-radish, eaten both raw and cooked, used as a pickle,
and as a substitute for coffee, now affording excellent sugar from the root: a fine
varnish may also be made from it. JB. cic/a is extensively grown in Germany,
France, and Switzerland, the large leaves are used for soups. B. maritima (2)
is a native of many parts of our south coast; its succulent nature renders it
eatable as a herb, but the root is small, black without, pale within. Although the
power of manufacturing sugar in so northern a country as France is considered
of great value, yet the most important use of Beta is in the enormous root of
Mangel-wurzel, as winter food for cattle. Spinacia (3) has the stamens and pistil
in separate flowers; it has been a constant herb in English gardens for nearly
three centuries; being very hardy, it is sown in the early spring, and affords a
plentiful supply of its leaves, which have a pleasant sub-acid flavour. Basella (4)
is the name of the plant in Malabar; it is much cultivated in the East Indies and
China, and is also amongst the various vegetables which the French esteem and
use more abundantly than the English. B. tuberosa of Quito has a large fleshy
root. Blitum (5) is said to derive its name from the Celtic for insipid; the
calyx enlarges and becomes succulent, enclosing the seeds, the whole cluster
having at last the aspect of a strawberry. Salsola Kali is one of the valuable
plants yielding in its ashes a large supply of soda; it grows on the sea-shore
of temperate countries, and is easily recognised by its prickly-pointed leaves and
three spiny bracts of the flowers (6). . soda abounds on the coasts of Spain, and
forms barilla. §. sativa yields the best soda, now very extensively used in the
manufacture of glass and soap, and for a variety of other purposes. ‘The name
Salicornia denotes its saline nature and horned calyx, which enlarges as the seed
ripens, forming a covering to the seed-vessel. §. herbacea (7) is common on the
river shores of our east coast, where it is known as marsh Samphire, and made
into a pickle. The silvery grey Atriplex is found throughout Europe, in salt
marshes, on mud shores, on heaps of rubbish, and other rough places. One species
of this apparently mean and despicable genus affords wholesome food; A. hortensis
is cultivated extensively in gardens around Paris. Acnida cannabina is the
Virginian hemp of N. America. Thelygonum cynocrambe abounds in slender
saline crystals; it has medicinal properties, and is also occasionally eaten.

This Tribe inhabits waste places in all parts of the world, most abundant in
Temperate regions, frequent in salt marshes. Basella belongs to the Tropics.

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THE PHYTOLACCA TRIBE.

Unprrsurvuss and herbaceous plants; the leaves are alternate, entire, without
stipules, often having transparent dots. The flowers are in racemes, perfect,
regular, or partly irregular, arranged in various ways. The calyx is composed of
four or five sepals; sometimes having the appearance of true petals, which are
wanting. ‘The stamens are fixed below the ovary, equal in number and alternate
with the sepals, or of indefinite number. The anthers are two-celled, opening
lengthwise. 'The ovary is of one carpel, or several, distinct, or partially combined ;
the styles and stigmas are equal in number to the carpels. The fruit is dry or a
berry, closed. The seed is solitary, and contains mealy albumen.

This Tribe is connected with Chenopodiacez and Polygonacez.

Acrid properties exist in various intensity in these plants.

Phytolacea signifies a plant yielding a red lac colour, which the berries of
P. decandra (1) do abundantly. It was the first species known in this country,
having been introduced from Virginia early in the seventeenth century : the English
name of Poke is derived from the Virginian Pocan. No use is made of it here,
but it is very ornamental, both in flower and fruit; graceful in form, and brilliant
in hue. The juice of the berries has strong medicinal properties, and a spirit
distilled from them is poisonous to animals; nevertheless, poultry feed eagerly on
the fruit, without injury. In the United States, the young shoots, which sprout
forth in great profusion in a rich soil, are eaten, and considered excellent; the
acrid properties being expelled by boiling. The root is large and branching, and
when dried and pounded, is very similar in its effects to Ipecacuanha. If per-
manence could be given to the purple colouring matter, it might be valuable for
staining paper or other materials. Since the introduction of the plant to the
countries bordering the Bosphorus, it has been employed to give a bright colour to
sherbet. It is said, also, that in Portugal the berries are extensively used to
colour port wine; but they are not so wholesome for that purpose as those of the
elder, which were some years ago forbidden by the government as an unlawful
adulteration, and the bushes were all cut down. P. acinosa is one of the medicinal

1. Phytolacea decandra, Virginian Poke. lp Section of Ovary. le Seed.
North America. lr Section of Seed.

oa Ly lower. 2. Rivina tinctoria, Dyer’s Rivina. ;
le Ovary and Pistil. Brazil.
1S a

PHYTOLACCACE:.

plants of the Himalayas. P. drastica of Chile has a root shaped like a turnip,
which is said to contain very powerful properties.

Rivina was named after a Saxon, who was for many years professor of botany
and medicine at Leipzig, and published several valuable botanical works; some of
his ingenious and original remarks on the distinguishing characters of the corolla
of plants, have been incorporated by other authors in their writings. Rivina being
a genus continually producing flowers and fruit, is a perennial honour to his
memory and talents, as Linneus remarked. R. tinctoria (2) is one of the numerous
plants yielding colour in Brazil. It is of very elegant growth, and a pleasing
ornament to the conservatory. The fruit contains one rough seed; the colouring
substance of the pulp is a bright red. R. octandra abounds in Jamaica, and
furnishes hoop-bands for sugar-casks, from its long, tough, and flexible stalks.
The berries, which contain an oily seed, are the chief food of the American Thrush ;
but, as they are heavy of digestion, it is said that the bird, with true instinct,
immediately seasons its repast with a few pods of the Capsicum baccatum, the
Bird-pepper bush. The species are generally upright, but R. octandra is of a
climbing nature, and twenty feet high. The seeds of the Rivina have only a small
portion of albumen, Giesekia, with its separate ovaries, forms a link with Cheno-
podiacee. From the experiments of French chemists, it has been shown that the
ashes of Phytolacca decandra contain a very large proportion of potash ; the eul-
tivation of it, therefore, in France, might probably be advantageous as a source of
alkali.

Some species of this Tribe are natives of North and South America, in the
Tropical regions, and beyond them: others belong to India and Africa. Phyto-
lacca decandra has become naturalized in some Southern countries of Europe.

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BEGONIACE &.
THE BEGONIA TRIBE.

Succvunenr undershrubs, or herbaceous plants, having an acid juice. The leaves
are alternate, toothed at the edges, rarely entire, usually unequal at the base. The
stipules are large and membranous. The flowers are pink or white; the stamens
and pistils are in separate flowers on the same plant. The calyx is adherent to
the ovary, coloured like a corolla; in the stamen flower the sepals are four, two
smaller, and within the other twa; in the pistil flower the sepals are five, two of
them smaller. The stamens are of indefinite number, either distinct, as in
B. semperflorens (1), or combined into a solid column. The anthers united into
a head, two-celled, continuous with the filament; the connective between the two
cells of the anther remarkably large, the cells minute, bursting longitudinally.
The ovary is adherent, winged, three-celled, the stigmas are three, two-lobed,
placed on the ovary, and somewhat spiral. The fruit is a membranous winged
capsule, three-celled, containing numerous small seeds, bursting by slits at the base
of the wings. The seeds are netted, and have no albumen.

These plants have much resemblance to Polygonacez, in the calyx and seed-
vessel.

Astringent and slightly bitter properties exist in the roots.

Begonia was vamed after a French botanist of the 17th century; there are
many species, all of a more or less succulent nature. The leaves are generally
of glossy texture, and bright in colour, some very red, others covered in parts with
red fringes, usually having one side much larger than the other. The flowers are
curious in form, produced in great abundance thoughout the summer, and very
ornamental in conservatories. B. semperflorens (1) is a very graceful species,
the delicate white flowers have the stamens with distinct filaments, and come forth
plentifully in spring. B. divers/folia (2) is one of the brightest species of Mexico.
B. sanguinea (3) is much admired for its singular foliage, of a tougher substance
than usual, showing very remarkably the unequal sides of the base of the leaves, as
well as the difference of colour between the upper and under surface. It grows to a

1. Begonia semperflorens, White-flowered Be- | 3. Begonia sanguinea, Red-leaved Begonia.
gonia. Brazil. Brazil.
= ee ERE Oar 4. Begonia manicata, Fringed Begonia.
1p Pistil. lo Stamen. Brasil:
lp Capsule, showing Seeds.
5a. Slamen of Diplocinium Lvansianum.
2. Begonia diversifolia, Various-leaved Be- 5B Cross-section of the Ovary.
gonia. Mexico. 5c Seed.

BEGONIACEA:. #

greater height than some others, and is very beautiful. B. manicata (4) is an
example of the fringed species, the flowers are small, but the leaves attain a large
size. B. argyrostigma, of Brazil, is a singular species, the leaves being spotted
with white; the green colouring matter not flowing in certain cells causes little
rings of pure white to appear on the upper surface, a small green point remaining
in the midst, the under surface of the leaf is red. B. discolor, of China, has mottled
leaves, which make a pleasing variety. Although in Europe the Begonias are only
esteemed for their beauty, yet in their native countries several of them are valued
by the inhabitants for medicinal qualities, or as food. The leaves of B. barbata,
called tengoor, are eaten by the people who dwell! in some of the valleys of the
Himalaya. B. éwberosa and B. malabarica are also thought eatable in some parts
of India. The root of B. grandiflora and of B. tomentosa are bitter and astringent ;
in Mexico several species are considered to have medicinal properties ; others are em-
ployed in Peru. These plants require the heat and moisture of a tropical climate
for their development, but some extend as far as 30° of north latitude, finding a
suitable atmosphere on the mountains of Northern India, at an elevation in some
districts as high as TOOO feet, where during the rainy season the moisture is
extreme. B. echinata, B. picta, and B. cordata, all belong to the Himalaya.
Eupetalum and Diploclinium are the only other genera of this tribe; the latter
consists merely of those Begonias which have a double plate for the seeds in the
ovary. The cultivation by seed is easily effected in this country. Some species
have been discovered of a climbing habit, reaching to the height of twenty-five
feet; this appears to form a link with Gagnnunees

These plants are very common in the East and West Indies, and in South
America. None are known in Africa, but some are found in Madagascar and the
Isles of France and Bourbon.

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115

POLYGONACE Z#.

THE BUCK-WHEAT TRIBE.

Hersaceous plants and a few shrubs. The leaves are alternate, with scarious
stipules cohering round the stem, occasionally wanting. The flowers are in
racemes, occasionally solitary ; the stamens and pistil are sometimes in different
flowers. The corolla is wanting, the calyx often coloured and assuming the ap-
pearance of petals, from three to six-parted. The stamens are usually of definite
number, and placed on the bottom of the calyx; the filaments are free and straight,
the anthers opening lengthwise. The ovary is of one cell, formed by the adhesion
of three carpels ; the styles or stigmas of the same number as the carpels. The
fruit is a nut, either naked, or partly covered by the enlarged calyx, or wholly
enclosed in it, as in Coccoloba. The seed is single, and contains farinaceous
albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Chenopodiacez ; Hriogonum forms a link with
Nyctaginacee, having no stipules.

Agreeable acid qualities exist in the leaves and stalks, nauseous medicinal pro-
perties in the roots; some of the plants are also powerfully astringent.

Polygonum, so called from the many joints of the stem, i: a genus widely
scattered over all Temperate countries, attaining higher development of size and
colour in hotter climates. P. Persicaria (1) is common in ditches and watery
places, growing to two feet in height; having a fibrous root, occasionally sending
out rootlets from the joints. P. amphibiwm is the finest British species; raising
its numerous erect spikes of pink flowers above the water, the stem spreads to a
considerable extent, roots proceeding from all the joints. It is almost impossible
to extirpate it; even from alluvial land, drained for many years, it will continue to
spring up. It is said that waterfowl eat the seeds. P.hydropiper is very gene-
rally to be seen in ditches ; the whole plant is covered, more or less, with glandular
pores, containing an intensely acrid juice, from whence it was named Water-

1. Polygonum Persicaria, Spotted Persicaria. | 28 Section of Seed.

TL hier. Liaw England. | 3. Rheum spiciforme, Spiked Rhubarb.
le Section of Seed. Himalayas.

3a Flower. 3B Section of Ovary.
2. Polygonum orientale, Eastern Persicaria. |
East indies. | 4, Coccoloba uwviferu, Sea-side Grape.
2a Flower opened. | West Indies.
2B Cluster of Flowers. 4a Flower. 48 Pistil.
2c Stamen. 2D Ovary. | do Seed-vessel. dn Seed.

POLYGONACE®.

pepper. ‘The long slender spike of small greenish flowers distinguishes it from
other species. P. aviculare, Knot-grass, is one of the most frequent of weeds,
growing almost everywhere, in waste and cultivated ground, the prostrate stems
spreading their numerous branches in every direction. The angular black seeds
furnish an abundant supply of food to small birds. P. Convolvulus is a climbing
species, usually to be found in osier grounds. YP. orientale (2) is the Persicaria of
our gardens, having been brought from the East in the beginning of the eighteenth
century ; it is often as much as ten feet in height, far surpassing the British species
in size and beauty. Several species in Brazil, as well as in India, are valuable to
the natives for their medicinal properties. Fagopyrum esculentum has been made
a distinct genus from Polygonum, and is the most important of the Tribe, yielding
a large proportion of wholesome nourishment in its farinaceous seeds. Originally
a native of the East, it has become naturalized here, and often appears in corn-
fields. As food for pheasants, it is cultivated in some parts of the country ; but
in Belgium it is much grown, and the flour obtained from the seeds is made into
cakes 3 it is a remarkably beautiful crop, the bright red stalks bearing their
graceful spikes of pink and white flowers. In North America it is still more
generally used for cakes: English crumpets are no longer made of Buck-wheat, as
formerly.

Rheum is said to have derived its name from ha, the ancient name of the
Volga, on the banks of which the famous root was discovered in abundance.
R. pa/matum is the species from whence the chief supply is obtained on the moun-
tains in Tartary; in China, also, the plant is much cultivated; the roots are
generally taken up twice in the year, stripped of their bark, and dried in the air.
R. spiciforme (3) grows on the northern slopes of the Himalayas; the roots are of
compact texture and light colour, and possess the usual properties. Coccoloba
uvifera (4) grows in the estuaries of salt water or on sandy shores in South
America and the Isles of the Caribbean Sea: saline particles are essential to its
perfect development, for whenever it is found in an inland situation it produces
only leaves, no flowers. The French colonists call it Raisin du bord de la mer ;
the enlarged calyx entirely encloses the seed, and forms a pulpy fruit, in appearance
like grapes, of an agreeable sub-acid flavour. The trees are tall and branching,
the wood is hard and heavy, but of little use ; when boiled, it imparts a red tint
to water. C. excoriata is found by the side of torrents in St. Domingo; this
species, and also CO. obtusifolia, exhibit close affinity to Polygonum, the pink calyx
not wholly enclosing the black seed, nor becoming so pulpy as in C. wwifera.
Several other species are natives of the West Indies. Rumex contains some
troublesome weeds, as docks, and some eatable herbs much used in Continental
cookery. R. scutatus is the French Sorrel, of pleasant acidity; R. acetosa, an
English species, the common Sorrel ; the astringent roots yield a red dye. Oxyria
reniformis has strong acid qualities in the leaves; it grows chiefly in northern
situations in various parts of Scotland, and extends far north into the Arctic
regions. Calligona Pallasia is a leafless shrub on the Steppes of Siberia, affording
food to the Calmuck peasants in the fruit and roots. Among the eatable fruits of
Eastern Australia described by Mr. Backhouse, is Muhlenbeckia adpressa. Sir
Robert Schomburgk found the stem and branches of Triplaris americana full of
hollow cells, which serve as habitations for ants.

This Tribe is scattered over the world in nearly every part: Polygonum and
Rumex abounding in Temperate regions; Coccoloba in South America and the
West Indies ; Oxyria existing in the dreary regions of the North Pole.

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LAURACE &.

THE LAUREL TRIBE.

Trees, some of which are of large size. The leaves are alternate, seldom opposite,
entire at the edges, or rarely lobed, without stipules. The flowers are small, and
grow in panicles or umbels, or small clusters. The calyx is four to six-cleft, petals
are wanting ; sometimes the stamens and pistil are not perfect in the same flowers.
The stamens are of definite number, placed on the calyx, usually twice as many as
its segments, and opposite to them. The three innermost stamens are imperfect ;
the six outer have perfect anthers, which are two to four-celled, the cells bursting
by a long persistent valve, opening upwards. The inner filaments usually have
glands at their base. The ovary is above the calyx, one-celled, with a simple style,
and stigma, either obtuse or two or three-lobed. The fruit is either a berry or a
drupe, naked or covered, its stalk often becoming enlarged (4). The seed has no
albumen.

This Tribe is chiefly distinguished from Thymelacee and others by the reflexed
valves of the anthers.

Aromatic properties, oil and camphor, exist abundantly in these trees.

Laurus, derived from the Celtic /awr, green, is a genus with evergreen leaves,
existing in the East and West Indies, and more abundantly in North America. It
yields valuable timber in its largest trees, aromatic oil, spice, camphor, and a deli-
cious fruit. L. nobilis (1), the only European species, was selected in ancient times
as an appropriate plant for garlands to adorn heroes and sages : it was consecrated to
the service of priests, and used by them in their sacrifices. 'The leaves contain
aromatic oil, and a small portion of prussic acid, which gives them medicinal power ;
the fruit when boiled yields also oil. In the southern parts of Hampshire, the Bay
grows luxuriantly, and bears a plentiful crop of fruit; but in Italy it attains greater
height, becoming a tree. L. indica, the Royal Bay, is a native of Madeira and the
Canaries, and affords an useful wood for furniture. lL. chloroxylon, the Cog-wood
tree of Jamaica, is sixty feet high; the wood is hard and tough, well adapted for
the construction of sugar-mills. One of the most valuable spices is Cinnamon, the

1. Laurus nobilis, Sweet Bay. Italy. | 3. Persea gratissima, Avocado Pear.
1a Pistil Flower. lp Stamen Flower. West Indies.
lo Stamen. lp Section of Seed.

34 Stamen. 3B Section of Fruit.

2. Cinnamomum javanicum, Japanese Cinna-
mon. Java. | 44. Dehaasia media. Java.

2a Pistil. Fruit on enlarged Stalk.

LAURACE.

inner bark of several trees of this tribe : Cinnamomum javanicum (2) abounds in Java
and the neighbouring isles. In Ceylon, the trees that produce it are so common,
that the wood is used for fuel and various purposes. ‘Twice in the year the young
branches are cut, the outer bark is scraped off, the thin inner layer carefully
loosened. On being exposed to the sun, it curls up into the form we receive it in.
The trees have a stunted appearance, not being allowed to grow above nine feet :
the delicious scent is not perceptible until the branches are cut, as it is contained in
the internal portion of the bark. Cassia bark has nearly similar properties, but is
not so fragrant. The Chinese Cassia comes from Cinnamomum Cassia. The
Clove-cassia of Brazil is the bark of Dicypellium caryophyl/atum, one of the noblest
trees of this tribe, as described by Martius. Persea gratissima (3) is the only
eatable fruit ; in the West Indies, it is called Avocado, or Alligator Pear; the pulp
is of a sweet, agreeable flavour, but Europeans think it so rich as to require the
addition of some kind of spice, or wine. By the negroes it is considered their chief
delicacy, and it is eaten by every animal or bird; the large seed is enveloped in a
thin membranous coat. Camphor, a concrete state of oil, is a frequent secretion of
this tribe ; a large supply is obtained from all parts of Camphora officinarum, which
grows plentifully in the Island of Formosa, and being taken in junks to Canton is
dispersed thence to various countries. Sassafras officinarum, a large tree of North
America, yields an aromatic oil from its berries, and the tonic bark is used medi-
ecinally. Benzoin odori/ferum has similar properties. Some of the fruits bear a
resemblance to the true Nutmeg, but are of inferior quality. The Clove-nutmegs
of Madagascar are produced by Agathophyllum aromaticum ; the Brazilian Nut-
megs by Cryptocarya moschata. he fruit of Acrodiclidium, or Camara-nutmeg,
is highly esteemed in Guiana for its medicinal properties. Among the fever and
ague remedies of Guiana, Nectandra Rodic7, the Bibiri, is considered the best ; the
wood, celebrated for its hardness, is known as the Greenheart of Demerara. Oreo-
daphne is remarkable for a hard yellow wood, with a very disagreeable odour.
There occurs frequently one exception in a tribe, which seems to make a link with
other plants of very different manner of growth and appearance: Cassytha is an
example of such a variation from the chief type. It is a slender cord-like leafless
plant, resembling most nearly Dodder, and, like that parasitic, bearing small flowers
and round white fruit. The structure of the flower, more especially of the stamens
with recurved anther-valves, is precisely that of Laurels; but the fruit differs in
being enclosed in the calyx, and becoming a berry. Although not fully conform-
able to any known Order, it appears to be most rightly placed here.

This extensive Tribe inhabits cool situations in the Tropics; a few species are
found in Madeira, Teneriffe, and Madagascar ; a very few advance northwards into
North America; scarcely any exist in Africa; one only in Southern Europe.
Cassytha belongs to the Tropics.

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117

MYBIS LEC ACE A.

THE NUTMEG TRIBE.

Tropica. trees, often containing a red juice, the leaves are alternate, without
stipules, not dotted, entire at the edges, stalked and leathery. The flowers are
small, and grow from the base of the leaf-stalk, or on terminal branches, or
panicles. A short folded bract is at the base of the flower; the calyx is leathery,
usually downy, three or four notched. The stamens and pistil are in separate
flowers, the filaments of the stamens are either distinct or united in a cylinder;
the anthers are from three to twelve, two-celled, turned outwards, bursting length-
wise, either united or distinct. The carpels are solitary or many, with a single
ovule. The style is very short, the stigma lobed. The fruit is a berry, containing
a nut enveloped in an arillus. The seed contains slightly fleshy albumen.

This Tribe bas affinity with Lauracez and Proteacee, but is distinguished by
the structure of the anthers and fruit.

Aromatic properties exist generally in the fruit.

Myristica is said to be derived from the Greek for myrrh, in allusion to the
aromatic flavour of the fruit. Nutmeg trees, Myristica moschata (1), were first
cultivated by the Dutch in the island of Banda, but they soon became dispersed
throughout the Eastern and Western Tropics, wherever colonies were established by
French or English settlers. In the Moluccas and in Sumatra extensive plantations
were formed; in the West Jndies Trinidad was found to be very favourable for
their growth, and in the last tropical territory acquired by English intrepidity and
influence, now being subdued by skilful cultivation, in the Sarawak district of the
vast island of Borneo, the Nutmeg is considered one of the most valuable objects of
attention, and will probably be one of the chief branches of that opening commerce
destined to contribute largely to the civilization of the country. The peculiarity
of the fruit, which would otherwise be a simple drupe, is the aril or tough leathery
covering of the nut, within the fleshy coat of the exterior. This aril, when taken
out and dried, is known as mace, a spice of considerable importance for culinary
purposes, especially in all hot countries where food requires to be highly seasoned.
The nut, or Nutmeg, containing an essential oil of fragrant aromatic odour, and
medicinal properties, has a thin black coat, wrinkled by the impression of the aril,

1. Myristica moschata, Common Nutmeg. 2. Virola sebifera, Oily Virola.
Tropics of Asia. Guiana.
1a Flower. 1p Stamens. 24 Cluster of Flowers.
le Section of Ovary. 28 Stamen Flower.
Ip Nutmeg. le Section. 2c Pistil Flower.

MYRISTICACE Ai. *

also an inner skin which adheres closely to the kernel: it is usually employed in at y
powdered state, both as a condiment and as a medicine. When the fruit is ripe it —
splits open, showing the red aril within. M. fatua is a native of Surinam, with
long drooping branches, bearing an oblong fruit, from the kernel of which is
extracted a yellow fatty substance used for candles and other purposes of domestic
economy ; the fragrance of this species is very slight. The bark of this and other
species yields an acrid red juice. M. spherocarpa of Martaban has a small round
fruit of a bright red colour, with a pale nut within, which, as well as its aril, are
aromatic ; the fleshy portion of the frnit is acid and astringent. M. amygdalina
of the same country is nearly similar. Virola sebifera (2), a tree of South
America, abounds on the borders of forests and hills in Cayenne and Guiana, it
attains to 60 feet in height with a top composed of thick twisting branches; the
leaves when young are clothed on the under surface with a rusty down. The
kernel yields a yellow oily material for making soap and candles, and various uses;
the red juice which exudes from the bark wherever incisions are made, is said to
be a preservative for the teeth. Pyrrhosa tingens of Amboyna has a mace full of
red mucilaginous juice, which, when mixed with lime, is used as a pigment. The
red juice collected from the trunk of Myristica spuria is called Dooghan in the
Philippines, and used as a substitute for Dragon’s Blood. Hyalostemma differs
from the true type of this Order in having no aril to the fruit; its numerous carpels
make it a kind of link with the Custard-apple Tribe.

This Tribe inhabits exclusively the Tropics of Asia and America, and is most
abundant in India.

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118

PROTEACE A.

THE PROTEA TRIBE.

Smaut trees and shrubs, the branches usually in umbels. The leaves are rigid,
dry, divided or undivided, opposite or alternate, without stipules, sometimes
having pores equally on both sides. The calyx is four-lobed, or four-cleft ; petals
are wanting. The stamens are four, sometimes part imperfect, opposite the seg-
ments of the calyx, and placed upon them. ‘The ovary consists of a simple carpel
above the calyx; the style is single, usually very long; the stigma simple. ‘The
fruit is gaping when ripe, or closed, and contains one or more seeds which have no
albumen.

This Tribe has some affinity with Thymelacee, but is distinguished by the
stamens of the lobes of the calyx, and the gaping fruit.

Very few useful properties exist in these plants ; the seeds of some are eatable.

Protea displays considerable varieties in its species, and other genera being of
extremely differing aspect, the name is well applied to the whole Tribe. P. pul-
chella (1) is one of the fairest examples in regard to the flower and general aspect,
but the character of the Tribe is dull, stiff foliage, and the heads of small flowers
afford very little beauty of bright colouring. Like many of the Australian trees
and shrubs, a pale dusky hue pervades the leaves, sometimes not only on the
under, but also on the upper surface. P. grandiflora rises to the size of a tree
eight feet high, and is called Wagenboom by the Dutch colonists at the Cape, as
they use the wood for the wheels of their strong rude carts. The bark is valued
for medicinal properties. P. mellifera yields a kind of honey in some abundance,
which is thought to be a remedy for coughs. The bark of P. specvosa is used in
tanning leather. Nearly all the genera have been named after learned botanists,
Banksia, Lambertia, Persoonia, Dryandra, Hakea, and others, all recording the
memory of celebrated men. Grevillea, so called from a nobleman who was a great
promoter of natural science, is very abundant in New South Wales. G. longifolia

1. Protea pulchella, Wave-leaved Protea. 3B Calyx and Stamens.

Cape of Good Hope. 8c Anther.
1a Flower with Pistil. 4. Leucospermum hypophyllum, Trifid-leaved
lp Stamen. Leucospermum. Cape of Good Hope.
lo Three Stamens. 5. Banksia media. New Holland.
2. Grevillea longifolia, Long-leaved Grevillea. 6. B. speciosa. Fruit.
2a Flower of G. linearis. Australia. | 7, Hakea acicularis.

3. Telopea speciosissima, Waratah. 7B Fruit. To Seed.
3a Pistil. New South Wales. | 84. Hakea undulata. Seed-vessel.

PROTEACE.

(2), is an elegant species when in flower, the extremely long styles bent backwards,
giving a singular effect to the flower-spike. Telopea speciosi/ssima (3), is of a
brilliant colour and considered ornamental in the conservatory, although seldom
seen in its full vigour; it is best known by its native name of Waratah. Leuco-
spermum is named from the whiteness of the seeds; the shrubs are usually downy
or hairy, and the heads of flowers stand erect at the ends of the branches. The
leaves of L. hypophyllum (4) have, like those of other species, a few strong notches
at the end of the leaves. This is peculiarly a Cape genus, and some of the species
were amongst the first importations we obtained from that settlement in 1774.
Banksia was named by Linneus in honour of his friend Sir Joseph Banks, who,
although younger, had already attained to great eminence as a naturalist. It is
an Australian genus of noble aspect, and has the peculiar character of bearing the
produce of four years on the tree at the same time: the dry hard seed-vessels of
the two previous years, the cone of expanded flowers of the present season, and the
buds of the future year. B. media (5) isa fine shrub in our conservatories, but
all these shrubs can only flourish in a spacious airy building, a moist atmosphere
is very uncongenial to their nature. B. speciosa (6) bears a large cone-shaped
fruit, which seems to form a kind of link with the Fir Tribe, as also does the rigid
foliage: the two-valved capsule gapes when ripe. B. grandis is said to attain a
great size on the barren hills on the banks of the Swan River; some trees have
been found fifty feet high, and more than two and a half in diameter. Dryandra
is a very similar genus, the leaves are all more or less clothed with fine white
down on the under surface, and the bracts of the flowers extremely silky. D. plu-
mosa has a remarkably delicate pinnated leaf, the small triangular leaflets tipped
with a fine point. Hakea is a shrub with very stiff foliage, the seed-vessel (7) is a
follicle of a woody nature, containing two winged seeds. H. wndulata bears a large
seed-vessel, and has wavy prickly-toothed leaves. Amongst these shrubs very few
afford food of any kind; the seeds of Brabejum sfellatum, the African almond of
the Cape, when roasted are eaten like chesnuts, and their outer covering is used as
coffee. The nut-like fruit of Guevina is sold in the markets of Chile. The flowers
of Persoonia macrostachya and Petrophila brevifolia yield a bright colour when
boiled, which might doubtless be available for dyeing. Lomatia, Stenocarpus,
Nivenia, and several others, are natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

This Tribe is most abundant at the Cape, and in Australia. A few species
only belong to South America, and the Isles of the Malay Archipelago. In the
Northern Hemisphere Protea abyssinica and P. Paulina are almost the only
examples.

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119

TERY MHA CE Ag.

THE DAPHNE TRIBE.

Survss with tenacious bark, and a few herbaceous plants. The leaves are alter-
nate or opposite, without stipules, and entire at the edges. The flowers are in
heads or spikes, at the ends of the branches, or at the base of the leaf-stalks,
occasionally solitary, often enclosed in an involucre. The calyx is below the ovary,
tubular, coloured, the top usually four-cleft, generally imbricated in the bud. 'The
corolla is either wanting, or consists of scale-like petals in the mouth of the calyx.
The stamens are of definite number, usually eight, or four, opposite the segments of
the calyx; the anthers are two-celled, bursting lengthwise in the middle. The
ovary is composed of a single carpel, the style is simple, the stigma undivided.
The fruit is hard, dry, and nutlike, or a drupe; the seed is single, and has thin or
fleshy albumen, or none.

This Tribe has affinity with Proteacese and Hleagnacez, and is chiefly dis-
tinguished by the position of the anthers.

Extremely caustic juices exist in the bark of these shrubs.

A Spanish species of Daphne, D. thymelea, was chosen to give a name to this
Tribe. D. mezereum (1) is a native of English woods, and has long been an
admired shrub in gardens, from the precocity of the fragrant flowers, coming forth
on the branches in the first dawn of spring, while the leaf-buds are only beginning
to unfold at the top. The delicate beauty of this and other spring flowers is duly
appreciated in the early season of the year, whilst the specimens of the floral world
are yet scarce. It grows in all parts of Europe, from north to south. ‘The roots
are large and branching, and are supposed to be a remedy for toothache; the acrid
bark and berries are used for blisters in France. D. laureola (2) will flourish
under the shade and dripping of trees, and is therefore valuable in a shrubbery:
the roots have similar properties to those of D. mezerewnm, but are black when ripe
instead of red; they are poisonous to all animals except birds, who eat them greedily
as soon as they are ripe. The bark of the stem and branches is extremely tough,
as is that of nearly all this Tribe. From the inner bark of D. Bholua a very soft

|
1. Daphne mezereuwm, Mezereon. | 3. Dais laurifolia, Laurel-leaved Dais.

Woods, England. | 3a Pistil. Cape of Good Hope.
1a Flower, opened. | 4. Direa palustris, Leather-wood. N. America.
1p Stamen. | 5. Pimelea spectabilis, Showy Pimelea.
le Section of Ovary. Ip Seed. Ba aawer: Swan River.

2. Daphne laureola, Spurge Laurel. England. 6a. Lagetta lintearia, Lace-bark. Jamaica,

THYMELACE.

kind of paper is made in Nepal. The most remarkable example of inner bark is
that of Lagetta Jintearia, the vegetable lace-tree (6); it consists of many layers of
interlaced silky fibres, forming a thin netted substance, which may be stripped
from the wood and extended to a considerable size, sometimes three or four feet in
length. Charles II. received as a present, from the Governor of Jamaica, a cravat,
frill, and ruffles, made of this lace-bark. D. odora is a white-flowered species of
Japan; D. acuminata grows in Persia and Beloochistan above four thousand feet
elevation ; it is excessively unwholesome for cattle. D. pontica is one of the plants
which imparts injurious qualities to the honey of the country, and is supposed to
have been partly the cause of the fatal sickness which befell the army of the Ten
Thousand in the celebrated retreat under Xenophon. Dais /aurifolia (3) is more
known on the Continent than in this countiy; D. cotinifolia of the Cape of Good
Hope is the species generally seen in shrubberies. Dirca palustris (4) is a native
of bogs and watery places in various parts of North America, in shady wet woods
from New York to Virginia. ‘The branches are excessively tough; the bark is
made into ropes, baskets, and other useful articles; the young plants are liable to
be devoured by snails; it is therefore seldom planted here. The fruit has narcotic
properties. Pimelea is a genus belonging to the Southern Hemisphere, and
abounding in New Holland. Some are evergreen shrubs; all are hardy in our
climate, and very ornamental plants; P. spectabilis (5) is the most beautiful
species. Passerina.tinctorta is one of those plants which yield a yellow dye for
wool. The seeds of Inocarpus edu/is are eatable when roasted, and have a pleasant
flavour. The bark of Gnidia daphnoides affords strong material for ropes to the
natives of Madagascar.

This Tribe is abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, common in the cold regions
of India and South America. Lagetta belongs exclusively to the Tropics. Very
few species are natives of Europe. Drapetes grows in the Antarctic Islands.

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SANTALACE A.

THE SANDAL-WOOD TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants; the leaves are alternate or opposite,
undivided, sometimes minute and resembling stipules. The flowers are in spikes,
seldom in umbels, solitary, small. The calyx is above the ovary, four or five
cleft, half-coloured. The stamens are four or five, opposite the segments of the
calyx, and inserted into their bases; a kind of plume is attached to the filament.
The evary is one-celled, with from one to four ovules fixed to a central plate,
usually near the top; the style is single, the stigma often lobed. The fruit is one-
seeded, hard and dry, or drupaceous; the seed contains fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has some affinity with Thymelaceee and Eleagnacee, but is dis-
tinguished by the inferior ovary and the copious albumen of the seed.

Acid and astringent properties prevail in some of these plants.

Santalum, which gives its name to this small Tribe, is derived from the
Persian. §. a/bum (1) is the famous sandal-wood of Malabar; it is an evergreen
shrub, seldom more than ten feet in height, but the wood is extremely fragrant,
and is much esteemed in India, where it is said to be impervious to insects. The
small musical instruments, boxes, and other articles made of sandal-wood, are now
generally known in this country, being favourite examples of the ingenuity of the
native workmen of India. 'The Brahmins consider it one of their sacred trees,
and employ the dust of the wood in compounding the pigment with which they
paint the mysterious mark on the forehead of their god Vishnoo. 'The oil used in
religious ceremonies and at funerals is extracted from the wood or its shavings.
When the trees become old, the central part of the wood acquires a yellowish tinge,
and then also it attains the highest degree of fragrance. Not only in Malabar, but
in all the islands of the Indian Ocean, the sandal-wood is frequent, and it is
exported from the coast to Bengal and China, though seldom brought to Europe.
The native doctors value its soothing, cooling qualities. S. myrtifolium, a less
useful species, grows chiefly on the Circar mountains. The species most common
in the Sandwich Islands are S. Freycinetianum and 8. paniculatum. Thesium is

1. Santalum album, Sandal-wood. Malabar. 24 Bud.
1a Flower. lB Opened. 28 Flower.
le Stamen Scale and Plume. 2c Flower opened.
1p Stamen and Plume. 2p Section of Ovary.
Je Ovary and Pistil. lr Fruit. 28 Section of Fruit.
2. Thesium linophyllum, Flax-leaved Thesium. | 3. Leptomeria Billardieri. ‘Tasmania.

Chalk soil, England. | 44. Fruit of Leptomeria acida.

SANTALACE.

a genus of no beauty of colour or development, yet it is remarkably neat in form
and structure of flower; all the species are astringent in the juice. The calyx of
T. linophyllum (2) is white within, and spreading until the seed ripens, when it
closes over it. At the base of the stamens is a small tuft of hairs, not so large and
perfect as is the plume of Santalum, but one of the characteristics of this Order.
It grows chiefly on open chalky places, on the hills on the borders of Cambridge-
shire and Hertfordshire, also in Dorsetshire. T. alpinum and T. ebracteatum are
natives of Germany; T’. wmbellatum belongs to North America; and T. amplexi-
caule, to the Cape of Good Hope. 'T. Himalense, nearly resembling our British
species, was discovered by Dr. Royle on the arid rocky soil near Choupal, to the
north of Choor. Leptomeria Billardieri (3) is very common in Tasmania, and
has a singular aspect from its almost leafless branches, the minute scale-leaves
being so pressed to the branches as to be scarcely discernible. The fruit is acid
and astringent, and although very small, frequently serves to allay the thirst of
travellers in the wilds of Australia, where water is scarce. The Quandang nut,
Fusanus acuminatus, of New Holland, has a pleasant flavour and is much eaten by
natives and colonists. Myoschylus ob/ongus yields medicine in Chile. An infusion
of the leaves of Osyris nepa/ensis is used by the natives of the hills in India as a
sort of tea. O. alba is frequent in the south of Europe, and the slender flexible
branches are very serviceable as packing materials. Pyrularia pubera of Carolina
contains oil in the kernels of the fruit.

This tribe exists, in Europe and North America, as small herbs; in the East
Indies, Australia, and the South Sea Islands, as shrubs and small trees.

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ELHAGNACE “i.

THE OLEASTER TRIBE.
—————_—— ——_—

Smauu trees and shrubs, usually covered with resinous glands or dots and minute
scales. The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple, and sometimes notched at the
edges, with or without stipules. The flowers grow from the base of the leaf-stalks,
or in catkins or panicles. The stamens and pistils are often in separate flowers,
united in Eleagnus. The stamen flowers of the catkins are placed each within a
scale; the stamens are from two to eight; the anthers two to four-celled, opening
lengthwise. The calyx of the pistil flowers and the perfect flowers is free, tubular,
with a fleshy disk which often closes it; persistent; the upper part two to five-
toothed. The ovary is free, simple, one-celled, sometimes surrounded by scales,
surmounted by one or two stigmas, simple oval-shaped, or dilated, glandular. The
fruit is a drupe, covered with waxy secretions, or crustaceous, and enclosed within
the succulent calyx or scales. The seed is solitary, and contains very little
albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with the Nettle Tribe. Myrica forms a link with
Amentacez.

Aromatic, tonic, and astringent properties prevail in these shrubs.

Elzagnus is a genus with slender pale brown branches and silvery leaves.
Although selected as the type of the Order, it has not the character of separate
stamens and pistil, the flowers being complete in that respect, but without a regular
corolla of petals; the single calyx forms the flower, and is more brightly coloured
within ; four stamens are fixed on it. The whole of the tree, except the older
branches, is covered with scales and glands of a silvery hue; the minute scales,
when viewed under the microscope, display a beautiful star-like form, reminding of
another branch of creation—the scales of fishes. As the leaves become older they
acquire a duller browner hue. E. angustifolia (1) is the European species, and

1. Elwagnus angustifolia, Narrow-leaved Ole- 34 Slumen Flower. 38 Pistil and Ovary.
aster. South Europe. Be Section of Fruit.
la Scale, magnified. 4. Myrica gale, Sweet Gale. Britain.

2. Eleagnus argentea, Silvery Oleaster. 4 Pistil Flower, 48 Section.
North Americe. 4c Seed-vessel.
2a Flower, open. 28 Pistil. 5. Myrica javanica. Java.

PE le Lee Es as Ga. Pistil Flower and Scale of M. cerifera,

3. Hippophaes rhamnoides, Sea Buck-thorn. Gp Flower without Scale.

Cliffs, Britain. | 7a. Catkin of Comptonia.

ELEHAGNACE.

has been for more than two centuries admitted into shrubberies, where the delicate
foliage contrasts well with the glossy leaves of evergreen shrubs. The flowers, as
well as those of other species, are agreeably fragrant, and contain a honey considered
good in fever. It was known to Pliny, who called it the Wild Olive. In the low,
humid soil about Constantinople the trees grow abundantly ; the fruit is sold in the
markets, a large supply being brought from Scutari and other places on the Asiatic
shore; it is of a dry, mealy, saccharine substance, sweet, and pleasant to the taste.
E. argentea (2) was introduced from North America; the solitary nodding flowers
come forth late in the summer; in its native woods the contrast of its silvery leaves
with the rich and brilliant hues of autumn foliage in that country is still more
striking than in our plantations. The fruit of E. orventalis is eaten in Persia, that
of E. arborea in Nepal. Hippophaes (3) grows on sandy cliffs on the east coast of
England, above the sea; the upper surface of the leaves is covered with minute
dots, without scales ; the lower is clothed with silvery scales. In Sweden the berries
are eaten by the peasants, as also in the south of France, where the trees grow
plentifully ; they are, however, extremely acid, and must be prepared with sugar
to render them palatable. It is said to be a good sauce for fish, and the fishermen
on the Gulf of Bothnia collect and preserve large quantities of the fruit. The whole
plant yields a yellow dye. Myrica is a genus preferring moist situations; M. gale
(4) is a native of swampy bogs and marshes in Wales and other mountainous parts
of Britain. An essential oil exists in small pores of resinous substance, which gives
a pleasing fragrance to the leaves and berries. A bitter principle is also contained
in the leaves, used by some of the poor in northern countries as a substitute for
hops. The catkins, when boiled, yield a waxy substance, from which candles might
be made; it is also serviceable in tanning skins; both in Sweden and in Wales it
is employed to dye wool yellow. In the Hebrides and other Scotch isles medicinal
use is made of the leaves; and in the marshes of Cambridgeshire the branches are
made into brooms. The flowering branches grow from terminal buds of the former
year, which wither at the end when the fruit is completed; new branches come
from the side buds—thus a thick, short bush is formed, seldom more than four
feet high. M. cer/fera supplies wax in North America, and is called candle-berry
bush. M. javanica (6) is a representative of the genus in hot regions. Comptonia
asplenifolia (7) is tonic and astringent, used as a medicine in the United States.

This Tribe is dispersed throughout all the northern hemisphere, the tropics of
South America, India, and the Cape of Good Hope. It is less frequent south of
the equator, and very few species are natives of Europe.

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ARISTOLOCHIACEA.

THE ARISTOLOCHIA TRIBE.

Herzsaceous plants and shrubs, some of which are climbing. The wood is
without concentric zones and inseparable wedges. The leaves are alternate, simple,
stalked, often having a scaly or leafy stipule. The flowers are solitary from
the base of the leaf-stalk, usually brown or some dull colour. The calyx is adherent,
tubular, regular, or unequal. The stamens are six to twelve, placed upon the
calyx, distinct, or adhering to the style and stigmas. The ovary is inferior, six-
celled, rarely three or four-celled, the style is single, the stigmas radiating, as
numerous as the cells of the ovary. The fruit is dry or succulent, three, four, or
six-celled, many-seeded. The seeds are thin, angular, or round, containing fleshy
albumen.

This Tribe has very slight affinity with any other.

Tonic stimulating properties exist in the roots and leaves of these plants.

Aristolochia and its allies may be said to form a kind of link between ,the two
great classes of the vegetable world, the dicotyledonous and the monocotyledonous
plants, having the chief points of structure of the former, and agreeing with the
latter in the ternary arrangement of the parts of the flower and the incomplete
formation of the wood. The flowers of this genus exhibit a remarkable diversity
of shape and colour, and strange deviations from the regular typical form of a
simple corolla; the contrast between the little yellow English species and the large
and extraordinary developments of hotter regions, is amongst the most curious to
be found in the whole range of the floral world. A. Clematitis (1) is so rarely
discovered in a wild state in England that it can scarcely be reckoned an original
native, but rather a naturalized foreigner, become indigenous only in a few localities
where it was formerly cultivated. The site of the garden of the old nunnery of
Godstow, near Oxford, is one of the few situations where it is to be seen. 'The

1. Aristolochia Clematitis, Common Birthwort. | 4. Asarum europeum, Common Asarabacca.

: England. England,
1a Section of Flower. eae a pee
1p Ovary and Stamens.
le Stamens and Pistil. 5A. Capsule of Aristolochia.
lp Anther. le Section of Ovary. 5B Section of Seed-vessel.
2. Aristolochia Sipho, Broad-leaved Aristo- 5c Section of Seed.
lochia. Philadelphia.
5. Aristolochia gigas, Gigantic Aristolochia. Ga. Wood of Bragantia.

South America. 6B Flower. 6c Seed.

ARISTOLOCHIACE AS.

roots are considered to have powerful medicinal properties, like those of the exotic
species. A. Sipho (2) is one of the tallest species, and well adapted for covering
arbours, making a pleasant shade with its large and numerous leaves. The flower
shows a regular ternary division, and is among the simple forms. A. gigas (3)
affords a striking object to an European traveller in the forests of Guiana, climbing
over shrubs, with its fine leaves and remarkable flowers; the latter may be
frequently seen on the heads of little native children, worn as a cap in ‘sport.
Some of the Brazilian species rank amongst the most powerful in the properties of
the roots, which have generally a strong disagreeable scent, and a bitter aromatic
flavour. A. ringens, A. galeata, and others, are of much value in the medicines
they yield. A. fragrantissima, the Star-reed of Peru, is one of the medicinal
plants of that country. <A. tri/obata and A. odoratissima afford medicine to the
natives of Jamaica. The dried fibrous root of A. serpentaria is used in North
America to cure the bite of snakes, and is imported into Europe, where it still
retains a place as an available medicine. A. anguictda is supposed to be the
celebrated Guaco mentioned by Humboldt. Several kinds grow in Egypt, and
are there employed by the famous jugglers to stupefy snakes. India has also a
portion of these singular plants, and Hindoo doctors prepare infusions of the leaves
and various remedies from the roots. A. saccata, on the mountains of Silhet,
grows to the height of twenty feet, and has leaves more than a foot in length, and
four inches wide; the numerous flowers are suspended in a vertical position on a
kind of panicle. A. cymbifera and A. labiosa have both curiously expanded lips
to their flowers. <A. ciliata, of Patagonia, has the small flower fringed with long
glandular hairs: but to enumerate the countless variety of form assumed by this
eccentric genus would be impossible. Asarum europeum (4) is only occasionally
found in hilly woods in the northern counties; near Kirkby Lonsdale it is most
plentiful, and is of peculiar appearance with its two leaves and solitary flower.
The creeping roots have medical properties. Although India possesses so many
powerful medical plants, yet this little European species is sold. in the bazaars
under the name of asaroon. Bragantia (6) shows the peculiar formation of the
wood of this tribe. B. tomentosa is an extremely bitter plant of Java: some
species are natives of India and the Malay Isles. -

This Tribe is very abundant in the Tropics of South America, frequent in the
north of Africa, rare in North America, Europe, and Siberia, existing only in a few
species in India. Asarum belongs equally to North America, Japan, and Europe.

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HUPHORBIACESA.

THE SPURGE TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, with round or irregularly angled stems,
often abounding in an acrid milky juice. The leaves are alternate, rarely opposite,
simple, seldom compound, sometimes having stipules, often wanting in the succulent
species. The flowers grow on terminal stalks or from the base of the leaf-stalks,
variously arranged, sometimes surrounded by an involucre resembling a calyx.
The calyx is below the ovary and has various scales and glands, the petals when
developed alternate with its lobes. 'The stamens and pistil are in separate flowers,
the filaments free or united, the anthers two-celled gaping longitudinally. The
ovary is formed of three carpels connected by a central axis, either stalked or not.
The styles are equal in number to the carpels; the stigmas are single and distinct,
or lobed ; the fruit consists of three dry capsules, splitting and separating from the
axis with elasticity. The cells are one or two-seeded: the seeds contain fleshy oily
~ albumen.

The separation of stamens and pistil, and want of petals, connect this Tribe
with Artocarpacese and Urticacee. Those which have petals and united stamens
and carpels form a link with the Mallow Tribe.

A poisonous milky secretion, and stinging hairs, belong generally to these
plants.

Euphorbia records the name of a renowned physician of King Juba in Barbary,
supposed to have been the first to discover the medicinal properties of the genus. It
displays a marvellous variety of form in its species. Some are small herbs, as E.
Peplus (1), one of the commonest weeds in cultivated ground, of no value except
that the acrid milk cures warts. Others are shrubs, EH. canariensis, twenty feet in
height. Some are of a succulent nature, and when leafless and spiny assume the
aspect of Cactus. E. meloformis has a melon-shaped stem, from which the flowers

1. Euphorbia Peplus, Common Spurge. 4. Poinsettia pulcherrima. Mexico.
England. 44 Flower. 4p Flower. 4c Stamen.
1a Capsule. 18 Seed. dA. E. pentagona. East Indies.

6a. Flower of Euphorbia.

2. Euphorbia splendens, Brilliant Euphorbia.
6B Stamens. 6c Flowers.

Isle of France. 6p Section of Ovary.

3. Jatropha inteyerrima. — Cuba. | 74. Seed of KE. Lathyris, Caper Spurge.
3a Stamens. 3B Pistil. 84. Hura crepilans. Sceed-vessel.

BEUPHORBIACE.E.
proceed on the top, after the manner of Cactus; and the great Medusa-head
* Euphorbia of Africa has a strong resemblance to that Tribe also. But an obvious
distinction exists in the spines, which in these plants are either single or in pairs,
never clustered as in Cactus. E. splendens (2) is an example of a coloured invo-
lucre having the appearance of petals, and is one of the most brilliant of the genus.
Some of the East Indian species have bright yellow involucres. Although a
virulent poison pervades the tribe, yet a considerable quantity of wholesome food is
obtained from it by skilful preparation with heat. The principal plant yielding the
supply is Manihot uti/issima, from the long roots of which, weighing thirty pounds,
the natives of S. America make Cassava for their own use, and Tapioca for expor-
tation. Cassava-bread is the chief nourishment of the Indians of Brazil and Guiana,
but is not thought wholesome by the Europeans. Euphorbia balsamifera is boiled
into a jelly by the inhabitants of the Canaries, who consider it a delicacy. The
oil of the seeds is the most important medicinal product, and is of a very powerful
nature: that of Croton 7'iglium, an East Indian tree, and of Ricinus communis, the
Castor-oil plant of Africa, are of extensive value. ‘The latter is known here only
as herbaceous, in its native country it is arborescent; the spiny capsules full of oily
seeds are a very ancient medicine. Euphorbia officinarum, and others, afford the
medicinal gum resin Euphorbium. The juice of KE. /inearis is a remedy for weak
eyes in Brazil. Fifteen species of Spurge are natives of Britain, thirty-three grow
on the Continent. It appears to be one of those plants which, if found at all, is
abundant. ‘The steep hills in the interior of South Africa are thickly clothed with
low bushes, over which countless tall Euphorbias rise. Several are seen in the
sandy lands of Nubia. The juice of E. phosphorica sheds a light during hot
nights. Jatropha (3) is a genus of some beauty in the West Indies and South
America. Poinsettia (4) in its native country bears a cluster of red bracts twenty
inches across, clearly showing a transition state between leaves and petals; these
constitute the ornament of the plant, for the flowers are small, and, though curious
in structure, not beautiful. The Sand-box tree of the West Indies, Hura crepitans
(8), is chiefly known here in its curious seed-vessel, which bursts with a loud noise
when ripe. The fruits of Anda, Emblica, and a few more, are eatable in their re-
spective countries. The juice of Crozophora, Ditassa, and others, yields useful dyes
in Brazil. Siphonia e/astica affords, from its milky juice, the bottle India-rubber,
retaining the pale colour within, but blackened by smoke without. Hippomane
Mancinella contains in its pure white liquid one of the most fatal of poisons. The
'Tallow-tree of China, Stillingia seb/fera, yields an oily substance around the seeds
which serves for candles. Elsococca oil is used for lamps and for painting. Cas-
earilla bark is obtained chiefly from Eleuthera in the Bahamas. Among the useful
plants of this tribe is Buxus sempervirens, the Box-tree, the wood of which is ex-
cellent for engraving ; it grows remarkably well on Box Hill, in Surrey, and when
the trees were cut in 1815, the value was 10,000/. On the Pyrenees considerable
_ tracts are covered with this beautiful evergreen shrub. ‘The bitter leaves are un-
wholesome to camels if eaten by them in Persia, where the trees abound.

This extensive tribe, containing as many as 2500 species, exists most abundantly
in the Tropics of America, diminishing from the Equator: very few are known in
N. America, as far as Canada. In North and South Africa are many succulent
species.

- LIBRARY —

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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THE BREAD-FRUIT TRIBE,

—

Trees and shrubs with a milky juice, sometimes of a climbing nature. The
leaves are alternate, simple or lobed, of various texture, with large stipules rolled
up and enclosing the young leaves, leaving a scar when they fall off. The flowers
are inconspicuous ; the stamens and pistils are in separate flowers. The stamen
flowers have sometimes a very small calyx of two to four scales, or it is tubular ;
the stamens are inserted into the base of the calyx opposite its lobes, and of the
same number : the anthers are two-celled, and open lengthwise or into two plates.
The fertile flowers are variously arranged, over a fleshy receptacle, concave, globose,
or spiked ; the calyx is tubular, or in two rows of sepals. The fruit is surrounded
by a fleshy involucre, or composed of thick fleshy calyxes, enclosing numerous nuts,
or collected into a fleshy mass by the consolidated succulent calyx; the seed is
solitary, and contains fleshy albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Urticacee and Euphorbiacee.

Wholesome fruit, and a milky juice containing caoutchouc, are characters of
these trees.

Artocarpns incisa (1) is one of the most valuable trees of the South Sea Isles,
whence it was introduced to the West Indies and to South America. The wood
serves to build houses and boats; the leaves, often as much as two feet in length,
are used for various purposes; the juice yields a glutinous cement for covering
water-vessels ; and the fruit, containing a large proportion of starch, affords an
abundant supply of nourishment to the natives. It is not eaten in a raw state,
but is usually cooked in Palm-oil, or roasted ; the taste is insipid, but is thought
to resemble that of wheat bread. A. integrifolia, the Jaca, is of inferior value as
food, but the fruit often weighs twenty pounds. Ficus is a genus of very ancient
fame, and of peculiar interest, having been chosen as an object to teach divine
wisdom to the Jews. The milky juice of the stem and branches is in some species
extremely acrid; that of F. toxicaria is a strong poison. In others it is harmless,
and in the cow-trees affords a pleasant beverage. The milk of plants generally

1. Artocarpus incisa, Bread-fruit Tree. 28 Flower. 2c Seed.
South Sea Isles.

1s. Somer Flow 3. Morus nigra, Mulberry. an Italy.
es 3a Stamen Flower, 3B Pistil Flower.

1p Pistil and Ovary. 3c Secti Fruit

le Section of Seed. eC ne Cae Cy Due:

3D Seed. SE Ovary.

2. Fieus carica, Common Fig. South Europe. 4. Dorstenia hispida, Hairy Dorstenia.
2a Section of Fruit. Brazil.

ARTOCARPACE A,

contains caoutchoue,—that of F. e/astica furnishes Indian rubber to the whole
peninsula of India. Other species supply the Isles of the Indian Ocean. In 8.
America, F. radula, F. elliptica, and a few more, yield it. It is one of the
wonderful chemical properties of fruit to be able to convert injurious acrid juices
into delicious saccharine substance; in the Fig (2) this power is displayed ina
striking degree. The juice of the branches is highly pungent, but when the pro-
cess of ripening is complete in the fruit, an extraordinary quantity of sugar is
secreted, exuding in a clear candid drop at the top, commonly called the tear of the
fig. The arrangement of the countless minute flowers within the fleshy receptacle is
a singular exception to the normal type of flower and fruit. I’. indica is the cele-
brated Banyan tree of India, possessing an extreme capacity of growth ; for though
it is usually found in a barren sandy soil, yet, in the course of a few years, one
stem will constitute a grove from its numerous rooting branches, affording a sacred
shade to the religious natives of India, and a habitation for countless parasitical
plants. F. microcarpa, of Java, is of very rapid growth, and forms a dense and
grateful shelter. The leaves of F. religiosa, the Peepul of India, terminate in a
long slender point, and being of a tough substance, are used by the Chinese to
paint upon. Morus (3) is more valuable for its leaves than for its fruit, although
the latter is pleasant and wholesome. The leaves are the chief food of silk-worms,
for which the trees are cultivated abundantly in Italy; those which still exist in
gardens near London were planted in the time of James I., who wished to establish
the silk manufacture in this country. M. alba, a nearly similar species, is the
most common in Spain. Dorstenia (4) is a singular genus, bearing numerous
small flowers on a concave receptacle, not closed, like that of the Fig. The pun-
gent roots of D. contrayerva are imported from South America, and used as
medicine and for dyeing. The famous Cow-tree of South America, yielding a
copious milky juice, is a species of Brosimum: travellers relate that the negroes
may be seen going forth early in the morning to obtain a supply of the milk.
The nuts of B. alicastrum, like all the seeds of this Tribe, are wholesome, and are
of good flavour when roasted. Broussonetia papyrifera has a succulent hispid
fruit ; a kind of paper is made of the bark. 'The celebrated Upas, whose poisonous
exhalations have been much exaggerated, is Antiaria toxicaria. Cecropia peltata
is remarkable for the stem being hollow between the joints. The fruit of Maclura
is known as the Osage Orange; it yields a yellow juice, with which American
Indians stain their faces before going to war. Phytocrene, the Water-vine of
Martaban, has a soft porous wood, and exudes a pure tasteless fluid, drunk by the
natives. In the west of India grows Lepuranda saccidora, of whose branches
sacks are curiously formed; a suitable portion is cut off and soaked till the fibrous
bark can be pulled down off it, when the wood is sawn away, leaving only a piece
to close the end of the sack.

This extensive Tribe exists chiefly in the Tropics. A few species only advance
into Temperate regions: none are natives of Hurope.

_ LIBRARY.
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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THE NETTLE TRIBE.

Trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, some of which have rough stems. They
contain no milky juice. The leaves are alternate, simple, or lobed, usually covered
with asperities, or stinging hairs; stipules usually membranous and deciduous.
The flowers are herbaceous, inconspicuous, the stamens and pistil are usually in
separate flowers, which are in catkins, or close heads, or scattered. The calyx is
membranous, lobed, or in single scales, persistent. The stamens are of definite
number, distinct, inserted into the base of the calyx and opposite its lobes; the
anthers, often curved inwards in the bud, turning backwards with elasticity when
the flower expands. The ovary is above the calyx, the stigma single and fringed.
The fruit is a simple closed nut, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy calyx,
containing one seed, which has either fleshy albumen or none.

This Tribe has close affinity with Artocarpacez, but is distinguished by having
no milky juice.

An excessively caustic alkaline juice, and narcotic properties, exist in many of
these plants.

Urtica, the type of this Order, is a genus remarkable for its stinging properties ;
and several species are covered with small projecting vesicles full of a strong alkaline
juice, surmounted by a tubular prickle, spiral on its surface, with a sharp point, by
which it is enabled readily to penetrate the skin and infuse the irritating juice.
Urtica pilulifera (1) is not very frequent in England, but is occasionally found on
heaps of rubbish. U. dioica is the common Nettle on all neglected ground. U.
urens is most frequent as a garden weed: all these species, and several others, have
strong stings. But the most powerful in its causticity is perhaps the U. baceifera,
of the Antilles; the entire plant is clothed with large stinging hairs of considerable
force. U. caracasava is a native of Caracas, where it grows to the height of eight
feet, the shrubby stem marked with the great scars of fallen leaf-stalks. The leaves
are heart-shaped, twenty-two inches long, and only slightly stinging. This genus
is found on the Sikkim Himalaya, up to nearly ten thousand feet, mingled with

1. Urtica pilulifera, Roman Nettle. England. | 3. Humulus lupulus, Common Hop. England.

1A Stamen Flower. lp Stamens. 3a Stamen flower.
le Reed-cessel. Ip Carpel. 3B Pistil flower. 3c Bract.
Svea aes 3p Grain of Lupuline, magnified.
2. Cannabis sativa, Hemp. India.
2a Slamen flower. 2B Flower, opened. | 44- Urtica divica. Section of Seed-vessel.
20 Sepal. 2p Stamen. 4p Hair, magnified.

URTICACE.

Ficus: U. heterophylla is of gigantic size, on borders of maize-fields. Urtica
abounds also in the Lucon Isles. U. wrentissima is said to cause bad effects, which
endure for a year, to the inhabitants of Timor; the leaves of the U. crenulata and
other Indian species are scarcely less poisonous. Some, however, possess useful
properties ; the tubers of U. tuberosa are eaten by natives in India, and the tough
fibrous stalks of U. tenacissima and of U. cannabina are made into strong cordage
in Sumatra. U. dioica is wholesome when young, and the stalks may be made
into cloth or paper; this is one of the most widely dispersed species, growing all
over Europe, in Siberia, Japan, Barbary, and elsewhere. Cannabis sativa (2) was
known to the Arabians in the most remote period, and the manufacture of Hemp is
as ancient as that of Flax. It requires a rich soil and warm climate, in some parts
of Italy attaining the height of eighteen feet: in this country it is seldom above six
feet. Throughout Germany and all Continental countries it is cultivated to a great
extent, and affords a valuable crop. The plants are pulled up when fully ripe, and
left to wither and bleach on the ground; after which the stalks are beaten to separate
the fibres. From these every variety of cordage and rope, and strong cloth, are
made. An useful oil is extracted from the seeds, employed in painting here, and in
cookery in Russia. In hot countries a peculiar and fragrant resin is developed on
the Hemp plants, which has powerful narcotic properties, and, being collected in
small masses, is used as a stimulant by Indians, Hottentots, Egyptians, Arabians,
and Brazilians. Humulus /upulus, Hop (5), was first brought to England from
Flanders as a cultivated plant, in the time of Henry VIII., though it is occasionally
found wild in Great Britain. In the third year of growth the plants bear fruit,
being trained to poles about sixteen feet high; in Bavaria they attain a greater
height, and produce abundant crops with more constancy than here. The fertile
capsules are the valuable portion, each scale having one seed at its base; they are
covered with minute resinous drops, bitter and narcotic, peculiarly adapted for
making good beer. ‘The scent of the dried clusters of flowers is highly soporific,
which renders them available to procure sleep in sickness, when narcotic medicine
is unsuitable. ‘The fibres of the stalks are woven into cloth in Sweden, and the
leaves are used to dye yellow. Parietaria, the pellitory of old walls and ruins,
belongs to this Tribe, and is the only British example, besides Urtica and Humulus.
Parietaria clings to forsaken ancient buildings; Urtica hovers about the present
dwellings of man, ever to be seen in cultivated ground, and by the wayside rough
places.

The plants of this Tribe are widely dispersed over all parts of the world: in the
hottest regions of the Tropics, in the coldest northern countries, on dry walls, and
in the damp primeval forests. Cannabis inhabits the cooler parts of Asia.

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THE PEPPER TRIBE.

Suruss and herbaceous plants, with jointed stems, sometimes of a climbing habit.
The leaves are opposite, or in whorls, or alternate from one of the pair remaining
undeveloped ; sometimes having one or two stipules at their base. The flowers
are usually without stalks, in spikes at the ends of the branches, or from the base
of the leaf-stalk, or opposite to it, usually without sepals or corolla, having a bract
only. The stamens are two, or more, placed on one side, or around the ovary.
The anthers are one or two-celled, the connecting portion being often fleshy. 'The
ovary is free, simple, one-celled, containing one ovule. The stigma is short, simple,
rather oblique. The fruit is fleshy, one-celled, one-seeded, remaining closed. 'The
embryo lies at the top of the seed, outside the albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Urticacez, and some parts of the structure connect
it with Aracese amongst Monocotyledonous plants.

Pungent aromatic properties exist in the resin and ethereal oil of these plants.

Piper is apparently derived from P7pu/, the name of long pepper in Bengal.
P. nigrum (1) is the species most known and used in this country, and is imported
largely from the East, where it is cultivated extensively. The fruit is the valuable
part, with the outer skin left, being called black Pepper: when rubbed off it
becomes white Pepper. Its pungent quality does not exist in the essential oil,
as is usual in other spices, neither does it rise by boiling in water. The plants
generally contain a white crystallizable substance, piperine, which, as well as the oil
and the resin, are extremely beneficial in intermittent fever, said to equal Quinine.
Both as a medicine and a condiment Pepper is of much value. In the East Indies
and in Cochin-China it grows wild, but it is planted in fields in Java and Sumatra,
poles being fixed for the young trees to climb over. After the ripe berries are
gathered in September, the plants are cut down; in about three years they again
bear a crop of fruit. P. Betle (2) is an important species in Southern Asia, its

1. Piper nigrum, Common Pepper. 4a Spike, magnified.

Kast Indies. 4p Flower, magnified.
4c Section of Ovary.
4p Section of Fruit.

5. Artanthe elongata, Matico. Peru.

1a Flowers. lp Fruit.
lc Section of Fruit.

2. Piper Belle, Betel. East Indies.

See benides. Pe 6a. Chavica Roxburghii, Long Pepper.

4. Peperomia aricarinata. South America. Flower spike.

PIPERACEZE.

leaves serving to wrap round slices of the Areca-palm nut, which forms the
constant stimulant of the languid natives of hot regions in Asia, and is still more
indispensable thoughout the East, than even Tobacco in the western countries of
the world. P. trioicwm is an extremely pungent species: several others are known
in conservatories, but are not cultivated for use. Long pepper is the spike of pistil
flowers of Chavica Roxburghii, in an unripe state, dried; the root and stem are
sliced and prepared for medicinal uses. C. majuscula of Java has an useful bark.
Peperomia is a genus lately separated from the true Pepper, but without any
material distinction. P. pellucida is eaten as a salad when in a young state,
in the West Indies. P. aricarinata (4) is usually to be seen in collections of these
plants in the conservatories of our botanic gardens. Artanthe elongata (5) is of
high repute in Peru, known as WMatico, and possessing powerful astringent
properties. A. crocata yields a yellow dye in Java. Among the narcotic plants
of this Tribe Macropiper methysticum is much celebrated in Ava, the valuable
qualities existing in the large rugged root. The fruit of Cubeba officinalis and
other species is known as Cubebs in the bazaars of India. Acrocarpidium hisp7-
dulum is a bitter medicinal plant of the West Indies. Coccobryon capense belongs
to South Africa, and is of considerable use. Various other species are employed
in their respective countries for various purposes, but none are to be compared with
Pepper for extensive dispersion and value.

This Tribe is limited to the hottest regions of the world; it abounds in tropical
America and the islands of the Indian Archipelago, in low damp valleys, and on
the shores of rivers. It is rare in equinoctial Africa, but more frequent at the

Cape of Good Hope.

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AMENTACE A.

THE OAK TRIBE.

Trees and shrubs, the leaves are alternate, simple or lobed, the veins sometimes
proceed straight from the midrib to the margin, the notched edges sometimes have
glands ; the stipules are either deciduous or persistent. The flowers are in catkins,
and have stamens and pistil separate. The stamens vary from five to twenty, and
are inserted into the base of the calyx, or scales, generally distinct, sometimes united.
The anthers are two-celled. The ovary is sometimes crowned by the rudiments of
the calyx, within an involucre. The fruit is a bony or leathery one-celled nut, more
or less enclosed in its involucre, as in Quercus and Corylus, or it is combined with
the scales into a kind of cone, as in Betula, or it has many silky seeds, as in Salix.
The seeds have no albumen.

This Tribe is slightly connected with Coniferacez.

Tonic astringent properties exist in the bark, and a balsamic oil in some species.
Quercus is an important genus; Q. pedunculata (1) was formerly very abundant
in England; the acorns served to feed large herds of pigs. ‘The timber is hard
and more enduring than stone in some buildings; it is also very well adapted for
ships. The bark contains tannin, which renders it valuable in the preparation of
leather ; the galls formed on the leaves by an insect, yield a black juice, used in
making ink and in dyeing. Q. Jlex is the evergreen oak, frequent in the south of
Europe, forming part of the varied and beautiful woods on the Mediterranean coast
of Italy. Q. suber, the cork-oak, grows luxuriantly in Portugal, affording a good
supply of the useful inner bark. The oaks of Java have chiefly smooth-edged
leaves. Q. angustata is found on the mountains, at 5000 feet elevation, flowering
in spring, whilst the fruit of the preceding year ripens. Quercus ascends on the
south side of the Himalayas, above 11,000 feet, but in the interior of Sikkim neither

1. Quercus pedunculata, Common Oak. 3c Section of Fruit.

Britain. | 4° Castanea vesca, Common Chestnut.

Ja Stamen flower.

England.
lp Stamen and Scale. ; = c
lc Pistil flower. 1p Section of Ovary 5. Sahx viminalis, Common Osier. Britain.
; 5A Stamen flower.
2. Corylus Avellana, Hazel-nut. Britain. 5B Capsule. 5e Seed.

z& Stamen flower. 2B Pistil flower. 6. Salix herbacea, Least Willow. Hebrides.

3. Fagus sylvatica, Common Beech. Britain. | 7. Betula pendula, Drooping Birch. Scotland.
3A Slamen flower. 3B Section of Ovary. 7A Calyx scale. 7B Winged Seed.

AMENTACE:.

oak nor chestnut are seen above 9000 feet. The N. American oaks are numerous,
and supply excellent timber. . coccineus, with its richly-tinted foliage, contributes
largely to the brilliancy of the autumnal scene. On high land or near the influence

of the sea oaks become stunted, and crooked branches grow within’a few feet of the —

ground ; in the woods near Cromer they are of this form, and produce no straight
trunk for timber. But the most remarkable instance of deformity is in the Wistman’s
Wood, on Dartmoor, where the oaks are scarcely 12 feet high, the branches twisted
and knotted, and covered with moss and lichen. It is said there is a record of this
wood in the time of the Norman conquest. Corylus (2) received its specific name
from Avellino, a valley in the south of Italy, where it grew in such abundance as
to furnish a profitable trade in the fruit. It is very common in English copses, and
is valuable for the nuts and also for the wood, which is serviceable for hoops, fishing-
rods, and countless small articles. Fagus sylvatica (3) is of ancient fame, the nuts,
called mast, being supposed to have formed part of the food of man in the earliest
period. It is one of the noblest of British trees, attaining great vigour and beauty
of form: the thin and supple bark is used for light boxes and baskets. .Beech-wooils
cease above Calmar, in Sweden, at 57° north latitude; beyond that limit only single
trees are seen. A town of Thessaly gave its name to Castanea (4) ; in that country,
as well as on the Apennines, chestnuts prepared in different ways afford a welcome
and wholesome food to the peasants. The chestnut-trees on Mount Etna are of
great antiquity and immense size; when old, the stems acquire vast bulk at the
base, and the bark becomes twisted, giving the appearance of carved columns, as
may be observed in Greenwich Park. Castanea extends northwards to the south of
Sweden. Salix includes many species, some affording valuable timber, others
useful materials for baskets of all kinds. The tough pliant branches of 8. viminalis
(5) are available for a variety of purposes. S. herbacea (6), the smallest of shrubs,
is one of the rare plants of the Hebrides ; by the side of Alpine streams it spreads
to a considerable extent, the roots penetrating the fissures of rocks. 8. repens is of
great value in the sands of Holland and Westphalia, binding the loose soil. S.
planifolia flourishes in the cold climate of Labrador; 8. sevrudata and others in
Lapland ; 8. /anata in Norway. A very few belong to hot countries; 8. Hum-
boltiana to Peru; 8. tetrasperma to the East Indies. 8. babylonica is the cele-
brated weeping willow. Betula pendula (7) is the most graceful of the genus, pre-
ferring mountain localities from Lapland to Asia. B. a/ba, the common birch, is
the highest of trees on the Himalaya, growing at 14,000 feet on the northern slope.
In the north of Europe it is of various use, the young shoots make a kind of tea
for the Finlanders; the Laplanders form tents with the supple branches ; in Sweden
and Norway the bark covers huts, and is ground to mix with oatmeal for cakes.
Populus, the poplar, is dispersed in Europe and North America; the Abele and
Aspen grow in moist places in England, the long leaf-stalks being compressed
laterally tremble in the lightest breeze.

This extensive Tribe inhabits forests in all Temperate countries; it is rare in
South America and the north of Africa; not known at the Cape. Fagus extends
to the Antarctic regions; Betula appears on the highest mountains of Asia and
America.

OF THE
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CONIFERACE A.

THE FIR TRIBE.

Lares trees and shrubs, with branching stems, full of resin. 'The woody tissue is
marked with circular scars. The leaves are evergreen, linear, rigid, entire at their
margins, veinless, rarely lobed, and with forked veins, usually in bundles wrapped
at their base in a membranous sheath. The flowers are without calyx or corolla,
but surrounded by bracts: some consist only of a gingle stamen, or a few united,
usually collected on a common stalk into a kind of catkin. The anthers are two,
or many-lobed, bursting longitudinally, often surmounted by a crest. The pistil
flowers are in cones; the ovary rises from the base of a membranous bract, bearing
two or more ovules. The fruit is composed of the enlarged and hardened cone of
seale-shaped ovaries and bracts; or it is solitary, as in Taxus, and has the seed
partly enclosed in a succulent cup. The seed has a hard, crustaceous covering,
the embryo is in the midst of fleshy oily albumen, and has two or many
cotyledons.

This Tribe has close affinity with Cycadacezx.

Various kinds of resin are secreted by these trees.

Pinus, the chief genus of this cone-bearing Order, is of extensive value; the
word is of Celtic origin, and hence have been derived all the European names.
P. sylvestris, the Scotch Pine, or Fir, as it is generally called, is the only British
example ; its timber, known as Deal, is the most useful and durable of all the
woods of Temperate climates, and it yields pitch and oil of turpentine for important
uses. P. maritima (1) has its leaves in pairs, and cones solitary. P. Pinaster
bears cones in clusters. P. Pineais the Stone Pine which adorns the Mediter-
ranean coast of Italy, sometimes growing out of the rocky slopes, and with its
crown of dark foliage forming a very picturesque object. ‘The Greeks still use the
wood for ships. P. palustris of N. American swamps, has leaves a foot long ;
P. canariensis has similar foliage, and mingles strangely with the rest of the
vegetation of the Peak of Teneriffe, between 4000 and 6000 feet. P. apulcensis,
of Mexico, is distinguished by extremely twisted branches. P. occidentalis belongs
especially to St. Domingo and Cuba. The cones of the different species vary in
size, those of P. exce/sa, of the Himalaya, are fourteen inches long and slender ;
those of P. pungens of N. America have sharp bent prickles on each scale. Abies,
the true Fir, belongs chiefly to N. America; A. alba, the white Spruce, extending
to within ten miles of the Arctic Sea. ‘The Larch, of Germany and Switzerland,

1. Pinus maritima, Sea-coast Pine. 3. Taxus baccata, Yew. Britain.
: South coast, Europe. dA Stamen flower.
la Stamen. 1B Section of Seed. 3B Pislil flower. 30 Seed.
le Many Cotyledons of Seed. 4, Larix Cedrus, Cedar. Mount Lebanon.
lp Scale and Seeds. le Seed. 5. Cupressus sempervirens, Cypress. Levant.
lr Section of Seed. 6. Cone of Wellingtonia. 6a Section of Cone.
2. Juniperus communis, Juniper. Britain. | 7A. Seed of Araucaria. 7B Section of Seed.
24 Stamen flowers. 8a. Cone of Cryptomeria japonica.

28 Scale and Anthers. 2c -Pistil flower. China.

CONIFERACEZ.

Larix communis, is one of the most frequent and beautiful trees on the lower range
of the Alps, reaching to 6000 feet elevation; the leaves are deciduous, the wood
valuable for building, becoming a fine red brown exposed, unpainted, to the Alpine
climate: the bark contains tannin. The Cedar of Lebanon (4) once existed in
extensive forests on the sides of Libanus, the only native locality; but from the
time of Solomon, when vast numbers of the trees were hewn down to build the
Temple, it has become very scarce there. No other tree of this tribe has a more
majestic aspect, especially when countless cones stand erect on the horizontal
branches. Juniperus (2) is a native of open places and hills in the northern parts
of Europe; on the Alps, also, it grows abundantly; the young shoots and the
berries are used in the preparation of ardent spirits. J. Bermudiana, a tree forty
feet high, affords the cedar-wood for buildings in the West Indies, and the cases
for our Cumberland lead pencils. J. Virginiana is the red Cedar, a highly
fragrant and durable wood for cabinet work. J. recurva, with long drooping
branches, appears occasionally on the Himalaya. ‘Taxus (3) is found chiefly in
mountainous woods in Enroyfe, N. America, and Japan; in Germany it still
abounds, but it is much less frequent in Britain than formerly. Until the time of
Henry VIII., the wood was in constant demand for bows. Yew-trees live to a
great age, and acquire large trunks; two of the most remarkable are those near
the forest of Brotonne, in France, said to be verging towards 1500 years. In
Temperate countries they flourish on plains, on the Andes they find a suitable
temperature at S000 feet. Cupressus (5), common in the Levant and in South
Europe, is frequently planted around palaces, and in cemeteries. It endures to
great longevity in a favourable soil and climate ; a Cypress at Somma in Lombardy
is said to have sprung from the earth before the Christian era, and is still regarded
with veneration; when Buonaparte planned the famous Strada Sempione, the
ancient Cypress was carefully avoided. The famous gates of Constantine’s cathe-
dral, at Constantinople, made of the wood, existed upwards of 1100 years. Schu-
bertia disticha, known as the deciduous Cypress, belongs to Mexico, and is there
much esteemed; the finest examples in this country are in the gardens of Syon
House, Isleworth. Araucaria imbricata was introduced by Sir Joseph Banks, a
tree of stately, symmetrical growth, the branches clothed with perennial rigid
leaves, at first pointing upwards; gradually with age becoming bent downwards.
A. excelsa, of Norfolk Isle, is lofty and grand. The seeds of A. Bidwillii (7), of
Australia, being nearly free of turpentine, are eaten by the natives. Amongst the
noblest of trees ranks the Dammara Pine of New Zealand, often growing with a
straight stem of 100 feet. he graceful Deodara of the Himalaya, is now accli-
matized in our gardens, although its native place is from 7000 to 12,000 feet on
the mountains of Asia. Cryptomeria japonica (8), lately imported from the exten-
sive plain of Shanghae, is of extreme elegance of growth. The last discovered
tree of this tribe, now added to English plantations from California, is the sur-
passing Wellingtonia gigantea. About 100 trees exist in a forest on the slopes
of the Sacra Nivada, near the head waters of San Antonio, in 38° N. lat.,
5000 feet above the sea. The stems rise to 245 feet in height, unbranched, until
towards the summit; the branches droop and bear cones (6) at their points; the
Indians shake out the seeds, roast, and eat them, whole or bruised. Pinus and
Araucaria appear to have grown abundantly in this island during a former epoch
of its existence, fossil remains being found at Whitby and at Lyme Regis.

This ‘Tribe inhabits various countries from the Tropics of Asia to the Arctic
regions. The chief portion exists in Temperate climates, in Europe, Siberia, China,
N. America. Pinus belongs to the Northern Hemisphere, Araucaria to the Southern.

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129

A CAD Al HAN:

THE CYCAS TRIBE.

Sma trees or shrubs. The stems are either simple, or cylindrial, or round, or
dichotomously branched ; marked on the surface with the scars of broad leaf-stalks.
The interior of the stem consists of a mass of pith traversed by woody fibres
usually irregularly disposed, sometimes in numerous concentric circles. The woody
tissne contains glands and spiral vessels. The leaves are pinnated, firm, and
woody, perennial, generally rolled inwards when young. ‘The flowers have stamens
and pistil separate, and are without calyx or corolla. The stamen flowers are on
terminal cones, composed of scales covered on their lower sides with one-celled
anthers, which split longitudinally. The pistil flowers are simple naked ovules,
placed beneath scales on the margin of contracted leaves. The seeds are hard or
spongy coated nuts, with one or more embryos suspended by a thread in the cavity
of fleshy or mealy albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with Coniferacee, the young leaves rolled inwards
connect it with Ferns, and in general aspect it resembles Palms.

The stems and seeds of these plants contain wholesome starchy substance, as
well as nauseous mucilaginous juice.

Cyeas is the selected type of this remarkable though small tribe; the same
name was bestowed by the ancients on a dwarf Palm which grew in Ethiopia.
The genus forms an obvious link with Palms and Firs, the columnar stem and single
crown of flowers connect it with the former, the cone of fructification with the latter;
in the internal structure also a similarity exists, the woody vessels of the stem being
marked with circular disks like those of Firs, and rarely found elsewhere. The
stem has no true bark, but is invested with a dense covering of the old bases of
leaf-stalks. Cycas revoluta (1) was first brought to England in 1758; the ship
being attacked by an enemy, the head of the plant was shot off; the stem after-
wards sent out a fresh shoot, and thus the curious novelty grew and multiplied in
its strange country. The stem contains a cellular starchy substance which in
Japan is made into a kind of sago, so nourishing that the Japanese soldiers are
able to live on a very small portion of it as their daily food. The celebrated
traveller, Thunberg, found it to be of excellent quality. C. circinalis (2), a native
of the Moluccas, has sometimes a stem 30 feet high; the chief distinction of the

1. Cyeas revoluta, Narrow-leaved Cycas. | Fertile Frond.
la Stamen Scale. China. | 2B Fruit. 20 Section of Ovule.
1s Under surface, with Anthers. 2p Embryo.
2a. Cycas circinalis. East Indies. | 3a. Leaves of Zamia. Cape of Good Hope.

M M

CYCADACE.

species is that the leaves are more curled. Sago is prepared from the pith and
stem ; the fruit is also eaten, and a mealy substance is obtained by grinding the
kernels. Blume, who explored Japan and examined its vegetation, describes a clear
transparent gum exuding from those plants, resembling Tragacanth, valuable in
healing ulcers. Zamia (3) is a genus of very similar aspect to Cycas, bearing a
crown of rigid pinnated leaves, the flowers collected in a cone, It is one of the
most prevalent and striking forms of vegetable life in South-Eastern Africa,
covering wide tracts on the Caffir frontier. Z. horrida, with its stiff grey foliage,
beset with prickles at the points of the leaves, is of peculiarly unpleasing appearance.
Zamia belongs also to the West Indies, affording food to the natives; the stem
of Z. pumila and other species contain a supply of wholesome starchy meal.
Encephelartos is another genus growing at the Cape of Good Hope, known as
Caffir-bread, the interior of the stem being eaten by the Caffirs. In Mexico this
tribe is represented by Dion edule, the large seeds of which furnish arrowroot to
the natives. The cones of flowers are scarcely distinguishable from those of
Araucaria in the Fir tribe, clearly indicating the affinity of the two Orders.
Although none of these plants exist at present amongst the native Flora of this
island, yet abundant fossil remains prove that in a former period of the world they
formed a considerable portion of the vegetation.

This Tribe inhabits the Tropics, and the Temperate parts of Asia and America.
It is found also in Madagascar, and at the Cape of Good Hope, but it does not
exist in equinoctial Africa.

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130

HYDROCHARIDACES.

THE FROG-BIT TRIBE.

FrLoatine water-plants, the leaves have parallel veins, and are sometimes spiny.
The flowers are enclosed in a spathe. The stamens and pistil sometimes in different
flowers; the calyx is composed of three sepals; the petals are three, occasionally
wanting. 'The stamens are of definite or indefinite number; in Hydrocharis some
are beaked. The ovary is adherent, composed of several carpels, one, six, eight, or
nine-celled; the stigmas are from three to six. The fruit is dry or succulent, not
gaping, with one or more cells. ‘The seeds are numerous, and contain no albumen.

In many points of structure this Tribe has affinity with Alismacee ; the
spathe forms a connecting link with Aracez.

Some of these plants are wholesome as food.

Hydrocharis was named from the Greek, on account of its being considered one
of the prettiest of European water-plants. It spreads far with long runners, from
the points of which proceed roots, penetrating the mud, and young buds, enclosed
in two scales, afterwards becoming separate plants. In the watery places of the
Isle of Ely, the Frog-bit (1) was formerly very abundant, but is now less frequent.
The leaves are mucilaginous, and slightly astringent: they have large stomas or
pores on their surface. Some few characters prevail generally in aquatic plants:
here a resemblance may be traced in the form of the leaves to those of small water-
lilies: in this instance it affords a proof of the countless links which are found
amongst plants, even where the principal structure may be different. From
similarity of aspect, the Frog-bit was by old writers called lesser water-lily ; and
modern botanists perceive the analogy, although the one plant belongs to the great
division of monocotyledons, the water-lilies to the dicotyledons. Stratiotes (2)
derived its name of water-soldier, from its stiff sword-shaped leaves, and upright
manner of growth. Dioscorides describes it under the Greek name, which well
explains the close ranges of its leaves, like an army. ‘The name of Water-aloe is
also appropriate. The flowering stem rises to the surface when in blossom, and

1. Hydrocharis Worsus-rane, Frog-bit. 3A Stamen Flowers.
Ponds, Britain. 3B Section of Ovary.
la Stomas, magnified. 1p Stamens. 3c Stamen Flower magnified.
2. Stratiotes aloides, Water-Soldier, or Water- | 4. Boottia cordata, Heart-leaved Bootia. Aya.
Aloe. Ponds, Britain. 4a Pistils.
2a Stamens. 4p Stamens.
3. Vallisneria spiralis, Spiral-stalked Vallis- 4c Stamens, magnified.

neria. Rhone. | 5a. Anacharis alsinastrum. Flower magnified.

HYDROCHARIDACE 2%. \

until the seed ripens, when it again becomes immersed, and sends out fresh runners,
prepared to bear new plants the following summer. As is usual with water-plants,
when once located in a favourable situation, it increases rapidly. Since the
extensive draining of the fens in the east of England, Stratiotes is becoming more
rare in those districts. Vallisneria sp/ra/is (3) was named in memory of a
Professor at Padua, physician to Charles VI. It is one of the most remarkable
plants of this tribe, being singularly adapted to the situations where it grows. It
is chiefly found in the Rhone, whose waters rise with considerable rapidity from
sudden floods. The stalks of the pistil flowers are long and spiral, and are thus
enabled to rise and fall according to the level of the river. The stamen flowers are
on short stalks, but detach themselves when fully grown, and float on the surface
of the water, scattering the pollen: when the seeds are ripened, the spiral stalk
again contracts, and carries down the capsule to bury its seeds in the mud. This
process is similar to that which occurs in the spiral stalk of Cyclamen under
different circumstances. Although the southern course of the Rhone is the
principal habitation of Vallisneria, it grows also in the Languedoc Canal, and in
the north of Italy. Some rivers of North America, of India, and of Australia,
likewise shelter this curious plant, V. alternifolia grows near Madras and
Caleutta, and in Silhet; V. minor has been discovered in the neighbourhood of
Allahabad. Boottia (4) was first found by Dr. Wallich, on the banks of the
Trawaddi, flowering profusely ; the leaves and stalks are of a mucilaginous nature,
and afferd food to the Burmese, for which it is collected and sold in the markets of
Ava. The leaves and fruit of Enhalus are also eatable, and its fibres are said to
be capable of being woven. Hydrilla verticil/ata is used in India to cover sugar
during the process of refining; but the useful properties of these plants are few.
Anacharis (5) has been of late years introduced from North. America, and has
rapidly covered canals and small rivers in Cambridgeshire, to the great impediment
of boats.

This Tribe inhabits fresh water in Europe, Asia, and North America. Two
species of Vallisneria have been discovered in Australia.

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ALISMACE &.

THE WATER-PLANTAIN TRIBE.

Aquatic or swamp plants, usually having perennial roots. The leaves are narrow
or broad, of very cellular substance, always with parallel veins, often containing a
milky juice. The flowers grow in umbels, racemes, or panicles, or are solitary,
either purple, yellow, or white. The stamens and pistil are sometimes in different
flowers. The calyx has three sepals, the petals are three; the stamens are of
definite or indefinite number, the anthers turned inwards. The ovaries are superior,
several, one-celled, free and distinct, or united into a single mass; the styles and
stigmas of the same number as the ovaries. The fruit is dry, one, two, or many-
seeded, either distinct and beaked, or united; the seeds are very minute, solitary,
or numerous, and attached to the whole surface of the fruit: they contain no
albumen.

This tribe has affinity with Hydrocharidacee.

Acrid bitter leaves and eatable fleshy roots belong to these plants.

Alisma, derived from the Celtic for water, is dispersed in Europe and America.
A. plantago (1), although of a stiff manner of growth, is one of the most elegant
of our aquatic plants, and the flowers are of a peculiar delicate texture and colour.
The root is fibrous, from whence all the leaves proceed on erect long stalks; when
growing in deep water, or in a flowing stream, the leaves are usually perfectly
linear, a tendency which is observed in other water-plants. The roots are thought
eatable by the Kalmucks, after the acrid juice is dispelled by drying. A. ranuncu-
loides grows chiefly in swamps and turfy bogs: A. natans in the lakes of
Cumberland and North Wales. A. repens is a native of South America, adorning
the sandy shores of the river Manzanares. Sagittaria, named from the Latin,
alluding to the form of the leaf, is a genus of considerable beauty, and is interesting
as having given the type of one of the floral ornaments of architecture; its arrow-
shaped leaf may be clearly traced amongst the sculptures of the choir of the noble

1. Alisma plantago, Water Plantain.

Streams, England.

1a Seed-vessel.

2. Sagittaria sayittifolia, Common Arrow-head.
Streams, England.

2a Stamen.

3. Butomus umbellatus, Flowering Rush.

Streams, England.

3a Pistils. 3B Carpel.

3c Section of Carpel.

3D Stamen.
4. Limnocharis Humboltii, Humbolt's Limno-

charis. Streams, Brazil.

5. Damasonium indicum. East Indies.
64. Carpel of A. ranunculoides.

6B Section of Seed.
7A. Seed-vessel of L. Plumierii.

7B Section of Seed.

ALISMACEZE.

cathedrai of Rheims. 8. sagitt/folia (2) is very frequent in streams, usually
associated with Alisma, and like several other aquatics, widely spread in the world,
being equally suited to the temperature of Europe, Siberia, China, Japan, and
Virginia. In the warmer climate of China it becomes of more value than with us,
the roots attaining such dimensions as to afford an useful supply of food. §.
sinensis is a species with wider leaves, and the flowers are pure white, without a
purple spot. 8. echinocarpa of Brazil is remarkable for its prickly seeds; some
Brazilian species are very astringent, and the juice is used for making ink.
Butomus wmbellatus (3) was by Gerarde (one of the first who described our native
plants) declared to be “ of all others the fairest and most pleasant to behold ;” the
umbel of rose-coloured flowers, when in full bloom, about Midsummer, in small
rivers, is well deserving of admiration. The leaves are very rough at the edges,
usually twisted at the top. Although the plant generally is acrid and bitter, like
Alisma, yet the root and seeds are sometimes roasted and eaten by the poor
peasants of Sweden, as well as the natives of Northern Asia. In former times they
were used medicinally for their emollient cooling properties. Actinocarpus differs
from Alisma principally in the stellate form of the capsules. A. Damasonium is a
native of our streams and ditches; A. minor of New South Wales. Damasonium
indicum (5) is found growing along the edges of streams in the valleys of the
Himalaya, and in many other parts of India, mingled with various aquatic plants,
which belong both to Southern India and Europe, the more uniform temperature of
water favouring this combination in a degree beyond the effect of any local atmo-
sphere in dry situations. Limnocharis (4), from the Greek, denoting its marsh
habitation, is a beautiful plant, and flourishes perfectly in our conservatories; the
leaves have a remarkable pore at the point by which the superfluous moisture is
carried off. The texture of both leaves and petals is extremely delicate and
transparent.

These plants chiefly grow in the streams and marshes of the northern countries
of the world, but several species inhabit the Tropics; Limnocharis is peculiar to
those regions. Sagittaria is very widely dispersed.

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ORCHIDACE A.

THE ORCHIS TRIBE.

Suruss and herbaceous plants, all perennial; terrestrial, or aerial fixed on trees
and stones. The roots are fibrous or fleshy, like tubers full of starch. The stem is
either long and annual, or woody and perennial, forming jointed branches. The leaves
are flat or round, sometimes growing one over the other like Iris; generally sheath-
ing, membranous, coriaceous or hard, never lobed, occasionally bordered by carti-
laginous teeth, veins parallel. The flowers are irregular in form, solitary, clustered,
spiked, or panicled ; a single bract at their base. The corolla is adherent, herbaceous
or coloured, membranous or fleshy, the sepals are three, petals three, one developed
into a lip of very differing form, horned, or furnished with various appendages,
occasionally moving spontaneously as in Bolbophyllum. The stamens and style
are consolidated into a column; of the three stamens the central one only is perfect,
except in Cypripedium, where the two side anthers are perfect, the central one
imperfect. The anthers are erect at the top of the column, or turned flat upon it,
the pollen powdery or waxy. The ovary is formed of six carpels, three of which
bear stigmas, and three have double plates bearing numerous minute seeds. The
style is rarely distinct except in Cypripedium. The capsule, selddm fleshy, usually
separating into six dry, woody, rigid valves; seeds, with a loose netted skin, rarely
a hard crustaceous covering, and sometimes expanded into a circular wing. They
contain no albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Zingiberacex and Iridacex.

The starchy roots of some, and the aromatic capsules of Vanilla are the chief
useful parts.

Orchis, the old Greek name, denotes a remarkable genus which has been taken
as the type of an extensive natural Order of exceedingly interesting plants, of late
years chiefly discovered and brought forth out of uninhabited forests to display their
varied forms of marvellous beauty to the gaze of man. Several exhibit a tendency
to the shape and colours of insects, as is clearly perceptible in many English species :

1. Orchis mascula, Early Purple Orchis. 4. Sobralia macrantha. Guatemala.
Woods, England. | 5. Phalaenopsis amabile. Manilla,
1a Column with Pistil and Anthers. 6, Dendrobium fimbriatum. East Indies.
2. Ophrys apifera, Bee Orchis. England. | 7. Huntleya violacea. Guiana.
24 Seed-vessel. 2B Seed, magnified. 8. Vanilla planifolium.
2c Section of Seed-vessel. 8a Seed magnified 200.

3. Oncidium Papilio. Trinidad. | 9a. Epipactis grandiflora. Flower.

ORCHIDACE®.

Ophrys apifera (2), O. aranifera and others. But it is in the heat and moisture
of Tropical woods that the most curious examples are to be found, especially those
which are capable of growth without earth; deriving nourishment solely from the
air. Orchis mascula (1) is frequent in groves and shaded meadows ; the roots
contain a supply of wholesome starchy substance, made into a nourishing food called
salep, after an Arabic name. O. foliosa of Madeira resembles our O. latifolia, but
is much taller, the leafy spike being a foot long. O. canariensis, in the valley of
Orotava in Teneriffe, is the most southern example of the genus. One of the most
rare of British Orchids is Cypripedium ca/ceolus, the Ladies’ Slipper, now only
occasionally found in its former localities of Arncliffe, and Ingleborough in York-
shire. This genus is remarkable as having on the column two perfect side anthers,
instead of one terminal as in other genera. The lip is expanded into 2 hollow
pouch, and all the peculiarities of the genus are shown as clearly as in C. insigne of
Nepal, or in the North American species. Epipactis grandiflora is a beautiful
English species, the cream-coloured flowers (9) growing on a tall spike. In the
primeval forests of Brazil Oncidium abounds, the flowers generally produced on
very long stalks, usually of a pale yellow, marked with brown. O. papilio (3) has
a striking resemblance to a butterfly resting on the slender stalk. Sobralia is a
stately genus, rising with a reed-like stem bearing stiff plaited leaves, and noble
fragrant flowers: the lip is folded around the column. 8. macrantha (4) is the
finest species. §. liliastrum adorns hot dry rocks in Bahia with its white and
yellow flowers. Phalzenopsis (5), with its fair flowers having the aspect of a moth,
is an extremely elegant plant. Of East Indian Orchids Dendrobium is one of the
finest ; D. fimbriatum (6) of a pure tint; other species marked with dark brown ;
D. cerulescens, at 4000 feet on the mountains of Khosea, bears forty flowers on its
stem. Among the countless plants which struggle for space on the small islands
of the Berbice and Essequibo, Huntleya violacea (7) was discovered by Sir Robert
Schomburgk, covering gigantic trees in the humid air from the spray of cataracts,
where the sun scarcely penetrates. Cattleya superba of Guiana is unsurpassed for
beauty, fragrance, and duration; Schomburgkia crispa is also a graceful species of
that country ; 8. marginata belongs to Surinam. Galeandra grows six feet high,
in large clusters, on the Mauritia palm. Of the East Indian plants of this tribe
Cymbidium, Celogyne, Arides, Camarotis, and Phaius are amongst the most
remarkable in variety of form and hue, and manner of growth. Cynoches of
Mexico and Demerara has a long bent column with a dark knob at the end.
Epidendrum vitellinum unfolds its spikes of brilliant scarlet flowers in a temperate
climate at 9000 feet elevation on the mountains of Mexico. On the margins of
pools at the base of the Table Mountain of the Cape, Disa grandiflora opens its
crimson flowers, when the hot mists succeed to the frosts and drought. The long
seed-vessels of Vanilla (8) are used to flavour chocolate.

This Tribe is dispersed almost in all countries, except in the coldest regions,
or the dry parts of Africa. In the hot damp regions of the East and West Indies
and South America the species with aerial roots abound. Many belong to Central
America and the Cape of Good Hope, as well as to Australia and Europe,

. 4

Day & Sor, Lurmated

47 Tr

The Gun

ZINGIBERACE 2.

THE GINGER TRIBE.

Hersaceous plants with creeping jointed root-stalks; the stem is formed of the
united bases of the leaves, usually single, and sometimes branching. ‘The leaves
are simple, sheathing at the base, with a single mid-rib, and numerous fine veins
diverging to the edge. The flowers arise from amongst membranous bracts,
usually in pairs. The calyx is above the ovary, tubular, three-lobed, short ; the
corolla is tubular, irregular, six-parted, in two rows, one petal usually larger than
the rest, often three-lobed. 'The stamens are three, the central one only perfect.
The filament is often extended beyond the anther, sometimes petal-like; the anther
is one or two-celled, opening longitudinally, its lobes often enclosing the upper part
of the style, sometimes spurred. The ovary is one to three-celled, the style slender,
or expanded. The stigma dilated, hollow, or hooded. The fruit is usually a cap-
sule, three-celled, many-seeded, or imperfect and one-celled, occasionally a berry.
The seeds are round or angular, with or without an aril; they contain mealy
albumen.

In some points of structure this Tribe resembles Musacez, and it has also
affinity with Orchidacee.

The roots of Zingiber are aromatic and pungent, others contain a large portion
of wholesome starchy substance.

Zingiber is derived from the Indian name of the plant, and so likewise are all
the European appellations. The root of Zingiber officinale, ginger (1), is known
and esteemed in all countries as a medicine and condiment. In the West Indies
the plants are cultivated in trenches, and there frequently eaten in a fresh state as
salad. If the roots are required for preserving in sugar, they are taken up at
about two months growth, but to be dried as a spice they remain in the ground
until the stems are withered, when they are taken out and scraped and carefully
dried in the sun, for what is commonly called white ginger. The kind, called
black ginger, is boiled, which disperses the oil contained in the roots, and causes
them to acquire a dark colour. A large quantity of both sorts, as well as the

=.
a
1. Zingiber officinale, Ginger. | East Indies. 2a Ovary and Pistil.
la Calyx and outer Petals. 3. Alpinia Cardamomum, Cardamoms.
lp Ovary and Pistil. East Indies.

2. Hedychium speciosum, Splendid Hedychium. Barred cee: a8 Cee

East Indies. | 4a. Mantisia saltatoria. Flower. E. Indies.
NN

ZINGIBERACEZ:.

preserved kind, is prepared in the East and West Indies and sent thence to
parts of the world. Several other species are natives of the East Indies, Z. mioga
belongs to Japan. The beautiful genus Hedychium is exclusively native of the
East Indies, China, and the Malay islands; it appears to extend westwards as far
as 3U° N. lat. in Western Hindustan; being found at intermediate stations along
the shores of the Irawaddy, in Assam, in the mountain valleys of Sikkim and
Nepal. In Malabar also some species exist, and on the hills in the interior.
I. speciosum (2) is like other species, liable to great diversity of colour and even
growth, but it is one of the most fragrant and graceful of the genus, noble in
general aspect, and extremely elegant in the form and arrangement of the flowers.
The plant is as much as five feet in height in our conservatories, and probably
attains to greater magnitude in its native situations. The scent is delicious, and
as the flowers expand gradually, it remains many days extremely ornamental, yet
it is much less frequent in conservatories than it deserves to be. On the Himalaya
it has been found at 6000 feet elevation. HH. coronarium, generally known as the
garland-flower in India, has white flowers, producing them abundantly throughout
the summer in the gardens of Bengal, where the flowers are used as ornaments for
the head. H. spicatum is one of the most common species in Nepal. Alpinia
cardamomum (3) was valued in ancient times by Hindoos, Persians, and Arabians,
for its aromatic seeds; they still form an important article of commerce, 15,000 lbs.
weight being annually sold in London. It grows plentifully on the mountains of
Malabar, and the gathering and packing the seeds occupies native women and
children from October till December. Several other species yield equally valuable
seeds, in Ceylon and other parts of India. The genus Curcuma is known by the
horns on the anther; the root of C. /onga is Turmeric, a chief ingredient in Curry
powder, and a constant article of food in the East. Kompferia galanga is the
medicinal Galangale, of pleasant aromatic flavour. K. candida is the finest species
in regard to its flower, but the root is not valuable. Of that class of this Tribe
which has wholesome though tasteless roots, Maranta is the principal, yielding
arrow-root in great abundance. Canna, the Indian Shot, has also roots full of
starch. The strangely-formed flowers of Mantisia (4) resemble an insect in shape,
and seem to connect this Tribe with the Orchids.

This Tribe belongs almost exclusively to the Tropics, most abundant in the
Kast Indies; rare in Africa and America.

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as Wheat. Throughout the Tropics the Banana or Plantain is the principal source
of food, wholesome and pleasant in flavour ; it ripens in conservatories in England,
but does not acquire its full development and nourishing properties ; when grown
in hot regions it has so much saccharine matter that it dries like figs, and may be
kept for many years. Boiled or roasted, it is eaten like bread, when ripe it may be
preserved as a sweetmeat; a kind of wine is sometimes prepared from it, and the
young shoots are eaten asa vegetable. M. tewtilis is the Manilla hemp, from which
an excellent fibre is obtained not only for ropes, but of a quality fine enough for the
most delicate of Indian muslins. Strelitzia (2) was named by Sir Joseph Banks in
honour of Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburgh Strelitz. It is a genus of singular form
and remarkable beauty ; the leaves grow direct from the root, forming a kind of
stem by their sheathing bases, in the midst of which springs the flower-stalk,
terminating in a spathe, from whence rises the brilliant crest of flame-coloured
flowers. The three inner petals are deep blue, enclosing the stamens and pistil. 5.
angusta is eighteen feet high, with white flowers. Heliconia is a nearly similar
genus, belonging to the West Indies; H. psittacorwm is a beautiful object in the
clearings amongst the mountains of Jamaica, the graceful flexile stem bearing
clusters of flowers at the joints towards the summit, the orange petals marked by a
black spot have a singular effect. H. Bhai is a larger species flourishing in moist
shaded valleys ; the small succulent berries, containing three rugged seeds, are eat-
able. Urania speciosa, a noble, Palm-like tree of Madagascar, has wholesome seeds,
enveloped in a blue pulpy aril, full of an essential oil. The fruit is used in dyeing.

This Tribe inhabits chiefly the Cape of Good Hope, and the islands on its
south-eastern coast, and is dispersed over the Tropics, principally on plains. It is
scarcely found elsewhere, except in Japan.

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HASMODORACE®.

mountain of Roraimé, and on Itapu, which rises like a gigantic obelisk 4000 feet
_ above the savannahs of Guiana, in 5° north latitude, where the temperature ranges
between 60° and 86°. ‘The stem is from ten to twelve feet high, the forks of the
branches clothed with the membranous withered bases of leaves. The scent of the
flowers is extremely fragrant, similar to that of Hippeastrum, allied to Amaryllis.
But the most extraordinary plant of this tribe is undoubtedly Vellozia, discovered
and described by the celebrated Bavarian traveller, Von Martius, in Brazil. The
trunk consists of a central cylindrical column, not increasing in diameter, only
growing upwards like other monocotyledonous plants. The exterior of the stem is
composed of quantities of slender fibrous roots, cohering and forming a kind of
wood of the same nature as that of the ferns, and partly resembling that of some
Palms. At the top the branches grow in forks, from the ends of which proceed
tufts of leaves and flowers, after the manner of Yucca. As they grow always in
numerous groups, the effect is very singular. A few other genera are worthy of
notice; Dilatris is always extremely downy over the whole flowering stem: D.
corymbosa and D. viscosa belong to the Cape. D. Heritiera yields a red dye to
the natives of North America. Lachnanthes tinctoria affords also a red dyeing
matter. An infusion of Aletris farinosa is one of the most intense bitters known,
and is used occasionally as a tonic medicine.

This Tribe exists chiefly in Brazil and the Mascaren Isles, in Guiana, and in
the Temperate parts of Australia; a few species are found in North America,
and at the Cape.

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AMARYLLIDACEZ.

Although of very different and lowly aspect, the simple Snowdrop (2) is one of the
most admired and cherished of flowers. Alstrémeria (3), named after a Swedish
baron, has a remarkable character in the leaves being placed on the stem with the
under surface uppermost, which causes them to twist, in order to bring the porous
side to the light and air. The roots of A. pailida and others contain starch, from
which a kind of arrow-root is prepared in Chile. A. Sa/sil/a yields a considerable
supply of food in the West Indies. Hemanthus (4) produces its singular involucre,
enclosing numerous flowers, before the leaves. Several species belong to the Cape,
and it is said that the Hottentots use the poisonous juice of the bulbs of H. toxicarius
to poison their arrows. The fruit of Hemanthus, when ripe, is the size of a small
cherry. Sternbergia /utea (5) abounds in the south of Europe and in Palestine :
some travellers suppose it to be the “ Lily of the field,’ which Divine wisdom
declared to surpass in dazzling splendour the array of the most glorious of kings.
Phycella ignea (6) is one of the brilliant productions of Chile. The genus Nar-
cissus is of interest as being one of the few which extend into Europe; many
species are found in the southern countries. N. pseudo-narcissus, the Daffodil, is
oceasionally seen wild in England: N. moschatus (7 ) is one of the various species
of Spain. The peculiar character of the flowers is the elegant cup or crown
within the petals ; in some it is shallow, in others tubular, beautifully curled at the
rim. Nearly all come forth in the spring, and for their bright golden hues, or pure
white, as well as delicious fragrance. are highly esteemed. ‘The most celebrated
plant of this Tribe is the Aloe, “Agave Americana. In its native country it forms
impenetrable hedges with its solid leaves, bordered with strong spines; a single
plant will spread its leaves to a circumference of eighteen feet. But the chief value
is derived from the sap, which exudes when the young bud is cut off; and when
fermented, becomes the favourite pu/que of the Mexicans: they also prepare paper
from the fibres. Litteea geminiflora has a stem like an Aloe, thirty-five feet high,
with grass-like leaves at the base. Another lofty plant is Doryanthes excelsa ;
the straight stem clothed with small leaves, surrounded by a head of crimson
flowers. Crinum and Pancratium are natives of India, with elegant white flowers.
Hippeastrum, the Anigit’s-star of Brazil, appears there in countless numbers.
Fourcroya attains an extreme height of flower-stem, with rapid growth.

This Tribe exists in greatest abundance and variety at the Cape. Some
species are plentiful in South America, particularly in Brazil; others abound in
the East and West Indies: a few have been discovered in Australia.

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IRIDACE.

root; their sweet scent was formerly valued in the manufacture of hair-powder,
Tigridia pavonia (5) is an extremely brilliant but ephemeral flower, enduring only
for a day; the chief peculiarity of its structure is the long tube formed by the
united filaments of the stamens at the top; the three anthers surround the triple
stigma. Although a native of the hot climate of Mexico, the Tiger-flower flourishes
well in the open air here, if placed in a sheltered and sunny situation. 'T. conchi-
Jlora belongs also to Mexico; the petals are of a deep yellow colour. Sparaxis
tricolor (4) is one of the numerous beautiful bulbous-rooted plants of the Cape of
Good Hope; the Greek name alludes to the torn spathes of the flower.

Amongst the most striking of these flowers may be classed Gladiolus, so named
from the Latin, on account of the sword-shaped leaves, though this is common to
other plants of the Tribe. G. communis and G. segetum adorn the fields of South
Europe. G.byzantinum is a native of Turkey ; the rest all belong to the Cape,
and are more or less ornamental. G. psittacina (5) is a brilliant example of the
Flora of Natal, of noble form, and harmonious in colouring. But the most useful
plant must be considered the lowly Crocus (6), which is not only the chief em-
bellishment of gardens in the earliest spring, but is valuable for the supply of
Saffron obtained from the large stigmas of C. sativus. When the Saffron Crocus
was first introduced in the reign of Edward IIT., it was extensively grown around
Saffron Walden, in Essex, but its use, and consequently its cultivation, are much
diminished. The colouring ingredient of Saffron has the peculiar quality of total
dispersion by thesun. The starchy tubers of some of the Cape plants are said to
afford food to the Hottentots; and the roasted seeds of Iris pseudo-acorus may be
a substitute for coffee. Ixia, Morea, Sisyrinchium, and other genera, have been
contributed to European gardens from the Cape, whose dry sands are the grand
store of the most delicate and brilliant flowered bulbous plants in the great class of
monocotyledons.

This Tribe is most abundant in South Africa, and in the central regions of
North America and of Europe. A few species only are natives of the Tropics ;
few also are found in South America. Crocus belongs entirely to Kurope and
Asia; the African and Australian species are not known in America.

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BROMELIACE4.

to mere bracts, and thus the whole is consolidated into the juicy pulpy fruit. The
crown is the upper tuft of leaves, a continuation of the plant after the flower-buds
cease. In Singapore the fibres of the leaves are manufactured into fine muslin.
B. pinguin in its wild state bears a small acid fruit (4), used medicinally in the
West Indies ; this species grows parasitically on trees in Brazil, spreading over a
space of twelve feet, and covered with mosses and other small plants. Adchmea
discolor (2) is one of the most beautiful plants of this Tribe, introduced lately from
Brazil; it forms a brilliant addition to the conservatory, the coral-like branches
remaining long in flower. The most striking genus, when seen in its native
countries, is Tillandsia; some species grow parasitically on trees in Peru and
Brazil, almost concealing them with thin masses of pale grey foliage and spikes of
bright flowers. 'T. wsneoides clothes the trees in many parts of Tropical America
with its long silvery branches and leaves, in the same manner as the Lichen Usnea
hangs like a grey beard on the Firs of the Alps. Another kind ascends into the
temperate climate of the mountains of Mexico. TT. acaulis (8) is well adapted for
cultivation amongst our exotics, being of more lowly form; the leaves are hollowed
at the base, and retain rain and dew in sufficient quantity to be valuable to
travellers in the season of drought. From the spike of Puya lanuginosa flows a
transparent gum; P. chilensis yields a juice found useful in healing wounds in
Chile. From the root of Bilbergia tinctoria a yellow dye is obtained in Brazil.
Several species which can exist without earth are used to adorn balustrades and
balconies in South America, scenting the air with their delicious fragrance.

All the plants of this Tribe are natives of America, whence they have extended
eastward; and many have become indigenous on the west of Africa, and in the
Hast Indies.

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DIOSCORACE A.

THE YAM TRIBE.

Twine shrubs, having large tubers above or below the ground. The leaves are
alternate, or occasionally opposite, with netted veins. The flowers are small,
spiked, with from one to three bracts. The stamens and pistil are in separate
flowers. The calyx-and corolla are united, herbaceous, adherent. 'The stamens
are six, inserted into the base of the sepals and petals. ‘The anthers are turned
inwards and burst lengthwise. The ovary is three-celled, with one or two seeds
in each cell. The style is deeply three-cleft. The fruit is a capsule or a berry,
leafy or compressed, or succulent. The seeds of the capsule are flattened, winged
or wingless, those of the berry round; they contain cartilaginous albumen, in a
cavity of which lies the embryo.

This Tribe has affinity with Smilacez.

An acrid principle exists generally in these plants.

Dioscorea records the name of the celebrated Greek physician and botanist,
Dioscorides. It is an important genus, yielding an abundant supply of nutriment
in its farinaceous tubers: D. sativa is the common Yam, cultivated as the chief
food of Negroes in Africa and the West Indies. The acrid juice is entirely ex-
pelled by heat, and the mealy tubers are excellent, either roasted or boiled. The
flour is also made into cakes and bread. D. acu/leata is a variety cultivated in all
the islands of the torrid zone, as well as in New Zealand. The buds of the tubers
are planted like those of the potato, and require very little care afterwards, pro-
ducing plentiful crops. D. triphylla (1) is of a noxious nature, and the tubers
contain too much acrid principle to be made available for food. D. versicolor is
one of the many species common in India, in the valleys, and ascending as high as
5000 feet on the Himalayas. D. a/ata, the most frequently cultivated in northern
India, displays in its stem very distinctly the peculiar arrangement of wedges of
the wood placed against the bark, which, when dried, easily separate, like those of
Aristolochia and Menispermum. ‘The varieties of Dioscorea in the East have
attracted the attention of all botanical travellers. Rumphins describes some with

1. Dioscorea triphylla, Three-leaved Yam. 3. Tamus communis, Black Bryony.

Malabar. | Hedges, England.
1a Pistil Flower, magnified. 5a Stamen Flower. 3B Pistil Flower.
lp Seed, magnified. : Ao Pistil. 3p Section of Ovary.

2. Testitudinaria elephantipes, Elvphant’s-foot. | 44- Dioscorea adenocarpa.
Cape of Good Hope. Section of Stamen Flower.
24 Pistil Flower. 4p Seed, magnified. 4c Seed-vessel, open.

DIOSCORACE.

spreading branched tubers, others twisted like a snake. The size and weight
vary extremely; some not more than a pound in weight, others as much as a
foot broad. D. atro-purpurea is extensively grown in Malacca and the isles of the
Indian Archipelago. D. bulbifera is the Yam of Otaheite; at the base of the leaf-
stalks are small bulbs, containing the germ of new plants. Testitudinaria (2) was
so named because of the root having the appearance of the shell of the tortoise.
This singular root-stock grows to an immense size in favourable localities, and
contains a farinaceous substance used by the Hottentots as food in time of scarcity,
whence it is commonly called Hottentot’s bread. It grows readily in a conser-
vatory, and has a remarkable appearance, the extremely slender stems rising out
of the rugged mass, and climbing to a considerable height over some support.
Tamus communis (3) is of some interest, as being the only European example of
this Tribe of plants. It is frequently seen in this country climbing with twining
stems without tendrils, over hedges and bushes in woods and groves, adorning
them in spring with its delicate pale-green flowers, and with its bright red berries
in autumn. On the roots are large dark excrescences, of such acrid properties that
they have been used as blisters; the roots themselves contain a white starchy sub-
stance of a wholesome nature; the young shoots are mild, and are eaten by the
Moors with oil and salt. Rayania was named after the learned naturalist Ray ;
the genus belongs chiefly to the West Indies, a graceful twining plant, like the rest,
with drooping clusters of winged capsules, bearing one seed each. Oncus esculentus
of Cochin-China has eatable tubers.

The numerous species of this Tribe are found exclusively in the Tropics,
excepting Tamus, which is a native of the Temperate parts of Asia, and of Europe.

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THE SARSAPARILLA TRIBE.

—____ —_—_

Hersaceous plants, and undershrubs partly climbing, sometimes having fleshy
tubers. The leaves have netted veins. ‘The stamens and pistils are sometimes in
separate flowers. The calyx and petals are similar, free, six-parted ; the stamens
are six, inserted near the base of the corolla, seldom placed below the ovary. ‘The
ovary is three-celled, the cells one or many-seeded, the style usually trifid, bearing
three stigmas. The fruit is a roundish berry, containing seeds, with fleshy
cartilaginous albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Liliacez, but is distinguished by the netted veins
of the leaves, and the fruit being a rounded berry.

Astringent pxoperties exist in the roots of some of these plants.

Smilax has often a tough prickly stem, whence the Greek name was derived.
8. Sarsaparilla of North America has long, slender, white roots, covered with a
wrinkled brown bark. They are of a mucilaginous nature, and slightly bitter
taste, and are considered valuable as a medicine in America and in England.
S. maculata (1) is one of the various species which belong to the Himalayas, and
is found in Nepal, Kemaon, and on Mussoree. On the Silhet mountains grow
8. oxyphylla, 8. lanceeefolia, and 8. Roxburghiana, all employed by the natives
medicinally. §S. prolifera is a native of Bengal, and 8. ovalifolia extends across
the Peninsula, towards Bombay. Although the different species of Smilax exist
in the greatest abundance in the tropical parts of Asia, Africa, and America, yet
some are dispersed in cooler regions; 8. aspera grows in Syria, 8. mauritanica in
the north of Africa, 8. catulonica and 8S. nigra in Spain. All have more or less
tuberous roots, possessing useful medicinal properties; those of S. China are
probably the largest, twisted and full of knots; they afford food and medicine to
the Chinese. 8, glycyphylla is imported largely from Australia, where it is
called sweet Tea, and is thought to be extremely wholesome. None of the species

1. Smilax maculata, Spotted Sarsaparilla. 5. Trillium sessile, Stalkless-leaved Trillium.
Himalaya. North America.
2. Ruscus aculeatus, Butcher's Broom. 6. Polygonatum mulliflorum, Solomon’s Seal.
England. England.
2a Leaf and Flower magnified. 7A. S. glycyphylla. Stamen Flower.
3. Conyallaria majalis, Lily of the Valley. 7B Pistil Flower. 7c Section of Ovary.
Woods, England. 7b Seed. 7 Section.
4, Paris quadrifolia, Herb Paris. 8a. S. brasiliensis. Flower.

Woods, England. 8B Section of Ovary.

SMILACE.

have much beauty of flower, but 8. aspera and 8. excelsa present a striking
appearance when they droop from the summits of tall trees, with their slender
branches covered with red berries in autumn. The English name was given to
Ruseus aculeatus (2) because butchers used the branches for cleansing their
blocks ; the Italians still make brooms of it. The root is perennial, but the shrub
withers the second year after flowering; it is of a very rigid nature, the leaves tipped
with a sharp spine. The small flower appears to grow on the leaf, but is really on
a short stalk which lies beneath the outer coat of the leaf; the fruit is a red berry
of sweetish flavour, and contains one or two seeds. Convallaria majalis (3), the
Lily of the Valley, may be considered one of the most choice plants of our British
Flora, graceful and simple in form and colour, and very agreeably fragrant ; it is
now found only in a few localities in this country, for many of the once suitable
woods are cleared, and become open fields. In the wooded parts of the Craven
district of Yorkshire, the Lily of the Valley still flourishes luxuriantly, and is
particularly abundant in the woods of the Vale of Arncliffe. This is one of the
plants which is not to be improved by the skill of the cultivator, but is perfect in
its natural condition. A durable green colour may be prepared from the leaves
with lime. Paris guadrifolia (4), a remarkable plant, easily distinguished from
all others, is rare in this country, scarcely found except in woods in Yorkshire, and
a few other northern localities. The roots are said to have emetic properties, and
narcotic juices prevail in the plant, although in slight degree. P. polyphylla is a
native of Nepal. Convallaria and Paris occur together in the same localities in
India, as in England. ‘Trillium sess7/e (5), named from the triple division of its
parts, was brought to England nearly a century ago, but is rarely to be seen in our
gardens, being of slow growth and difficult to cultivate; yet its singularity renders
it worthy of attention. |The juice, when combined with alum, yields a blue dye.
Polygonatum received its English name from an imagined resemblance in the
twisted roots to the celebrated Seal of Solomon. P. muléiflorum (6) is an exceed-
ingly elegant species, adorning shady plantations and copses in May and June;
this and another English species, P. verticil/atum, are found also on the Himalaya.
Several others are natives of Germany and North America. P. oppositifolium
belongs to Nepal. Streptopus, with its twisted flower-stalks, has one species in
Hungary, others in North America. Smilacina b/folia is found in Northern
Europe, the rest in North America. There also is found Medeola virginica, which,
like others of this Tribe, has an emetic root. Ophiogon is the Snake’s-head of
Japan and China. Asparagus, and Dracena the Dragon-tree, both belong to this
Order.

This Tribe is dispersed in small numbers in most parts of the world: in the
woods of the Temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. Smilax is
found chiefly in the Tropics of Asia and America.

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LILIACEZ.

species is F'. imperialis of Persia, the Crown-imperial, which displays its red and
yellow coronet of pendent flowers in early spring. Nearly three centuries ago, the
first Persian tulips were brought to England from Constantinople; but not until
the close of the seventeenth century had the cultivation attained its height in
Holland and England, or a single bulb its extravagant price of 5007. 'T. ges-
neriana is the original of the countless varieties. T. sylvestris (5) is interesting
as the solitary British example, on the northern limits of the genus. 'T’. suaveolens,
the Van Thol, comes forth with the first spring in the south of Europe. A rival
in value and estimation is Hyacinthus orientalis ; at Haarlem 2000 varieties were
known during its extreme popularity: in fragrance and beauty the Hyacinth has
surpassing claims for admiration. Scilla nutans (6) is frequent in woods and under
hedges, in many parts of England and on the Continent; 8. b/folia grows in
similar situations. S. autumnalis on dry commons in autumn; §. sibirica is the
most northern species. Agapanthus is well known as the blue African Lily.
Ornithogalum, the Star of Bethlehem, has several species in England; it is found
also in California. Egypt, and at the Cape. The only useful species is O. sguilla,
the medicinal Squill, the bulb of which is very large, and the stem, bearing a fine
spike of white flowers, is often two feet high. In ancient times a classical fame was
attached to Asphodelus, abounding in Greece, where it now affords food to sheep.
One of the latest discoveries in this tribe is Chrysobactron, with brilliant yellow
flowers in Lord Auckland’s Isle. Yucca has a grand appearance, when the tall
spike of graceful pale flowers rises out of the tuft of rigid leaves. Aloe, a genus
almost confined to the Cape, affords a valuable medicine in the dried juice of the
leaves of the shrubby species, the fibres are made into cordage and coarse cloth.
But the most valuable material for cables and strong ropes is obtained from the
leaves of Phormium tenax of New Zealand, now becoming of very extensive
importance. Another remarkable plant belongs to Australia, Xanthorrhea, the
grass-plant; on the summit of a tall palm-like stem covered with the remains of
sheathing leaf-stalks is a tuft of long wiry leaves, from the centre of which springs
the tall close spike of flowers like a bulrush. The inner part of the leaf-bud is
eaten by the natives, who esteem the balsamic flavour caused by the gum-resin:
this singular plant forms a link with Rushes, thus connecting ove of the most
highly developed with one of the humblest tribes. From the earliest times a
wholesome condiment to food has been derived from Allium, yielding Garlic,
Onions, Leeks, Chives, all possessing strongly-scented hot properties, of great value
to man in all climates

_ ‘This extensive Tribe is widely dispersed; most abundant in Temperate regions,
frequent in Australia and at the Cape of Good Hope, rare in the East Indies.
Lhe Tropical species are chiefly arborescent.

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The Colchicum Lribe

142

COLCHICACE A.

THE COLCHICUM TRIBE.

Hersaceous plants, having bulbous, tuberous, or fibrous roots; some are stemless,
some have branching or simple stems. The flowers are usually purple, white, or
green. The calyx and corolla are similar, free, petal-like, in six divisions, or by
partial adhesion tubular. The stamens are six, the anthers turned outwards. ‘The
ovary is three-celled, the style three-parted, the stigmas undivided; the capsule
generally separable into three parts. ‘The seeds are numerous, with a membranous
covering, and contain dense albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with Liliacee, but is known by the anthers
turning outwards, and the three-parted capsule.

Highly poisonous properties exist in these plants.

Colchicum is said by Dioscorides to have derived its name from Colchis, where
it grew abundantly. It is one of those plants which produce flowers before leaves,
a process only to be effected by perennial trees, or bulbous or tuberous-rooted
plants, and most frequently by the latter. The new plant springs from the side of
the root, the upper portion of the spathe or sheath rises out of the ground, and from
it emerge three or more flowers in the month of September. After the slender-tubed
flowers droop and wither, the seed-vessels lie dormant underground until the
following spring, when they grow upwards and the seeds are enabled to ripen,
which cannot be accomplished in the earth. A few simple leaves come forth at the
same period, and then a pause occurs till the autumnal flowering. As a medicine,
Colchicum was known in the time of Hippocrates, and it is still used as a valuable
remedy in rheumatism and other illness. C. autummnale (1) is frequent in the moist
meadows of various parts of England. C. variegatum is the species common in
Greece, and in our gardens. Melanthium is a genus belonging to the Cape of
Good Hope; M. juncewm (2) has rush-like leaves proceeding from the bulbous
root; on the claw of the petal are two glands, full of honey ; this was one of the

1. Colchicum autumnale, Meadow Saffron. 3. Kreysigia Cunninghami, Cunningham's
England. Kreysigia. New Holland.
3A Stamen and Pistil.
3B Ovary and Pistil.

1A Ovary and Pistil.
1B Section of Ovary.

2. Melanthium junceum, Rush-leaved Melan-
thium. Cape of Good Hope. | 4. Veratrum nigrum, Dark-flowered Veratrum.
24 Stamen and Petal. 2B Seed-vessel. Siberia.
2c Seed-vessel of M. uniflorum. 4, Stamens and Ovaries.

COLCHICACE A.

first species brought to England. M. eucomozdes is a dwarf species: the flowers
are seated in the midst of wide leaves; each petal is folded at the base into a tube,
from which the large anther protrudes. Veratrum, said to be named from the
black root, contains an alkaline principle called Veratrine, similar to that which
exists in Colchicum. V. nigrum (4) grows to the height of four or five feet,
bearing a branching panicle of flowers, the large leaves clustering around the base
of the stem, forming a handsome object in the garden. It has less powerful
qualities than V. alwm, which is used medicinally, although, in large quantities,
poisonous. The virulence of the poisonous juice of these plants appears to differ
in various seasons, for it is said that in the poor districts of Europe the peasants
eat the roots of Colchicum, when boiled, in autumn. A few years ago, a poor
woman in Covent Garden market mistook some Colchicum roots for onions, and
eating them, was poisoned. Kreysigia Cunninghamia (3), named after two
enterprising travellers in Australia, is one of the numerous beautiful plants added
to our stores from that country; the honey-glands are like those of Parnassia.
Bulbocodium, so called from the rough, woolly covering of the bulb, produces its
purple flowers, much resembling Colchicum, in the spring season, in Spain.
Uvularia is a genus of North America and China, astringent in its properties.
The bruised leaves of U. grandiflora are a remedy in the United States for the
bite of the rattlesnake. The root of Helonias dioica is used medicinally in North
America. H. frigida of Mexico is poisonous to horses who feed on it. Asagroea
officinalis yields the Sabadilla seeds, which in some countries are known as a
medicine. The most remarkable and beautiful flower of this tribe is Gloriosa
superba of the East Indies. The six petals are of a bright orange hue, curled at
their edges, and bend backwards, whilst the stamens and pistil hang downwards.
The leaves are wide, and terminate in a long point, rolled inwards at the end like a
tendril. G. simplex, a species of Senegal, has a blue flower, and the leaves are
merely sharp-pointed.

This Tribe is common at the Cape of Good Hope, in Asia, North America, and
Europe; it exists in the Tropics of India and Australia, but is most abundant in
northern countries.

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THE SPIDER-WORT TRIBE.

Herxzacrous plants, the leaves of which are flat and usually sheathing at the base ;
the flower is composed of three sepals and three petals, which sometimes cohere at
their base. ‘The stamens are six or fewer, attached to the base of the ovary, some
with irregular or imperfect anthers, the filaments beset with fine-jointed hairs.
The anthers are two-celled, turning inwards. The ovary is three-celled, the style
single, the stigma simple. The capsule is two or three-celled, containing two or
more seeds in each cell, fixed by their side on the inner angle. The embryo lies in
a cavity of the fleshy albumen, covered with a lid.

These plants are a link between the Lily tribe and Sedges and Rushes.

The roots contain a large proportion of starch.

Commelina was so named by the French botanist Plumier, in honour of two
Dutch merchants and botanists, who promoted the study and culture of plants.
The first species was brought from Carolina in 1732, others have been introduced
since from different parts of America, as well as from Asia. It has been chosen as
the type of this Order, which is interesting from being a marked transition in the
seale of development in plants; uniting many characters of the sedges with the
more perfect petals and structure of Alismacee, and also of the Lily tribe. The
petals roll up and become flaccid and moist in withering, like those of the Inis.
Three of the stamens are usually irregular, furnished with crossing glands of
peculiar form. Commelina celestis (1) is one of the most beautiful species, the
ephemeral petals are of a pure blue, and the whole plant is remarkable for neatness
and elegance of form. The fleshy roots contain a large proportion of starch and
mucilage, which renders them fit for food. Those of C. tuberosa, C. angustifolia,

1. Commelina celestis, Sky-blue Commelina. 4, Cyanotis avillaris, Axil-flowered Cyanotis.
America. East Indies.
la Stamen. 4a Stamen.
5a. Stamen of T. virginica.
5B Pistil. 5e Calyx and Ovary.
5p Section of Capsule.
5e Hair, magnified.
3. Dichorisandra thyrsiflora, Thyrsoid-flowered | 64. Capsule of Aneilema.
Dichorisandra. uB Seed. 6c Section.
Brazil. | 6p Embryo and Cover.

2. Tradescantia zebrina, Zebra-leaved Spider-
wort. Mexico.
2a Stamen.

COMMELINACE,

and C. striata are likewise cooked and eaten in the countries where they are native.
The Chinese use C. medica medicinally : C. Rumphii is employed as a medicinei n
the East Indies. Tradescantia records the name of two of the earliest travellers
and patrons of botany, John Tradescant and his son; the former was gardener to
Charles I., and after his travels he made the first museum of natural history in this
country, which is still retained and preserved as the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.
Tradescantia virginica, which Tradescant brought to England, 1629, is still a
favourite plant in the border, and perfectly hardy. The jointed hairs of the
stamens (5) are a beautiful object for the microscope. TT. zebrina (2) is a lowly
plant, creeping over banks, spreading far by means of its rooting jointed stem: the
petals, though small, have the peculiar glistening appearance of some Lilies in the
sunshine. Dichorisandra is derived from the Greek word expressing the separation
of two anthers from the rest. D. thyrscflora (3) has a noble aspect when in flower,
the Jarge yellow anthers showing well in the deep blue corolla. D. discolor is
smaller, and of less brilliant appearance. Cyanotis axillaris (4) is a very
delicate plant, and exhibits the character of hairy stamens in a high degree; they
bear on their filament white glands below the anthers, the pollen of which, and of
other species of the tribe, is blue. A decoction of the plant is taken medicinally in
the East Indies. Aneilema is a nearly similar genus, but has no involucre to the
cluster of flowers; its capsule (6) contains seeds with a lid over the embryo. The
species are scattered in China, Sierra Leone, and Australia. Cartonema spicatum
belongs to the East Indies; Murdannia scapi/lora is amongst the medicinal plants
of the Hindoos; the leaves of Flagellaria indica are also said to have astringent
properties.

This Tribe is found chiefly in the East and West Indies, Africa, and Australia.
A few species exist in North America, but none have yet been discovered in Northern
Asia or in Europe.

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144

UN CAC. EAL.

THE RUSH TRIBE.

Herzaceots plants with fibrous or clustered roots. The leaves are hollow or flat,
and channelled with parallel veins. The flowers are more or less collected in
heads; they are seldom brightly coloured, usually dull brown or green. The
calyx and corolla are nearly similar, glumaceous or cartilaginous, six-parted, below
the ovary. The stamens are six, inserted into the base of the segments ; if only
three, they are placed opposite the calyx. 'The anthers are two-celled, turned
inwards, opening lengthwise or by pores at the point. The ovary is one or three-
celled, the style is single, the stigmas three, sometimes only one. ‘The fruit is a
capsule, with three valves or none, one or many-seeded. The seeds have a thin
skin, a very small embryo, and contain firm, fleshy, or cartilaginous albumen.

This Tribe is closely connected with Cyperacex, it has also affinity with the
Lily Tribe through Narthecium.

Very slight properties exist in these plants.

Juucus is a genus of very ancient utility to man, in the primeval times afford-
ing the simplest materials for covering floors, making ropes, and other homely
articles. The pith of the slender stems burns readily, and in many remote parts
rushes still furnish the only candles of the peasant’s dwelling. Until the time of
Edward IV. they were strewn on the floors of churches and all large buildings; in
Westmoreland an old custom is retained of adorning the church with various
emblems formed of rushes on an annual festival. J. conglomeratus (1) is the
common species growing everywhere in watery places. J. acutus and J.maritimus
assist in preventing the encroachments of the sea on the coasts of Britain and of
North America, and the embankments of Holland; these, and all the large kinds
which have simple channelled stems without leaves, are made into mats and
various things in country places. J. triglwmis (2) is amongst the species which
have leaves; it is found chiefly on the summits of Scotch and Welsh mountains,

1. Juncus conglomeratus, Common Rush. 3. Luciola sylvatica, Great Wood-rush.
Wet places, Britain. England.

1a Flower. lp Pistil.

le Capsule. 1p Section.

lz Long Section, magnified.

3a Flower. 5B Capsule.
3c Section of Capsule.
3D Capsule. 3E Seed.

4. Narthecium ossifragum, Bog Asphodel,
2. Juncus triglumis, Three-flowered Rush- Moors. Britain.

Streams, Scotland. 4a Slamen.

JUNCACE.

and similar situations on the Continent. J. Lalticus is one of the rare plants of the
Hebrides; J. bufonius, of our marshes, grows likewise on the banks of the Ganges.
The genus has a wide range, J. arcticus belonging to the most northern regions,
J. antarcticus existing in Lord Auckland’s Isle in the extreme southern latitude. —
On the high mountains of hot regions some species find a locality as favourable as
the low marshes of temperate or cold climates; the European J. g/aucus is also a
native of the Himalayas. Luciola was derived from the Italians, to whose vivid
imagination the dewy heads of flowers seen sparkling in the moonlight gave an
idea of their /ucciole or glow-worms. It is distinguished from Juncus by its flat
hairy leaves, and the capsule containing only three seeds. L. sy/vatica (3) is very
frequent in woods and on open ground, in May and June; though of so simple a
character, it is extremely graceful in growth. lL. campestris is a much smaller
species, coming forth in grassy pastures in early spring. Several kinds abound in
Switzerland. Narthecium has a more highly-developed flower than other genera
of this tribe, and forms a link with some of the lowliest examples of the lily tribe.
N. ossifragum (4) is the brightest ornament of the wild moors in the Scotch
Highlands, growing on the dark peat earth amidst small species of carex, grasses,
and mosses. ° The stiff sword-shaped leaves, and the spike of delicate flowers, are
sure to attract the notice of a traveller of botanical inclination. The corolla re-
mains, and becomes thickened as the capsule enlarges. ‘The seeds are numerous,
enveloped in a long membranous skin. Calectasia is one of those plants of which
the anthers open by pores at the end; the flowers are dry, of a star shape, and
brilliant violet colour. Jn Australia grows also Xerotes, in the structure of the
flowers showing affinity to Palms. On the sand-hills near the coast of Tasmania,
Astelia a/pina affords a link with sedges, the inner part of the base of the wide
leaves yields some wholesome food. At the Cape of Good Hope Prionum palmita
rises with a thick black spongy stem, surmounted with a crown of leaves. One
species of Juncus is cultivated in Japan, entirely for making mats for floors.

This Tribe inhabits chiefly the colder countries of the world, extends as far
North as Melville Isle, where it forms about -, of the flowering plants; in the

Temperate regions about ~!;; in the Tropics 345.

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THE PALM TRIBE.

Trees with a simple stem, occasionally branching shrubs, rough with the bases of
the leaf-stalks or their scars. Calamus has a long slender stem, sometimes armed
with spines. The leaves are in clusters, terminal, usually very large, pinnate,
plaited, fan-shaped, with parallel simple veins; sometimes wedge-shaped. The
flowers are on a terminal scaly spadix, enclosed in a single or many-valved spathe,
which is often woody. 'The flowers are small, having scaly bracts; the stamens
and pistil are usually separate. The sepals are three, fleshy or leathery, persistent ;
the petals are three, the stamens inserted into the base of the corolla, usually six,
seldom three. The ovary is free, usually composed of three carpels completely or
partially united; the styles three. The fruit is a drupe, nut, or berry, often having
a fibrous rind. The seed fills the cavity in which it grows, and contains cartila-
ginous albumen, in which is the embryo, its place indicated by a small swelling on
the back of the seed (2a).

This Tribe has slight affinity with Pandanacez.

Oil, wax, farina, sugar, and salt exist in these trees.

Palms have received the highest admiration in all ages: inspired writers have
taken a Palm as an emblem of prosperity, and a symbol of victory. Botanists
have bestowed on them the noblest titles, and they are unrivalled in the vegetable
world, in simple grandeur of form, and for their varied and extensive utility to
man, especially in the countries where they flourish. The first mention of them in
Scripture, is when Moses, having led the Israelites through the Red Sea, they en-
camped under the shade of seventy Palm-trees. From the earliest times Palms
have, without cultivation, furnished everything necessary to the existence of the
natives : excellent materials for dwellings, cordage of all kinds, clothing, food, and
many other valuable substances. ‘The strong fibres which bind the base of the
leaf-stalk to the stem are available in various ways; few European ships leave the
Brazilian coast without a store of Palm fibres. Some, which are tough, bristle-like,
are made into strong brooms, now almost superseding those made of Lirch twigs.

1. Chamerops humilis, Dwarf Palm. | 4. Sagus Rumphii, Sago Palm. E. Indies.
South Europe. | 4a Flower, opened.
1a Stamen Flower. 1p Stamens. 5. Cocus nucifera, Cocoa-nut Palm. I. Isles.
le Fertile Flower. 1p Ovaries. 6. Phytelephas macrocarpu. Ivory-nut Palm.
le Fruit. le Section. Peru.
2. Phenix dactylifera, Date Palm. Levant. | 7. Fruit of Elais.
2a Seed. 2B Sprouting. 7A Seed. 7B Fruit without the bulb.

3. Calamus palustris, Rattan Palm. FE. Indies. | 8a Section of Palm fruit.
QQ

PALMACE/:.

The fibrous exterior of the Cocoa-nut Palm is woven into the elastic Coir rope, one
of the best materials for cordage and mats. Chamerops (1) is the only Palm
advancing into Europe, growing on the south coast, in N. lat. 44°. In Morocco
it covers the hills like brushwood; in England it requires the shelter of a conser-
vatory, where it bears countless flowers, but not fruit. OC. Palmetto extends to the
most northern limit of the race in N. America, to 56° N. lat. Phoenix dactylifera
(2) is a wonderful example of fertility, affording the chief supply of food to the
people of Northern Africa and Arabia. <A single spathe contains 12,000 stamen
flowers, and the cluster of fertile flowers produces a prodigious quantity of fruit.
The sap of the stem is obtained by cutting off the crown, as in other Palms, and is
highly esteemed as a beverage. ‘The spathe of Alfonsia has been reckoned to con-
tain 200,000 flowers; and each cluster of a Palm of the Orinoco bears 8000 fruit.
Calamus, the Rattan, is of peculiar growth, partly resembling the Bamboo; the
leaves secreting silex also connects this Tribe with Grasses. Instead of a columnar
stem, it has a long, round, jointed stem, in some instances 500 feet in length,
stretching like cables over trees, rendering the jungles almost impenetrable. The
leaves are pinnated, of most graceful form, the leaf-stallk often prolonged to one or
two feet, as in O. palustris (3). This genus ascends to 6000 feet on the outer
range of the Himalaya. Plectocomia likewise climbs over tall trees. A large
supply of Sago is obtained from the pith of Sagus Rumphii (4), the fruit of which
is sometimes brought to this country, although useless. 8. /wvis and 8. genuina
grow in dense forests in the Moluccas, yielding an abundant pith for Sago. One
of the most valuable and beautiful of Palms is Cocos nucifera (5), fringing the
coasts of the isles of the Chinese Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific. In Ceylon,
groves of Cocoa-nut Palms border the shore for thirty miles; they live a century,
bearing each month as many as fourteen nuts, and yielding as much oil as an
Olive-tree. The fibres make excellent cordage, and serve countless useful purposes
to the natives and Europeans. The fruit of Phytelephas (6) is of a fine white _
texture, and is worked like ivory. Since the formation of railroads, the necessary
use of grease for wheels has been extreme; but the stores of vegetation are un-
limited, and the power of commerce, in transporting abundance wherever needed,
is unbounded. On the coast of Guinea are groves of Elais Guineens/s (7), yielding
plentifully an oily substance of a bright yellow colour, admirably adapted for
carriage-wheels, and also for soap and candle manufacture. Besides this value, a
still higher interest belongs to it, as the British ships frequenting the coast to bring
it away have been a means of greatly diminishing the traffic in slaves, who were
collected and kept in huts on the shore. Corypha, the noble Fan Palm, belongs
to the East Indian Islands; the gigantic leaves are six feet long and fifteen wide,
divided into 100 segments at the edges, of much value in tbatching, and for
umbrella-like hats. The stems of some are marked with a black spiral line,
indicating the position of former leaves. The fruit of Areca Catechu is the Betel,
indispensable to nearly all Asiatics. Hyphane Zhebaica, the celebrated Doom
Palm of Egypt, has a branching, forked stem. Ceroxylon andicola is found on
the Andes, at 9000 feet, in the region of Quito; a resinous wax exuding from its
stem of 180 feet, is used for candles by the miners. Mauritia, Iriartea, and other
Palms, abound on the lower elevations of the Andes. In a former period of the
world, Palms appear to have existed abundantly at the mouth of the Thames.

This extensive Tribe is dispersed most abundantly in the Tropics of Asia and
America, on the humid banks of rivers, on the shores of the ocean, on lofty moun-
tains, and on plains. ‘The limits of its range are at 36° N. lat. in N. America
and at 38° 5. lat. in New Zealand.

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of the species. The young leaf-buds are by some Asiatics eaten and esteemed, like
those of Palms; and the fruit, although not of a pleasant flavour, forms part of
their food in times of scarcity ; the seeds are also considered eatable. The flowers
of P. odoratissimus are highly fragrant, yielding one of the richest of Eastern per-
fumes: for the sake of this scent the trees are much cultivated in Java. The
women of the islands of the South Pacific Ocean strew the pollen of the anthers over
their hair. P. candelabrum, the chandelier-tree of Guinea and St. Thomas’s, has
forked branches, with spiral traces of former leaves, presenting a very remarkable
appearance. P. utilis, of the Isle of Bourbon, is of less size; the smallest species is
the dwarf Screw-pine of the Mauritius, P. humilis. The sharp spines of the edges
of the leaves, and along the under side of the mid-rib, render it suitable to protect
fields, for which purpose it is very frequently planted in India. Although Serew-
pines flourish most on the shores or flat districts of islands, they will thrive likewise
on mountains; some have been found at 4000 feet elevation on the Himalaya.
Freycinetia Bauerii is the Grass-tree of Norfolk Isle, one of the most striking ex-
amples of its luxuriant vegetation ; scrambling prostrate on the ground, or climbing
round the trunks of trees. The branches are crowned with the drooping crests of
long, slender, graceful leaves, from the centre of which come forth clusters of flowers,
producing fruit four inches long, filled with a red pulp within the drupes which
form the exterior. The fruit of T. émbricata (2) is nearly similar. Some species
of Freycinetia are of considerable size; all belong to the isles of the Indian Archi-
pelago. The leaves of Cyclanthus, Carludovica, and Nipa, are fan-shaped or
pinnate, and the flowers have a calyx. The juice of Nipa is obtained by bruising
the. spadix of the flowers, and when fermented is considered a pleasant kind of Palm-
wine in Java. The seeds of Freycinetia and Pandanus contain crystals, conspicuous
without the aid of a microscope. A fossilized fruit of Pandanus has been found in
the Oolite of Charmouth in Devonshire.

This Tribe inhabits the islands of the Indian Ocean, and most of the Tropical
isles of the Eastern hemisphere. Cyclanthus belongs exclusively to South America.

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THE BULRUSH TRIBE.

Hersaceous plants growing in marshes or ditches. The stems are without joints.
The leaves are rigid, sword-shaped, with parallel veins. The flowers are closely
set on a spadix without a spathe. The stamens and pistils are in separate flowers ;
the corolla consists of three scales, or more, or a bundle of hairs. The stamens
are three or six; the anthers wedge-shaped, attached by their base to long
filaments, united together in some instances. The ovary is simple, above the
scales, one-celled; the style is short, the stigmas simple and linear. The fruit is
dry, not opening when ripe, one-celled, one-seeded, angular by pressure. The seed
contains mealy albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Cyperacee and with Aracez, but is distinguished
by the triple parts of the corolla, and the wedge-shaped anthers.

Very slight properties exist in these plants.

Typha, which gives its name to this Tribe, was named from the Greek for
marsh, where the species generally grow. ‘'T’. latifolia (1) is one of the finest of
our aquatic plants, of very picturesque appearance when the dark-brown spike of
inflorescence rises amongst the tall leaves. Its old name of mace-reed seems to
indicate that it was supposed to be like that token of power and dignity, and for
that reason, probably, it was very frequently adopted by the ancient Italian
painters as a sceptre in the hand of Christ, when the soldiers in mockery saluted him
as king. It grows in watery places in all Temperate countries, so was doubtless
at all times a well-known popular plant. The pollen of the anthers is of a very
inflammable nature, readily burning with a bright light. In poor countries, the
downy seeds are sometimes used to stuff pillows, the stalks and leaves are made
into mats, and are also useful for thatching. The young roots, which contain
starch, are said to be eaten by peasants in Germany; in some countries of Asia,
the natives consider them to have medicinal properties. In general value,
however, these plants are not of any important use to man, nor is their foliage
good fodder for cattle. T. latifolia covers lagoons in Jamaica, often mingled with
another English aquatic Potamogeton natans. Two smaller species are rarely
found in England; and a third, T. minima, with slender, bristle-like leaves, grows

1. Typha latifolia, Great Bulrush, or Cat’s-tail. | 2. Sparganium simplex, Upright Bur-reed.
Marshes and streams, England. 2a Pistil Floret. Streams, England.
la Pistil Floret. 2B Stamen Floret. 2c Pistil Floret magnified,
le Magnified. | 2p Stamen magnified.

TYPHACEZ.

in the wet sands of Alsace. The British T. angustifolia is also a native of the
southern, as well as the northern parts of India, in Siberia, in the Caucasus, and in
Australia ; affording an example of the capacity aquatic plants possess of adapting
themselves to various countries and climates. One species of Typha nearly
resembling it is very frequent in pools in St. Domingo. 'T. elephantina is common
in India, and much employed by the natives in making mats and other useful

articles. Sparganium is a name said to be derived from the Greek for band,

alluding to the ribbon-like leaves; it is very common in streams and ditches
throughout Europe, usually intermixed with Sagittaria and Lythrum. It is
dispersed, likewise, throughout North America, has been found in Australia, and
one species (8. carinatum) was discovered by Dr. Falconer in Cashmere. §.
simplex (2) is frequently found in watery places on a gravel soil; the erect stem is
entirely simple, except that the lowest head of flowers is placed on a short stalk.
S. ramosum, a larger species, has strong creeping roots, which soon fill up a pond
if not cleared away. SS. natans formerly floated abundantly in the fens of
Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, but is now chiefly to be seen in Scotch lakes.

This small Tribe inhabits the marshes, streams, and ditches in the northern
countries of the world; it is rare in the Tropics, two species only are known in
Equinoctial America, one in the West Indies, one in Australia.

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ARACE &.

THE ARUM TRIBE.

Survss and herbaceous plants without a stem, some of which have a fleshy root,
others are climbing, and have aerial roots, and some are aquatic, floating on water.
The leaves are sheathing at the base. The flowers are placed on a spadix and en-
closed in a spathe, or are simple and in a spathe, sometimes proceeding from the
margin of the frond. The calyx and corolla are wanting, or consist merely of a few
seales. The stamens and pistil are usually in different flowers, united in Calla, of
definite or indefinite number, the filaments often united. ‘The ovary is free, usually
one-celled, with a short style and simple stigma. ‘The fruit is a succulent berry
with pulpy seeds which usually contain albumen.

This Tribe has affinity with Typhacez ; Lemna connects it with less developed
Orders of plants. ;

Acrid juices exist in these plants, but the roots contain wholesome starch.

Arum is supposed to be derived from the ancient Egyptian name ; it is a re-
markable genus, taken as the type of this Order, widely dispersed in the hot regions
of the world, and extending in the form of one species to Britain. In some coun-
tries it finds a suitable temperature on mountains, requiring only a short season for
its development. On the Himalaya several species abound of immense size, with
green or purple spathes, ending in the slender tail eighteen inches long. Arum
maculatum (1) is common on hedgebanks throughout England, where it is amongst
the first to unfold its glossy leaves in spring. The roots or corns contain a slightly
acrid juice, which is immediately dissipated by drying or preparing by fire, and the
remaining starch is wholesome as food. In the Isle of Portland, where the plants
are abundant, and food sometimes scarce, the inhabitants collect the roots and pre-
pare a powder from them, known and sold as Portland Sago. A. tortuosum (7) is

1. Arum maculatum, Cuckoo-pint. 4. Lema gibba, Common Duck-weed.
Hedges, England. i Fresh water, Britain.
4a Flower magnified. 4p Stamen.

la Spadix. e j :
5. Pistia stratiotes. Tropics.
1p Fruit open. Biiioier:
le Seed. 5B Section of Ovary. dc Seed.

2. Richardia ethiopica. While Arum. 6. Acorus calumus. Thames, England.
Cape of Good Hope. | 7. Spadix of A. tortuosum. India.

3. Amorphallus bulbifer, Bulb-bearing Amor- | 84 Flower of Calla palustris
phallus. East Indies. | 8B Section of Fruit.

ARACE/®.

one of the Indian species, growing in damp places: the leaves are four feet wide,
composed of nineteen leaflets; the spadix is upwards of a foot in length, wavy, and
extending beyond the spathe: the roots are eatable. A. Dracunculus, the Dragon
Arum, has spotted leaves, and strong-scented spathe; like others, it possesses
medicinal properties, and was probably used formerly, as A. maculatum is said to
have been in the time of Theophrastus. Richardia (2) is the fairest specimen of
this Tribe, producing its ivory-like spathes in full beauty in our conservatories, and
affording an interesting example of the more perfect development of the Tribe in
the Tropics. Comparing this graceful polished plant of Ethiopia with the dwarf
hairy rough Calla pa/ustris of the marshes of Northern Europe, the contrast is
striking. Our British Arum forms an intermediate link in the chain. Amor-
phallus (3) is a genus of Bengal, where several species are known to the natives as
affording eatable roots. Caladium differs from Arum in bearing stamens at the top
of the spadix, glands in the middle, and germens at the base, C. odorum has
berries the size of a cherry. Colocasia was cultivated for food by the ancient
Egyptians. C. himalensis forms the chief support of the hill-people in some districts
of the Himalaya. The roots of C. macrorhiza and C. esculentum afford the
favourite yams of the South-sea islanders. Various species yield medicine, or juices
used for blisters in their native countries. Scindaspus officinalis is ‘one of the
medicinal plants of the Hindoos. Dracontium, Ariseema, and Monstera, are among
the useful medicines of Brazil. The most powerful plant of the Tribe is Dieffen-
bachia seguina of the West Indies and South America. It grows to the height of
five or six feet, and is called Dumb Cane, from its effect on the tongue of those who _
incautiously bite the leaves. Pythonium is found as far north as Nagkanda, on the
Himalaya, at an elevation of nine thousand feet. Pothos, so called from its name in
Ceylon, is a parasitic genus, growing and climbing on old trees by means of aerial
roots, both in the East and West Indies. P. palmate has leaves three feet long,
on a stalk of equal or greater length. P. pedatus and P. quinguenervis exist on the
Andes at eight thousand feet “above the sea. Acorus (6) was known to the
ancients, and is a native of Asia as well as of Europe. Lemna (4) is the most
simple of all flowering plants, the stem and leaf being combined into a small frond ;
the flowers have neither c calyx nor petals, and are opnenned: in a membranous bag
lying in the frond. Pistia (5) is more complete, having the two flowers in a spathe ;
it floats on fresh water like Lemna: the roots have little hooded vesicles at their
points. On the Nile at Sennaar, in pools during the rainy season in India, and in
water-tanks in Jamaica, this singular plant is to be seen.

This Tribe abounds in the Tropics, but is rare in Temperate regions, where
the species are usually herbaceous; in Tropical countries many are trees, others
climbing parasites, with aerial roots. Lemna belongs to Europe and cool parts of

Asia. P

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CYPEHERACE #A.

THE SEDGE TRIBE.

Hersaceous, grass-like plants, the stems of which are hollow, and seldom have
partitions at the joints ; frequently tubular, sometimes tuberous at the base. The
leaves are narrow, and usually enclose the stem with a sheath which is never slit.
The flowers consist of imbricated solitary bracts, without calyx or corolla. The
stamens and pistil are often in separate flowers; the stamens are from one to
twelve ; the anthers fixed by their base, entire and two-celled. The ovary is one-
seeded, often surrounded by bristly hairs at the base; the style is single, bifid, or
trifid ; the stigmas are undivided, occasionally bifid. The fruit is a hard nut,
with a single seed, containing fleshy or mealy albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with grasses.

A wholesome mucilage is contained in the tubers of some of these plants.

Cyperus is a genus inhabiting marshy, watery places, of few useful properties,
though in former times of scarcity the roots of C. longus, the largest English
species, and those of C. esculentus in France, were boiled and eaten by peasants.
The latter is still known as Souchet comestible, and the roots form one of the
ingredients of orgeat. C. fuscus (1) is a rare species in this country, more fre-
quent on the Continent. C. /ongus, the Galingale, is seldom ‘seen here now, only
occasionally in Wales ; the root is creeping, and has an aromatic flavour; the stem
is two or three feet high, bearing a spreading panicle of shining spikes. C. budbosus,
of Malabar, has small tubers, which the natives cook and eat. C. Jria is known
as a medicine in India; the roots of C. rotundus are also employed by Hindoo
doctors. Indian ladies use the powdered roots of C. pertenuis to perfume their hair.
The properties of these plants are of slight value, yet they appear among the most
ancient remedies mentioned by Hippocrates and Theophrastus. The numerous
species of Carex, like those of Cyperus, are usually found growing in wet places and

1. Cyperus fuscus, Brown Cyperus. England. | 5. Scirpus tuberosus. China.
1a Outer Glumes. lp Inner, 5a Glume. 5B Flower.
lo Stamens and Pistil. 6. Scirpus maritimus, Saltmarsh Clubrush.
2. Carex arenaria, Sand Sedge. England.
24 Glumes. Shores, Britain. | 7, Isolepis acicularis, Least Spike-rush.
3. Carex stricta, Straight Sedge. Bogs, England.
Marshes, Britain. | 8A. Carex rivularis.

4, Eriophorum polystachion, Broad-leaved | 9a. Scirpus lacustris.
Cotton-qrass. Bogs, Britain. | Flower with Bristles.
4a Seed and Down. 9p Seed.
RR

CYPERACEZE.

bogs; a few inhabit shady moist woods, mingling their gracefully drooping spikes
amongst the grasses and other plants. The larger species are more useful in other
countries than here; the Laplanders prepare some to stuff garments for warmth,
and in Italy they serve various purposes. The long penetrating roots of C.
arenaria (2) bind the loose sand of the shores of the Solway Frith, and on the
dykes of Holland this and other species are carefully cultivated for the sake of
fixing the light soil, and giving strength to the embankments. C. stricta (3) is
more upright than other nearly similar species; OC. riparia has the widest leaves,
still used for chairs in Italy, as once here. Eriophorum is peculiar to moors and
bogs in northern countries ; E. polystachion (4) has a remarkable appearance, when
the white silky tufts are seen waving over the moors of the Scotch Highlands, or
the bogs of North Wales; in those barren and poor districts the down is some-
times collected for stuffing pillows. The leaves of E. cannabinum, of the Himalayas,
are made into ropes by the natives. Scirpus derived its name from the Celts, who
doubtless availed themselves of its valuable qualities in their domestic life.
S. /acustris, the bulrush, was thought good formerly for thatching cottages,
stuffing pack-saddles, and forming the seats of chairs. 8. caesp/tosus is still the
chief food of cattle in the Highlands during the spring months. 8. maritimus (6)
is eaten readily by cattle in the marshes of Europe and Siberia. The Chinese
esteem the tubers of 8. tuberosus (5), and cultivate it in tanks in their gardens.
Isolepis (7) is chiefly distinguished from Eleocharis by having no bristles under the
ovary, and the style not being jointed at the base. It grows always in turfy bogs.
The most celebrated plant of this tribe is Pays tim of Egypt; out of a
long horizontal root rises the triangular stem, from the inner layer of which the
ancient Egyptians made their paper. The spreading umbel of flowers adorned
their temples, and the stalks and leaves were formed into ropes and boats in the
time of Pliny, as is still done in Abyssinia. Mariscus and Kyllingia both belong
to the East Indies and Brazil; Fuirena to Australia and South America.

This Tribe inhabits marshes, ditches, streams, woods, dry sands, and lofty
mountains in all parts of the world where vegetation exists. In Lapland it is as
abundant as grasses, in the Tropics more rare. Scirpus belongs to Europe, South
America, and Australia.

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GRAMINACE #.
THE GRASS TRIBE.

Se Se

Hersacrous plants, the stems of which are sometimes large, and endure for many
years. The root is a rhizome, either bulbous or fibrous. The stems are cylin-
drical, usually hollow, and closed at the joints, containing a considerable portion of
silex, sometimes solid. The leaves are narrow, undivided, alternate, with a split
sheath and a membranous edge at the junction with the stem. The flowers are
green, in small spikes, arranged on branching stalks, panicles, or spikes; the
stamens and pistil are sometimes separate, the corolla is composed of imbricated
bracts, thé two outer glumes enclosing the inner glumes and the stamens; at the
base of the ovary are two smaller scales. The stamens are generally three,
occasionally six. The ovary is simple, with two or three styles, the stigmas
feathery or hairy. The seed contains farinaceous albumen.

This Tribe has close affinity with Sedges, but is distinguished by the round
and hollow stems, and the numerous bracts of the flower.

An abundant wholesome starch is contained in the seeds of many of these
plants, an aromatic secretion exists in the leaves of others, and silex in the stems.

Since the Creating Word went forth, “Let the earth bring forth grass,” this
tribe has been the most important throughout the whole range of vegetation. Nearly
all the species are small in size, but having spreading roots extend over vast tracts
of land in all temperate regions, affording large supplies of food to man and cattle.
In the Tropics the species ere of loftier growth, and for the most part stand singly.
The tall, rapid growing Bamboo forms a kind of link with Calamus amongst
Palms. Of all cultivated plants corn ranks highest, in the quality of the nutriment
of its seeds, farinaceous matter and gluten being combined. It is not the most
prolific, Wheat bearing generally 100-fold on one stalk; Rice 120-fold, and Maize
as much as 800-fold in hot damp climates, though in the soil and temperature of
California not more than 70-fold. The several species of Z'riticum (1) known as
wheat, yield the best flour for bread, most esteemed in all ages, in all civilised
countries. T’. compositum is the ancient wheat of Egypt, and of excellent quality.
The gluten is the chief ingredient causing the fermentation of bread, and has also
the most nourishing property ; this is more fully developed in the south of Europe

|
1. Triticum estivum, Wheat. The East. | 7. Phleum pratense, Cat’s-tail Grass. England.
la Cluster of Flowers. 18 Glumes. 1c Seed. 7A Floret. 7p Inner Glume.

2. Hordeum distichon, Barley. Tartary. To Ovary and Pistils.

3. Zea Mays, Maize, or Indian Corn. 8. Briza media, Quaking Grass. South Europe.

4 oe dae a s 0 America. 9a. Seed of Rice. ;
ee erate Buyar-Oome: ; 9B Inner Side. 90 Section magnificd.

East Indies. i :
5. Panicum italicum, Italian Millet. Italy. | 104. Flower of Agrostis pee
Perialaie canareisix. 108 Flower without Glumes.

Ga Secd with Glumes. 6B Seed with Scales. | 114. Sved of Coix lacryma,.

GRAMINACE.

than in the north, therefore the Macaroni and other preparations of wheat flour in
Naples are superior to any manufactured in this country. Starch is obtained
from wheat by steeping it in water and beating it in bags. The straw is of various
uses ; that grown on chalk soil is best for plaiting. ‘The finest plait is made of
straw pulled whilst green, and bleached during summer in the dry beds of rivers in
Tuscany. Hordeum is a genus containing several species; H. pratense and
H. murinum of Britain of no value as food; H. distichon (2) and others are the
useful barley, a hardier plant than wheat, growing further north and ripening its
grain under a less glowing sun. Avena, Oats, is hardy, and suited to a damp cold
climate, it furnishes the oatmeal for the daily fare of all northern people, and the
best food for horses. Secale, Rye, thrives further north than any other corn; in
the north of Germany the black Rye-bread baked twenty-four hours is considered
very nourishing; a coarser kind feeds horses. Zea (3) the abundant source of
nutriment to the populous tribes of Indians both in North and South America, is
the most luxuriant crop in appearanee; the wide leaves, the drooping panicle of
stamen flowers on the summit of the stalk, the clusters of shining grain enveloped
in the sheath below, render it an exceedingly beautiful plant. The general range
of its culture is between 40° N. and 8. on level plains, but on the elevated table-
lands of Mexico it flourishes at 8580 feet, and on the Andes at 12,800 feet. It was
introduced to the East Indies, China and Japan, but is not so general as rice. In
N. America Indian corn is prepared in various ways for food. Z. cwragua is the
Valparaiso Cross-corn, the seed when roasted splitting into a cross. Saccharum
(4), now the most essential luxury of man, one of the first objects of enlture and
commerce, was rare and only used medicinally in the time of Pliny. Growing
wild in the East and West Indies, China, Africa, 8. America, and the Isles of the
Pacific, it was first cultivated in the East ; now sugar plantations exist in all
favourable localities within a zone reaching to about 40° on either side the Equator.
It is remarkable that one of the greatest comforts of man should have been for two
centuries the cause of the greatest misery ; when it shall be cultivated only by free
hands the enjoyment of it may be unalloyed. The jointed stem is as much as 12
feet high, yielding a plentiful supply of sweet juice when cut and crushed. An
immense portion of food is afforded by Oryza, Rice; the chief requisite for its
growth is irrigation, and that in a warm temperature; this can be readily found in
most parts of India, the south of China, and Japan. The extensive rice-fields in
Carolina sprung from a small quantity given by the Treasurer of the East India
Company to a Carolina trader; transplantation had a good effect, and Carolina
Rice is reputed the best. Panicum ¢talicum (5), a kind of millet, yields eatable
seeds. The Indian Millet, Sorghum vu/gare, is grown in Arabia and throughout
Southern Europe, much used in soups; in the West Indies it is the daily food of
Negroes. Phalaris (6) is cultivated in the Isle of Thanet, for singing-birds.
Phleum (7) is one of the common grasses in pastures. Arundo, the largest British
grass or reed, grows in deep ditches near the Thames. Many European grasses
are found on lofty mountains in hot countries; Dactylis at 14,000 feet on the
Andes ; Poa and Festuca on the Himalaya. The most beautiful of all grasses are
Gynerium argenteum and G. saccharoides, bearing silvery panicles above long
leaves. The tall stems are used in St. Domingo and in Cumana, for arrows and
other purposes. The glumes of Coix (11) harden and enclose the seed, which
hangs on slender stalks, and is called Job's tear.

This tribe exists almost everywhere, from the Equator to Spitzbergen, and to
Lord Auckland’s Isle. On mountains it ascends nearly to the limit of perpetual
snow. ?

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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THE WATER-WEED TRIBE.

WatTeER-PLANTS inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The leaves are very cellular,
with parallel veins, and usually membranous stipules between the leaf-stalks, some-
times sheathing at the base. The flowers are inconspicuous, often arranged in
terminal spikes, or within herbaceous spathes: the stamens and pistil are sometimes
separate ; the corolla is composed of sepals and petals nearly alike, or of scales often
falling away; the stamens are of definite number, attached to the base of the
ovary, which is single or many, above the calyx; the stigma simple. The fruit is
dry, very rarely opening by regular valves, or drupaceous, one-celled, and one-
seeded. The seed contains no albumen.

This Tribe has only slight affinity with Juncacee.

Scarcely any useful properties exist in these plants.

Naias, meaning a water-nymph, is selected as the head of a small tribe com-
posed of various aquatic plants of scarcely any beauty of form or colour, and very
few useful qualities to man. Naias marina (1) was found and described by Petro
Michelio, a botanist of Florence, in 172); it grows plentifully in the canal between
Pisa and Leghorn, and is of a thin pellucid substance, like most of these aquatics.
Zannichellia (2) was so named in memory of a Venetian of the last century. It
abounds in marshes in some parts of England, and in many countries of Europe.
The single stamen of the flower stands upon a separate stalk by the side of the four
or five pistils; the seeds are toothed along the outer edge, and contain each a
single seed. Zannichellia and Naias are both translucent cellular plants, without
either an outer skin or pores, for which reason they rapidly perish when taken out
of the water. Caullinia is of a similar nature, and exhibits in its transparent stem
the circulation of the sap between the joints. Triglochin is derived from the Greek,
alluding to the three angles of the capsule. 'T’. palustre (3) is common in marshes,
and is readily distinguished from other plants when in fruit, by the singular form

1. Naias marina, Water-weed. South Europe. | +. Potamogeton perfoliatum, Perfoliate Pond-

1a Ovary. 1p Section. weed. Ponds, England.
2. Zannichellia palustris, Horned Pond-weed. 4a Flower, magnified.
Ponds, England. 4B Petal and Stamen.
2a Flower. 2p Ovary. 40 Ovaries. 4p Seed.

5. Zostera marina, Sea Wrack-grass.

3. Triglochin palustre, Marsh Arrow-qrass.
Shores, England.

Marshes, England.

3a Flower. 5a Section of Sheath. 5B Ovary.
3B Petal and Stamen. 5c Seed. 5p Anther and Pollen.
sc Section of Ovary. | 6. Ouviranda fenestralis. Madagascar.

NATADACEE. .

of the seed-vessel. In the Highlands of Scotland it is abundant, and is said to
afford agreeable food to cattle ; probably on account of a salt flavour which prevails
in this as well as in the other British species, T. maritima. This latter plant is
limited to marshy places on the coast, chiefly to the south of our island; the
capsules have six angles, and do not acquire the arrow-head shape in ripening.
T’. bulbosum represents the genus at the Cape of Good Hope. Potamogetum (4),
from the Greek for near a river, betokens the locality of nearly all the species.
Some are of the pellucid nature frequent in aquatic plants, brittle when dry, in the
air, entirely without hairs or down on the surface. They afford shelter to various

small creatures inhabiting water, and food to many. P. perfoliatum (4) is common.

in streams and ditches in most of our counties. P. natans, with wide oval leaves,
of a tough leathery substance, is a favourite food of the swan: the root is eaten by
poor peasants in Siberia. P. crispum is eagerly devoured by ducks. In the
Swiss lakes, Potamogeton abounds, P. serratum and others forming dense masses
in the limpid waters. Zostera (5) was named from the Greek for riband. It is
remarkable that, in the early history of botany, plants were most frequently
named from some characteristic in their general appearance; in after times, more
generally in memory of some naturalist; in the present day they usually receive
the name of the discoverer. Zostera approaches towards the true sea-weeds in
form, and mingles with them on the shore when uprooted; but it is still in the
class of flowering plants, and has a single stamen and two pistils placed alternately
on a long membranous sheath, filled with air. The pollen of the anthers is in
long fine threads. On the eastern shores, the Sea-wrack is useful in preventing
the encroachments of the sea on the sand; as thatch, it is said to be exceedingly
durable, becoming bleached by exposure to the air. Horses will eat it, but
cows refuse it. Italian flasks are usually wrapped in it, and in poor districts on
the coast it is used for stuffing cushions and packing. Amphibolis zosterefolia
is brought by the ocean waves to the shores of New Holland, and another species
is seen in the West Indies. Ouviranda fenestralis (6) is a singular exception to the
general composition of a leaf, being destitute of pulpy matter, the netted veins
forming the whole substance. It was discovered growing in the water in the
Bay of Diego Soavez, in Madagascar, and sent thence to the Jardin des Plantes in
Paris; the roots are wholesome.

This Tribe inhabits marshes and watery places from the North Sea to the
Mediterranean. It is found also in the Indian Ocean, on the coasts of Arabia, at
the Cape of Good Hope, in Tropical America, and in Australia.

«,/

Yeo. SuBRARY
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HQUISETACE HA.

THE HORSE-TAIL TRIBE.

Leariess branched herbaceous plants, with a hollow, striped, jointed stem,
containing silex; the joints separable, and surrounded by a membranous sheath.
The stem is composed chiefly of cellular tissue, but is strengthened externally with
a layer of hard woody tubes. Pores are numerous on the stem, and small spiral
vessels are abundant. The fructification is very simple, without corolla, consists
only of spores on the edge of a round disk. The spores are wrapped round by four
spiral elastic filaments, called elaters, terminating in dilated flat appendages.

These plants have affinity with Marchantiacee.

The stems contain silex, and are slightly astringent.

Equisetum, the sole representative of this small but remarkable Order, on the
limits of flowerless plants, derived its name from the Greek for Horse-hair, but it
is now generally called Horse-tail. The plants of this genus are very unlike all
others in their whole construction, and in appearance; yet they have some points
of resemblance to other Tribes. Their stems, containing a large portion of silex,
connect them with Grasses, and the arrangement of the spores or round scales forms
a link with Marchantiaceew. Although of small size, and apparently not adapted
to be of use to man or animals, the abundant quantity of flinty particles contained
in the outer part of the hollow stems renders them available for polishing wood and
other materials. Thus, as in higher branches of creation, the humble and lowly
contribute their allotted share of benefit to the more fully developed. Equisetum
sylvaticum (1) is a rare British species, found chiefly by the side of rills in Wales.
The slender branches are compound, and drooping gracefully from the joints of the
stem, produce a very elegant effect. Above each joint is a finely notched sheath
surrounding the stem, and small membranous sheaths enclose each branch.
Various are the links perceptible between the different plants which botanists have
endeavoured to divide into Tribes, according to their structure. The general
aspect of this delicate Equisetum, bearing a solitary cone of scales above a crown
of leaves, is like a miniature resemblance of a Cycas. E. hyemale (2) is generally

1. Equisetum sylvaticum, Weod Horse-tail. 3. Equisetum fluviatile, Great Water Horse-tail.
England. 3A Sheath, mugnified. England.
1a Disk, with Spores. 3B Stem, maynified.

530 Section, magnified.
1 Wve: os 3p Pores of Stem, maqnified.

magnified. ; fee re
Ip 4. Equisetum variegatum, Variegated Hovse-

2. Equisetum hyemale, Dutch Rush. England. tail. England,

1B
f Spores, wrapped round by elaters,

EQUISETACE.%.

known as the Dutch Rush, it grows plentifully on the dykes of Holland, and
contains so much silex as to be of great use in polishing. 'To the Dutch it is
invaluable for the constant cleaning required in their damp atmosphere. Sir
Humphry Davy was the first chemist who detected the particles of flinty earth,
arranged in lines, in the furrowed stem of this plant. Several other species are
common in Holland, and may be seen in the month of April sending up their
hollow stems, bearing cones, out of the sand, together with the early catkins of the
creeping Willow. E. fluviatile (3) is the largest British species, the stem, with
its whorls of fine branches, rising to the height of three or four feet in favourable
watery situations ; the branches are rough, with silex on the outside; above each
ring is a notched sheath. The fertile stems are very short, destitute of branches,
and appear in spring before the others. E. variegatum (4) is the smallest English
species, the slender stems are all without branches, clothed only with membranous
sheaths at the joints. It is to be found chiefly in sandy ground in Scotland and
Treland; the fibres of the root are woolly, as are those of many grasses which grow
in similar sandy situations. It has been ascertained, by the use of the microscope,
that the particles of silex are frequently arranged in groups, forming chains and
curves like the jewels of a necklace; others are placed in simple straight lines, some
of the particles not exceeding the 500th of an inch in diameter, yet having a
regular axis of double refraction. It appears that these crystalline portions are
essential parts of the plant, and assist in the functions of vegetable life. In the
lower stem, starch is contained in considerable quantity, and in the autumn it may
be observed in active motion, passing up one side and down the other, in EH.
/luviatile and similar large species. The fossil Lepidodendron forms a remarkable
link between flowering and flowerless plants. Calamites is a giant relic of this
Tribe in a former vegetation; smaller species of Equisetum succeeded it, nearly
resembling the present plants.

This Tribe, composed of one genus, comprising many species, is dispersed in
most parts of the world, in the Tropics, and in Temperate countries; chiefly in
rivers, ditches, and watery places.

LIBKARY
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THE LYCOPODIUM TRIBE.

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Smart herbaceous plants, with creeping stems, and leaves laid over each other, or
floating in shallow water with leaves on stalks; sometimes stemless plants, with
erect awl-shaped leaves, occasionally rolled up in the bud state. The seeds or
spores are contained in cases, one or three-celled, at the base of the leaves, either
bursting by distinct valves or whole, and filled with minute powdery matter. The
sporules are marked at the top with three small radiating ridges, irregularly rough.
The powder is often highly inflammable. The fructification of Marsilea and others
is of two kinds,—enclosed in involucres either clustered and stalked, or simple
oval bodies which germinate, springing either from the root or from the leaf-
stalks.

The annular vessels in the stem of Lycopodium connect this Tribe with the
Ferns. In general aspect, some species bear close resemblance to Mosses.

A few of these plants possess medical properties ; others are useful in dyeing.

Lycopodium, the type of this Order, is said to be derived from the Greek for
wolf’s-foot, because of the form of the roots. LL. ‘nundatum (1) is found only in
marshy or boggy places, or on commons where the turf has been pared off, as in
several parts of Esher Common, Surrey. It is one of the smallest examples of the
genus in England. It has a singular appearance, uplifting its spikes of fructifica-
tion from the black peat earth. lL. c/avatum is the common club-moss of the north
of Britain, very abundant on Highland moors, trailing for a considerable distance
over the ground, bearing twin spikes of fructification. The stems are extremely

1. Lycopodium inundatum, Marsh Club-moss. 4. Isoetes setacea, Quill-wort. Lakes, Scotland.
Wet commons, England. 4a Capsule. 4B Section. do Spore.
1a Spore-case and leaf. ' . Marsilea polycarpa, Many-seeded Marsilea.
1B Spore-case, opening. Ditches, Demerara.
5A Section of capsule.

2. Lycopodium acrostachyum, Parasitic Club- | ¢
MOSS. Singapore.
2a Spore-case and leaf.
2p Stalk, magnified.

. Marsilea quadrifolia, Four-leaved Marsilea.
Europe.
6a Section of fruit. 6B Pollen case.
6c Spore-case.

§. Pilularia globulifera, Creeping Pill-wort. 6p Stalk-hearing Spores.
; Wet commons, England. | 7. Phylloglossum Drummondii, entire plant,
3A Bud. 3B Section of capsule. natural size.
3c Section, magnified. 7a Spike of fructificalion, magnified.

§ 8

LYCOPODIACEZ.

rough, closely beset with small leaves, and are often troublesome to cattle by
entangling their feet. The sulphur-coloured capsules contain copious minute
seeds, which explode readily, and are much used in Germany for fireworks, or
artificial lightning in theatres. From their extreme lightness they are useful in
various delicate experiments. L. acrostachyum (2) is found on trees, banks, and
similar situations in the country around Singapore, where the long drooping
branches descend in a graceful manner, branching in forks, terminating in slender
spikes of fructification ; the scale-like leaves arranged in four rows. The fibrous
roots are clothed with grey down. L. helveticum is abundant in Switzerland and
Tyrol, and now generally employed in our conservatories as a verdant ornament
throughout the year. L. phlegmaria is East Indian, parasitic on trees, from
whence it frequently hangs with tufted branches a foot in length. L. sguamatum
is remarkable for its hygrometrical properties: when uprooted and dry, rolling up
into a ball; if placed in water, expanding again into a spreading flat shape.
Martius found it in the provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco, in South America ;
and it may be often seen in botanical museums, affording a striking proof of the
extraordinary nature of vegetable tissue thus for years preserving its capacity for
imbibing moisture and parting from it. In New Zealand L. volubile climbs over
bushes in the Bay of Islands, with its tough rigid stalk, and spikes on forked
branches. L. arbuscula was found by Vancouver at Owhyhee. Many species
belong to the East Indies :— L. nummularifolium has round leaves and drooping
spikes; L. diaphanum grows in all parts of Tristan d’Acunha; L. serratum in
Japan. lL. crassum, resembling the British L. Se/ago, is a native of the Andes,
near Antisana, so widely is this genus dispersed over the world. Pilularia (3)
usually inhabits moist grassy parts of heaths, overflowed during winter ; the slender
awl-shaped’ leaves are curled up at first like those of ferns; the spore-cases are
placed at the base of the leaves. The capsules of Isoetes (4) are lodged in the
enlarged base of the leaf, and contain angular spores on slender receptacles ; it is
rarely found in Britain, except at the bottom of some of the Scotch lakes. Marsilea
differs from other plants of this tribe, in having flat leaves; but shows trace of im-
perfect development in some of the stalks, bearing no leaf on their summit. The
capsules of M. polycarpa (5) are downy at first, but become smooth afterwards.
Those of M. guadrifolia (6) are in pairs, and stalked. The leaves of M. vestita of
Columbia are clothed with hairs. Phylloglossum (7) is one of the minutest of
plants, combining the growth of Isoetes with the fructification of Lycopodium.
Salvinia and Azolla, both natives of Australia, have rough globose capsules,
containing inner spore-cases, filled with small yellow spores. Lycopodium is of
use in dyeing wool in Scotland and other countries.

This Tribe is most abundant in hot damp localities, particularly in small
Tropical islands ; but some species are dispersed in all parts of the world, in ditches
and inundated places. Lycopodium covers vast tracts in Lapland.

"det

154

FILICACE A.

THE FERN TRIBE.

Trees with a tall stem, and of plants with creeping stems, on or below the surface
of the ground. The stem grows at the point only, and contains a loose cellular
substance, coated by a fibrous rind, composed of the bases of former leaf-stalks.
The wood is full of dotted ducts and tubes. The fronds or leaves are coiled up
when young, simple or pinnate. The reproductive organs consist of small spores
in cases, arising from the veins on the under surface of the leaves, or on their
margin; either on a stalk which encircles it like a ring, or destitute of stalk and
ring (10a), springing from the surface of the leaf, or from beneath the outer mem-
brane, which then forms a covering to the spore-cases ; sometimes on the margin of
contracted leaves. ‘The spores fill the cases irregularly, and are scattered, when
ripe, by the bursting of the elastic ring.

This Tribe has affinity with Cycadaceex.

Astringent mucilaginous properties exist in the fronds. The pith of some tree-
ferns makes Sago; the roots or undergound stem of some are eatable.

In this remarkable Tribe, all trace of a flower, with its varied and beautiful
development of corolla, disappears ; leaves are reduced to the most simple structure,
and minute seeds are produced on them, without passing through any previous
process of change, as in flowering plants. Although the larger number of Ferns
are herbaceous, and of small size, yet some are trees with upright stems thirty feet
high, rivalling Palms in general aspect, but retaining all the peculiar characteristics
of their Order. The stem is marked with large scars, the remains of leaf-stalks.
In the centre of the crown the young fronds are seen coiled round, as the stalk
elongates assuming the form of a crosier. Alsophila, Cyathea, and others, are tree-
ferns of the isles of the Pacific, and of New Zealand. Roots frequently spring
from the stem and enlarge its base. No leaf-buds are developed at the base of the
leaf-stalks, consequently no ferns are branched; the forked stem of some arborescent
species is caused by the accidental growth of two leaf-buds at the summit. The
stem is composed of a mass of tissue in the centre, surrounded by. fibrous vessels of
a dark colour, easily perceived, even in the stem of our common Brake. Alsophila
gigantea is widely distributed on mountains in India, but not ascending above

1. Ophioglossum vulyatum, Adder’s-tongue fern. | 6c. Acrostichum alcicorne, Elk’s-horn Acrosti-

Meadows, England. chum. New Seuth Wales.
14 Spore-cases. 1p Spores. 64 Spore-cases. 68 Spore-case with hairs.
6c Side view. 6D Spore-case, bursting.

2. Asplenium marinum, Sea Spleen-wort.
Coast rocks, Engiand. | 7, Platyloma ternifolia, Triple-leaved Platy-

2a Spore-cases. 2B Spore-case. loma. California.
3. Scolopendrium vulgare, Hart’s-tongue fern. 8. Doryopteris sagittifolia, Arrow-leaved Dory-
é England. opteris. Brazil.
4, Adiantum reniforme. Kidney-leaved Maiden- 9) Waomnid caliia. Bese
hair. Madeira.

5. Fadeynia prolifera, Proliferous Fadenia. 10a Section of Spore-cases of Danwa elata.
Java. | 10B Spores. !

FILICACE.

4000 feet. A. aspera is a native of Jamaica, with a stem of twenty-five feet.
Ophioglossum belongs to that division of Ferns in which the spore-cases have no
ring, but are simply two-valved on the margin of the contracted leaf. The stalk is
hollow, with a few bundles of woody fibres in the circumference, indicating a
similarity of structure to Equisetum. The leaves have netted veins, and are not
coiled up when young. O. vulgatum (1) is one of the earliest of our Ferns,
appearing in meadows before the grass is much grown. O. pendulum is parasitic
on trees in the Mauritius with a frond three feet long, and a drooping spike of
fructification nearly a foot in length. Botrychium dunaria, an English Fern, is an
example of a branching spike formed by the transformation of a frond. Several
larger species belong to N. America; B. cicutarium to St. Domingo. Asplenium
marinum (2) shows the linear masses of spores springing from beneath the outer
membrane, which bursts along the edge by the elastic force of the spore-cases. This
Fern grows on rocks and in caves without any apparent source of nourishment
except the saline moisture of the air. A. 7'richomanes adorns stone walls in the
northern countries with its slender, wiry-stalked fronds. The genus is dispersed in
the East and West Indies, and America; A. imbricatum is found at 16,000 feet
on the Andes. Scolopendrium (3) unrolls its numerous long fronds generally in
moist, shady places. Adiantum ren/forme (4) is a simple frond; A. Capillus
Veneris, the graceful Maiden-hair of the West of England, is finely divided, as
are several West Indian species. Some Ferns have the power of producing buds
at the ends of the fronds, which send forth roots, and become a separate plant.
Fadeynia (5) is an example. One of the finest of Australian Ferns is Acrostichum
alcicorne (6), commencing its growth, like many others, by a flat, reniform leaf;
out of the centre rise erect fertile fronds, bearing masses of spores at. their ends.
A. tripartitum creeps over the stems of trees at Esmeraldas, on the Andes, at 5000
feet. Anemia (9) is a very elegant species of Brazil. One of the most common
British Ferns is Polypodium vulgare ; the horizontal stem spreading on the ground,
or on trees, covered with brown scales, sending up bright green fronds, bearing
golden spots of spore-cases on their under side. The roots contain carbonate of
potash. P. gracile is an extremely beautiful species of the Andes at 16,000 feet.
Cryptogramma crispa is almost limited to the mountains of Westmoreland and
Cumberland, in this country; it is represented by a nearly similar species on the
Himalaya, on the Andes at the elevation of Quito, and at Nootka Sound in
60° N. Lat. Pteris aguilina of Europe is found at 4400 feet on the Himalaya.
The noblest English Fern is Osmunda regalis, flourishing by the side of mountain
streams. Hymenophyllum and its nearest allies are minute in size, trailing
over wet rocks, damp ground, and trees, with a slender stem devoid of scales,
sending out fronds of the most simple substance, the spores contained in a cup
attached to a prolongation of the vein of the leaf. H. Yunbridgense is a very
delicate species. Several are natives of the East and West Indies. ‘The under
surface of the fronds of Cheilanthes farinosa, of Nepal, is covered with a white
meal; that of Gymnogramma su/phureum is a pale yellow. Davallia canariensis
has been named the Hare’s-foot Fern, from the resemblance of the hairy stem lying
on the earth. This genus is found in many hot countries, and one small species
grows in the crater of Owhyhee. Jn a former state of the globe, Ferns were a
large part of the vegetation, as may be distinctly traced in coal-mines.

Tree-ferns belong exclusively to the Tropics and the isles in neighbouring
latitudes. Herbaceous Ferns are dispersed in all countries in diverse proportions.
Less than 200 are natives of Temperate climates; about 2600 grow in Tropical
regions ; they abound most in hot, moist islands.

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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BRYACE &.

THE MOSS TRIBE.

Tats Order contains small herbaceous plants, of cellular tissue only, terrestrial or
aquatic, having fibrous roots, creeping or erect, covered with minute imbricated
leaves, entire or serrated at the edges. The reproductive organs are of two kinds,
cylindrical bodies at the base of leaves containing small round particles and coiled
up threads which move in water, and capsules or spore-cases on a stalk covered by
a membranous calyptra, closed by an operculum or lid, beneath which are one or
two rows of stiff cellular teeth called the peristome. A series of elastic cells is called
the ring (10). In the centre of the spore-case is the column surrounded by spores.
The spores germinate on the surface of the ground or on the trunk of trees, they
produce first filaments thickly interlaced, like those of Conferva, from the joints of
which leaf-buds spring.

These plants have close affinity with the Liverwort tribe by Jungermannia, but
are distinguished by having an operculum to the spore-case.

Slightly astringent properties exist in Polytrichum and others.

Mosses are amongst the lowliest classes of vegetation, and afford very little
direct use to man or animals; yet they perform an important part in the great plan
of creation, and though of minute size assist in countless numbers in the first work
of covering barren rocks or volcanic soil with verdure, thus preparing the land for
more valuable herbage. A great similarity prevails throughout the tribe, but
endless variety is found in different species, both in the arrangement of the parts
and in the manner of growth. Some form dense tufts not rising to the height of
an inch, others grow more separately and imitate the aspect of more highly de-
veloped plants. The spore-case or urn is not always symmetrical on its stalk, in some
species it is larger on one side than the other ; the length of the stalk varies extremely,
in some instances scarcely elevating the spore-case above the leaves, in others attaining
several inches in height; it proceeds either from the ends of the branch, or from the
side. Bryum (1), an ancient Greek name for moss, has been selected to give its
name to this Tribe, being one of the most perfect in its various parts. The peri-
stome of the spore-case is double, the outer terminating in sixteen teeth with a double

1. Bryum ligulatum. Moist banks, England. | 6. Hypnum Wenziesii. Dusky Bay, N. Zealand.

dxteaf magnified. dys 7. Leucodon tomentosus. South America.
2. Sphagnum Jatifolium. Bogs, Britain. 74 Spore-case and Peristome.
2a Leaf. 2p Spore-cuse. F :
3 cei glaucum ai ie England. | 8: Hymenostoma eucalyptoides. East Indies.
; : ; aie 8a Spore-case.
4. Polytrichum commune. Heaths, Britain. Pe Sy : es
4a Peristome. 4p Teeth. 40 Leaf. 9. Andrea nivalis. __ Mountains, Britain.
4p Section of Spore-case. de Column. 94 Spore-case and lid.

5. Orthotrichum crispum. Trees, England. | 10. Spore-case and ring of Bryum.
5A Feil. 5B Spore-case. Ac Leaf. 11. Operculum.

BRYACE.

row of cells, the inner or plaited membrane with single-celled teeth. The calyptra,
or veil, is a smooth hood. The leaves are arranged in several rows and have a
membranous notched edge. ‘This genus grows very abundantly in various
localities ; in primeval forests and on plains in the Tropics, on arid Polar steppes,
in low marshes and on lofty mountains, on sandy ground and on old walls, in
Temperate climates. Sphagnum (2) is an example of a moss the spore-case of which
has no peristome ; the small mitre-shaped veil soon falls off, the flat operculum is
detached when the spores are ripe. Several of the species are to be found in peat-
bogs and form a large portion of the composition of peat; their spongy nature
absorbs much moisture, both from the air and soil. On the borders of marshes on
the Sikkim Himalaya at 6000 feet, as well on level plains in Europe, Sphagnum
will be observed. In Lapland it is food for reindeer, and it has been said that in
the Arctic regions a kind of bread is prepared from it. On dry, sandy heaths and
moors, in shady ravines, on mountains near the limits of perpetual snow, Dicranum
(3) grows in thick masses, particular species in such situations as are adapted to
them. The peristome has a single row of double-celled teeth. D. fulvum belongs
to Nova Scotia, D. fexuosum to the Cape, D. vaginatum to the Andes, in valleys
between 3000 and 4000 feet. D. fragile, nearly resembling our D. scoparium, is
found in Nepal. Polytrichum (4), the largest and finest of British mosses, is very
common on heaths, hedge-banks, and elsewhere. The stems producing only tufts of
small leaves, in which are simple cylindrical cases of spores, are light and elastic,
and in Norway are used to stuff beds and cushions; it is in the most northern
countries that mosses are employed in the service of man. P. commune has some
peculiarities of structure, the top of the column is expanded into a circular plate,
through the pores of which the minute powdery spores are scattered. ‘The calyptra
is at first smooth, but becomes clothed with an outer coat of fine hairs, surrounding
the thin membranous hood. The different species exist in all parts of the globe,
P. sexangulare spreading its green stems over the higher Alps, gracile and others
abounding in marshes, P. juniperinum inhabiting dense forests. P. gigantewm, an
enlarged resemblance of P. commune, grows on the Palm Ceroxylon andicola at
1900 feet on the Andes. Other species belong to North America and New Zea-
land. Orthotrichum (5) belongs almost exclusively to trees, seldom on rocks or
stones,—even the species are confined to particular kinds of trees. O. Lyellii, the
finest species, is only found on trees in the New Forest in this country. Hypnum is
a very extensive genus, adorning the ground throughout the year with brilliant
verdure, the prostrate or erect branches clothed with fine leaves. H. crista-castrensis
is the most rare as well as beautiful of our species. H. Menziesii (6) is a very fine
specimen from New Zealand. Leucodon (7) produces stalks with spore-cases from
small tufts of leaves, not at the end of leaf-branches. The leaves of Hymenostoma
(8) contain pores, as have been discovered also in other mosses. The outer coat of
the spore-case is sometimes thick and fleshy at the base enlarged in Splachnum into
an apophysis. Andreea differs from all other mosses, approaching to Jungermannia
in the splitting of the valves. It has, however, the true operculum of this tribe,
and the valves remain united at the top. A. nivalis (9) is found on high mountains
attaining the verge of eternal snow.

The plants of this Tribe are dispersed in every part of the world wherever any
vegetation can exist: most abundant in Temperate climates. They cause the first
verdure on extinct volcanoes, or barren rocks, both in Southern and Northern
latitudes, extending to the Isles of New South Shetland, and forming more than a
quarter of the scanty Flora of Melville Isle.

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MARCHANTIACE &.

THE LIVERWORT TRIBE.

Creeping herbaceous plants, of cellular tissue, with leaves and axis combined in a
leafy expansion or frond, having pores on the upper surface, emitting rootlets from
the lower surface; sometimes having separate leaves surrounding a central axis.
The fructification is of two kinds, spore-cases elevated on a stalk, or cups springing
out of the inner layer of the frond containing small bodies capable of producing
new plants. In the disk of the stalked spore-case are oval bodies enclosing fila-
ments rolled up in the cells. The radiated disk has spore-cases on its under
surface full of spores and spiral elaters, which by their elastic force scatter the
spores. The spore-cases open by irregular fissures, or separate teeth or valves,
and are either with or without a central column. ‘The spores are globose, mixed
with spiral elaters. Riccia and others have no elaters.

This Tribe is connected with Mosses by Jungermannia, but is distinguished by
having no operculum to the spore-case. Riccia forms a link with Lichens. A
few of these plants have a slight fragrance and subacrid taste.

Marchantia, chosen for the type of this Order, was named after one of the first
members of the Académie des Sciences, in Paris, in 1666. It is a genus of soft
creeping plants, with green fronds, usually growing on wet rocks or ground, or on
the margins of wells. The frond has no mid-rib, but is intersected with fine lines
forming lozenges, in each of which is a pore or stomate like those of flowering
plants. M. polymorpha (1) is frequent on stones in damp shady courts, but grows
most luxuriantly on wet rocks in Scotland. ‘The stalked spore-cases appear to
require the full light of the sun for their development ; in the shade the small cups
imbedded in the frond are more plentiful. These contain cells of spores which
become detached and produce new plants. The fronds also have the power of

J. Marchantia polymorpha. 8. Pellia epiphylla. England.
Wet places, Britain. | 9, Anthoceros levis. France.

1a Cup. 1B Spore-cases. 10. Duriza helicophylla. Algeria.

2. M. hemispherica. Britain. | 1). Riccia nudichotoma. France
og ee Le 12. Jungermannia bidentata. England.

3. Marchantia assamica. Shores, Assam.

12a Spore-case and leaves.
54 Spore-cases. 3B Spores and Elaters.

128 Spore-case. 12c¢ Sheathof Spore-case.

4. Rebouilia graminosa. East Indies. 12D Globule. 125 Spore-case.

5. Lunularia vulgaris. France. | 13, Jungermannia sinuosa.

6. Aveura proceros. France. Dusky Bay, N. Zealand.
7. Targionia hypophylla. England, 13a Leaves and Stipules.

MARCHANTIACE EL.

increasing by adding new portions, which afterwards separate and grow into fresh
plants. M. hemispherica (2) grows in similar situations, preferring moist rocks
or ground, clinging by the fine rootlets, and absorbing moisture by the numerous
pores of the fronds. M. assamica (3) is an example of the tribe from the shores
of the Burrampootur and Koondil, where it was found and described by the late
diligent botanist, William Griffith. The genus named Rebouilia differs but little
from Marchantia, chiefly distinguished by the disk of the spore-cases not being
deeply lobed. R. graminosa (4) grows on shady banks at Otipore in Bengal,
mingled with other plants of like nature. Lunularia (5) has a spore-case opening
into four or eight valves at the top of a hairy stalk. In the park of Chantilly this
little liverwort may be seen in perfection on the stones in the small rivulets which
traverse the grounds. Another genus, combining a four-valved spore-case with a
flat frond, is Aneura (6). Targionia (7) records the name of a Florentine who
introduced botanical lectures in the course of instruction prepared for medical
students. The spore-cases are stalkless, solitary, placed at the end of the frond on
a slight rib. Pellia epzphylla (8) has a four-valved spore-case on a stalk pro-
ceeding from the mid-rib. Anthoceros (9) is known by the horn-like shape of the
slender spore-case, which splits into two parts from the central column, leaving the
spores and elaters to escape. A. punctatus and other species are natives of England.
An exceedingly elegant little plant has lately been discovered in Algeria, and de-
scribed by M. Montagne in the Flora of that country. Durixa helicophylla (10),
with its narrow frond, of a bright green colour, twisted in a spiral manner, presents
a very remarkable appearance ; its erect growth also contrasts with the prostrate,
ereeping nature usual in this tribe. The fructification consists of spores on minute
bract-shaped bodies attached to the central column. Riccia (11) was so called in
memory of a Florentine botanist, in whose time the structure of these little plants
was not so accurately known as at present. The spore-case rests on the frond
enclosed in a two-valved sheath. Ruppius selected the various species of Junger-
mannia to record a German botanist born in 1572, who spent a long life in ex-
ploring the vegetation of his own country and of Switzerland. In form and
manner of growth they are closely allied to Mosses. J. bidentata (12) may be
found in moist places bearing fructification in the autumn. All the British species
have alternate distinct leaves, two in New Zealand have leaves opposite and united.
Some have stipules on the under side between each pair of leaves, either entire or
toothed. The so-called anther is a round pellucid membrane full of a fluid with
granules, which escape at an irregular opening. ‘The spore-cases are on slender
stalks, and burst at the top when ripe into four valves, the spores being expelled
by the elastic spiral filaments. J. gigantea of New Zealand is the largest known
species.

This Tribe is scattered in all countries, very abundant in the Tropics, as well
as in Europe, wherever there are shade and moisture. Several European species
belong also to N. America, Brazil, and the Cape. 'T'wo species have been found in
Melville Isle.

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157

CHARACE SA.

THE CHARA TRIBE.
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Agquartic plants, of a brittle nature, always submersed, growing in stagnant or salt
water, with a stem composed of parallel tubes which are either transparent or
encrusted, having regular whorls of symmetrical or tubular branches. The
reproductive organs are round, succulent, red globules, placed below the whorls of
branches, and oval bodies above the leaf or branch; the outer covering of the upper
capsule is transparent, and terminates in five teeth at the top; the inner portion
is hard and dry, composed of five narrow valves, filled with granules of starch.
The small red globule is formed of several scales, which separate and cause it to
open when ripe; the interior is filled with a mass of elastic, transversely-waved
filaments.

This Tribe has affinity with Naiadacew, and in some points of structure with
Sea-weeds.

The stems of Chara secrete lime.

These plants, of apparently insignificant rank in the vegetable kingdom, and of
no known use, possess nevertheless considerable interest, both in their past and
present history. It is a tribe of comparatively recent date, no vestige of it being
discovered in the earliest series of rocks. Ferns and Palms were created before
Chara was called into existence; in the lower fresh-water formation are first found
the fossil relics of Gyrogonites, a giant representative of these aquatics, in a period
when vegetation began to acquire some of the forms which exist at the present
time in living plants. The true species of Chara are remarkable for the large
portion of carbonate or phosphate of lime which they contain, acquiring for them
the name of stone-worts ; in some instances so abundant is the lime, that the
whole form of the plant remains perfect after the organic membranes have been
removed. In fens they add yearly earthy deposits which tend to the elevation of
the soil. The odour arising from them in low marshy ground is very unpleasant,

1. Chara vulgaris. Common Chara. 1n Filaments of globule. :
Ponds, England. lx Phytozoon of filament. All highly
1a Branch, with fructification. magnified.
ls Upper capsule. le Globule. 2. Nitella flerilis, Smovth Nitella.
1p Capsule, sprouting. Ponds and rivulets, England.
le Motion of fluid within each joint. 3. Nitella translucens, Great transparent Nitella.
lr Stem. 1G Section. Pools, England.

yi BY

CHARACE/.

and is said to be one of the causes of the unhealthiness of the Campagna of Rome.
Chara vulgaris (1) is very common in muddy, stagnant ditches throughout
England, and other countries of Europe; the root is fixed in the mud, the plant
growing up to the surface, but never rising above it; the scent is very nauseous.
Nitella is chiefly distinguished as a genus by the want of any secretion of lime, and
the stem being composed of a simple tube, not spirally striated. N. flexilis (2) is
quite smooth, without any small prickles ; found in several parts of the country in
ditches and ponds: the slender branches are either undivided, forked, or three-cleft.
M. translucens (3) is our largest species, found only rarely in pools in Scotland ;
the root is creeping, of many-branching slender fibres, with small knots. N.
gracilis is the slender species occasionally seen in bogs. Australia affords several
examples of this tribe, and in this instance the same law prevails as in other and
higher branches of creation ; those species which are the most prevalent in the rest
of the world are the least represented, or scarcely seen in Australia. Of Nitella
twelve species have been discovered; N. microphylla is of very delicate growth
and texture, with transparent stems. N. gleostachys of the Swan River has the
spikes surrounded by a glossy, pellucid jelly, giving it a beautiful iridescent
appearance. N. subtilissima is nearly the smallest species of the tribe. N.
antarctica closely resembles N. nédifica, an inhabitant of salt water in the north
of Europe, and peculiarly found in the shallow borders of the Baltic. Many
curious observations have been made at different times on the circulation of the
fluid in the stems of these plants. Corti, of Lucca, first observed it in 1774.
Treviranus continued the examination in 1817, but it was not generally known to
be perceptible to any observer with a good microscope, until Amici made more
extended researches at Modena. Since then, English and French botanists have
confirmed the fact as an undoubted addition to our knowledge of the physiology of
plants. Another interesting observation on this tribe is, that on the phytozoa
contained in the cells of the filaments in the globule are two vibratile cilia, which
possess spontaneous movement, and thus appear to connect this lowly tribe of
plants with the lowest amongst animals.

This Tribe is found in stagnant water, either fresh or sal etimes in rivers,
always submerged; most abundant in Temperate countries, but growing in almost
every part of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.

Sie OFTHE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

LICHENACE.

THE LICHEN TRIBE.

PrrENNIAL flowerless plants, of cellular tissue, forming a shallus, often spreading
over the surface of the earth, or on rocks or trees, usually in dry places; of a leafy
or lobed form, or hard and crustaceous, or of a mealy substance. The shallus is
composed of two layers, the outer one simply cellular, the inner one cellular and
filamentous. In the crustaceous species the outer layer alone contains colouring
matter. The reproductive organs are of two kinds, either spores lying in small
shields which burst the outer layers and expand on the surface, or separated green cells
of the inner layer called gonidia (12), which remain beneath the outer layer or
break out in clusters or in cups. The plants are developed in humidity, then be-
come a dry powdery crust out of which grow the living vegetating cells filled with
reproductive matter.

This Tribe has close affinity with the sea-weed and the fungus tribes, having in
many instances the growth of a sea-weed, and the fructification of a fungus.

These plants are mucilaginous and contain medicinal and nutritive properties.
Lichens are the first agents of nature in the work of forming vegetable earth. ‘The
most simple, powdery, almost invisible species are developed on voleanic ground and
rocks, in decomposing the surface of which they add to the soil, and other lichens
are thus enabled to find support for their slender rootlets. ‘To these succeed
mosses, and afterwards larger plants. Thus through successive years the work
proceeds, till barren rocks rising out of the ocean, coral reefs, and pumice plains
around volcanoes, became converted into fertile land. The old name of time-stains
is admirably expressive, they are the gradual produce of time, clothing aged trees,
ancient edifices and ruins, and giving the peculiar hoary aspect to some rocks.
The pale hue of the granite on the coast of Cornwall at the Land’s End is entirely

L. Cetraria islandica. Britain. | 5. Cenomyce pyxidata. Britain.
1a Shield. 6. Cenomyce rangiferina. Britain.
2. Sticta pulmonacea. Trees, England. | ~ : ae AAC
24 Section of Shield. wie < asad ie Ries
Ss Heacella Yincioria: 8. Stereocaulon paschale. Moors, Scotland.
Sea-coast rocks, England. Su Hieuehification,
34 Shields. 3B Section. 9. Varilario lactea. Stone walls, England.
5c Spores. 9a. Shields.
4, Parmelia parietina. 10. Ramalina frarinea. Trees, England.
Walls and trees, England. E : Firs, England
4a Shield. 48 Spore-cells. Cel eb Say cecal

4c Spores. 12. Shield with Gonidia.

LICHENACEE.

owing to the lichens which cover the surface. One of the most valuable of this
lowly tribe as yielding nourishment to man is Cetraria ¢s/andica (1). It is found
on Ben Lomond, the Pentland Hills, and other parts of Scotland, but grows more
abundantly in the northern countries of Europe. On the old lava of the west coast
of Iceland it finds a very suitable locality, and attains there a luxuriant growth,
which has given the name to the species. By steeping in cold water it loses the
bitter principle and affords an important ingredient in the simple fare of the poor
Icelanders, who eat it boiled in milk, and make also a kind of meal from it for
cakes. Large quantities are collected and exported under the name of Iceland
moss to England and Germany, where it is considered a good remedy for con-
sumption. It has also been employed in brewing andin making ship biscuits. In
time of scarcity in Saxony the meal has been mixed with wheat flour for bread.
Sticta (2) was so named from the Greek on account of the numerous small pits on the
under surface. It is the finest of British lichens, growing always on trunks of
trees; the properties are nearly similar to those of Cetraria. Roccella tinctoria (3)
is the celebrated Portuguese orchall, yielding a fine purple dye, supposed to be the
same known to the ancients in the time of Dioscorides, and collected on the rocky
islands of the Greek Archipelago. R. fruciformis abounds on the shores of
Sumatra and other East Indian isles. In autumn the branches of trees and stone
walls in almost every part of our country, except in large cities, may be seen pro-
fusely covered with Parmelia parvetina (4) ; the golden shallus and shields contain
a peculiar colouring matter called Parietin, when mixed with alum it affords a
good yellow dye. Cenomyce pyxidata (5) is the most elegant of all our lichens, is
very frequently found on dry heaths and sandy banks, sometimes popularly called
fairy cups. When the fructification is ripe, and of a bright red, it has a remark-
ably pleasing effect. Several other species belong to this genus, of varied form and
appearance. C. rangiferina (6) forms the chief food of the reindeer during the
long winter in Lapland, the instinct of the animal directing him to the spots where
it lies deeply covered with snow. C. nucialis (7) is to be seen on Scotch moors,
conspicuous amongst green mosses from its silvery hue. Stereacaulon (8) is the
fast branching lichen that clothes the lava of extinct craters, and occupies the
interstices of barren rocks. Of the crustaceous kinds, Variolaria (9) is common on
rocks or ground. Ramalina (10) is an example of those which have the shield of
fructification formed out of the substance of the shallus. In the same section is
Usnea (11), well known to travellers amongst the Alps of Switzerland, hanging
in long drooping bunches from the branches of firs, commonly called old man’s
beard. Lecanora tartarea yields Cudbear, used in dyeing wool a pale red, it grows
abundantly in Scotland, and is also imported from Norway. Several species of
Cyrophora are known to Canadian hunters as tripe de roche, affording them sub-
sistence in wild districts when nothing better is to be obtained. 'The wandering
tribes of Asiatic deserts eat likewise some of the mealy lichens. The north side of
trees or rocks is usually most favourable to these plants. 'The scorching rays of
the sun parch them; they are never found on decaying matter, sometimes on ever-
green leaves in the Tropics. Those which grow on the top of firs have been found to
contain a large proportion of oxide of iron. Lichens have not been discovered in a
fossil state.

This Tribe is seattered over the whole world, many species grow equally in
various countries. The finest examples are found near the Equator, the smaller
crustaceous species in the Polar regions, or on lofty mountains, searcely discernible
from the rocks to which they are attached.

ih
LIBRARY ere
AP CE SHE fn
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

4. Bolets subtomeatosus, Downy Boletus.

Poe GUA eH At.

THE FUNGUS TRIBE.

Piants composed of cellules, or filaments, or both, increasing in size inwardly, the
outside not clianging ; growing chiefly on decayed animal or vegetable substances ;
of short duration. The fructification consists of spores attached externally and
often in definite numbers to the cellular tissue, or placed on projections like stalks,
or enclosed in membranous bags: other bodies appear to be similar to anthers.
The most simple form of Fungus is composed of small jointed filaments, with
cellules placed end to end, such as mould and mildew; spores are contained in each
cell, or are collected in terminal joints. The spores germinate readily, and the
young plants grow with excessive rapidity and force of development.

This Tribe has affinity with Lichens and Sea-weeds; but differs from the
former in not containing germs full of green matter,—from the latter in possessing
no spontaneous motion in the reproductive particles,—and from both in deriving
nourishment from the substance on which they grow.

These plants contain abundant nitrogen, absorb oxygen, and exhale carbonic
acid. Some are wholesome, others poisonous.

This lowly Tribe, approaching the verge of vegetable life, of extremely simple
structure and fugitive existence, possesses nevertheless considerable interest, not only
from the varied forms of the plants it comprises, but from the important part they
perform in the transformation of vegetable matter. Many grow on dead or de-
caying animal or vegetable substances, which they speedily help to disintegrate,
thus causing a rapid conversion to earth or mould, reducing what was become
injurious to the living to a fresh source of support and sustenance for the future.
In low damp situations, as the islands in the Bay of Rio Janeiro, plants of all

1. Agaricus campestris, Field Mushroom. 5. Boletus sanguineus. England.
Fields, England. | 6. Polyporus squamosus.
1a Spores, magnified. Stems of trees, England.
2. Amanita muscaria, Pvisonous Amanita. 7. Scleroderma citrinum,
Woods, England. Roots of trees, England.

8. Peziza coccinea. England.

3. Agaricus luteus, Yellow Agaric.
84 Spore cases and filaments.

Grass, England.
9. Cyathus striatus. England.

Woods, Encland 10a Mucor mucedo, Mould.
’ 5 e

4a. Section of cap. 48 Cell, with spores. | 114 Botrytis curla, Leaves.
4c Spores. 4p Spores. 12a Erineum juglandis.

FUNGACE.E:.

kinds spring forth, grow and decay, with wonderful rapidity ; when a large tree
is felled, the stem speedily becomes a fine earth, the process being hastened by the
growth of countless fungi, which are developed as soon as decay commences. In
the simplest form of this Tribe, the species of mould (10) and mildew are com-
posed of cells placed end to end; some of the joints separate and reproduce fresh
plants ; in others, the spores accumulate in the cells, and are dispersed when they
break. In the more perfect plants of this class, the masses of cellular tissue assume
a determinate figure, the whole central portion being occupied by plates or cells,
with spores attached. The most valuable of these plants as food is Agaricus
campestris (1), the Mushroom; the gills are plates containing countless spores.
Although this tribe is generally of a dull colour, yet some species are as bright as
those of more highly dev eloped plants. Amanita muscaria (2) adorns woods in
autumn with its ‘brilliant crimson cap. Agaricus xerampelinus is the most splendid
species, of various tints of red and yellow, grows commonly in Italy, and was
esteemed a delicacy by the ancient Romans. The cap of Boletus (4) is porous on
the lower part, the cells being separable from the cap and each other, each fringed
internally with spores. B. sanguineus (5) is not uncommon in woods. Polyporus
has no central stem, and the ‘tubes are attached to the cap and to each other.
P. squamosus (6) is one of our largest examples, growing on the stems of trees. P.
tuberaster is an article of food in Italy. P. annosus is used in Sweden as a cure
for the bite of snakes. P. fomentarius is still made into tinder in poor countries.
Scleroderma (7) is to be found about the roots of trees, the interior filled with
spores collected into globules mixed with filaments, which escape by an opening at
the top. The Puff-ball, Lycoperdon, a nearly similar genus, abounds in grassy
places, in a variety of species. Bovista gigantea is the giant of the Tribe, some-
times more than two feet in diameter; the outer skin cracks, the inner one bursts
at the top, and the small stalked spores are dispersed. The growth is wonderfully
rapid ; one was observed, during a damp night, to grow from a mere point to the
size of a large gourd, at the rate of 66,000,000 of cells in a minute. Peziza (8)
is found chiefly on decayed wood, its spores contained in the hollow of its leathery
cup. Amongst withered leaves on the ground may be seen the beautiful little
Cyathus (9); within the cup are a few white capsules, fixed by a thread to the
sides and base, full of minute spores. Nidularia crucibulum is a very neat species
on old wood. Besides the eatable Mushrooms, others afford a delicious ingredient
of cookery to refined palates ; several more are valuable as nourishment to peasants
in remote uncultivated districts. The most delicate are Morchella, the Morel; and
Tuber cibarium, the Truffle, growing under the surface of the earth, black on the
rough exterior, white within. Mylitta australis serves as food to natives and

kangaroos. Botrytis (11) is a magnified example of the minute kinds which are —
found on withering leaves. Erineum (12) is scarcely more than a monstrous

growth of the cells of the walnut leaf. Many singular experiments have been
made on the rapid changes of colour in these plants, apparently not due to chemical

action. Rhizomorpha has some luminous properties, which cause it to shed light —

in coal-mines and rocky caves in Saxony. Dutrochet found the greatest degree of
vegetable heat to exist in a Boletus. Plants generally purify the air by absorbing
carbonic acid: these render it less wholesome by absorbing oxygen and exhaling
carbonic acid, but they make vast compensation by decomposing decaying vege-
table matter.

This Tribe, comprising infinite numbers, is dispersed over the whole world fi.

indefinite geographical limits. Agaricus and Polyporus are most numerous in
species. ‘

“

LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

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THE SEA-WEED TRIBE.

Puants composed of cellular tissue, inhabiting chiefly salt water, sometimes in
fresh water, or hot springs; some grow in mud, others are attached to rocks.
The frond is either composed of a single cell uninterruptedly branched, or of several
cells of various forms, placed one above the other or interwoven, jointed or con-
tinuous, thread-shaped or of various figures, not uncommonly divided into a sort
of stem and leaf. 'The fronds grow by division of the cells, and become branched
by increasing at the sides. The plants are propagated by spores contained in
bladdery vesicles scattered throughout the whole frond, or placed at the ends of
the branches. Some are reproduced in two separate forms, rounded capsules, and
minute ternate granules. ‘The spores of some are furnished with fine hairs, which
have power of motion for a few hours before the spore begins to vegetate.

This Tribe has affinity with Characez.

These plants absorb carbonic acid and respire oxygen by day, and absorb
oxygen and exhale carbonic acid by night. Some contain Iodine.

In each class of creation the lowest tribes are developed in water. Sea-weeds
on the verge of vegetable life can exist only in water, or moisture. To the greater
portion water is essential during the whole period of their existence. They have
no vascular tissue, therefore no circulation of fluids; they absorb water only by
the parts in immediate contact with it; the most expanded fronds have no power of
conveying moisture to the rest of the plant, neither can the roots obtain nourish-
ment by their points as those of higher tribes. They serve merely to attach the
plant to the rock, and prevent it from being floated away by waves; it matters
not whether it be granite or marble, if it be only solid and favourably placed.
Fueus, which has given its name to the whole Tribe, is a very extensive genus,

ue in making kelp. The receptacles lined with spores are at the ends of the
branches ; the air-vessels are in pairs throughout the frond. The Western Isles

ale in on the coasts of the British Isles. F'. vesiculosus (1) is of considerable

‘ 7
we, Hons vesiculosus. Coast, Britain. 4c Spores on Frond. 4p Spores.
he . Section of Receptacle. 5. Irideea edulis. Shores, Scotland.
a B Spores. le Spores and Filaments. 5A Spores.
é 2. Fucus nodosus. Coasts, Britain. | 6. Sargassum bacciferum. Atlantic Ocean.
8. Himanthalia lorea. South coast, England. 6a Receptacles and air-vessels.
_ 3A Section af Receptacle. 7. Furcellaria fastiyiata. Shores, Britain.
4% elesseria sanguinea. 7A Section of Receptacle.
a. Ds sed : South coast, England. | 8. Ulva crispa. Damp gravel, England.
Fy vere 4p Section. 9. Botnydium granulatum. Gravel, England.
. ;

—

"*s
+e

FUCACEAS.

of Scotland derive much benefit from this species; not only is it used for kelp, but
it serves also as winter food for cattle; when dried it is used as fuel, and the ashes
are laid over cheeses to dry them. FF’. nodosus (2) is like other species, very tough
and leathery, growing to a large size in deep water. Some have receptacles of
great length, forming nearly the whole plant, the spores immersed in them irre-
gularly, as Himanthalia /orea (3). In the same section of this tribe is one of the
most remarkable examples of extended growth, the genus Sargassum. 5S. bacei-
Jferum (6) does not grow on the British coast, but is often washed ashore on the
Orkney Isles from the Atlantic. In $8. America it is thought a remedy for goitre.
A large mass of this species, as well as of S. vulgare, exists in the Atlantic between
19° and 34° of N. lat. west of the Azores, the same floating meadow which im-
peded the ships of Columbus on his voyage of discovery. Another lesser mass is
observed between Bermuda and the Bahamas. The largest British sea-weeds
belong to the genus Laminaria; the frond is flat and extremely tough, has no
mid-rib ; the fructification forming dense spots embedded in the thickened surface
of the frond. The stem of L. budbosa is much waved at the margin, and bears a
frond deeply cleft. L. digitata has a stem of 6 feet, with a frond often more than
15 feet in length, divided into numerous segments. When dry it is covered with
salt, which has a sweetish taste and has given the specific name. The stem of
L. potatorum of New Holland is of a size to serve as water-vessels. L. buccinalis is
the great Trumpet-weed of the Cape. Seytosiphon ji/wm grows to 40 feet in the
bays of the Orkney Isles. Alaria esculenta has a frond of upwards of 20 feet, the
surface covered with pores, from whence issue tufts of filaments. But the giant of
the tribe and of all vegetation is Macrocystis pyrifera, 1500 feet long, floating in
southern latitudes. Delesseria is the most beautiful of British sea-weeds; D. san-
guinea (4) retains its brilliant hue when dried, adhering to paper. The fructifica-
tion is of two kinds, round capsules containing a globular mass of seeds, or ternate
granules, scattered in the frond or in small leaf-like processes on a mid-rib from
which the rest of the leaf has fallen away. Amongst the eatable kinds known as
Dulse in Scotland is Iridea edulis (5) of a very succulent nature, yielding a fine
red dye if prepared with alum. Rhodomenia pa/mata is mucilaginous, and affords
wholesome food to sheep in Norway; it is eaten in Edinburgh by the poor. The
Icelanders also make it part of their humble fare, either raw or boiled in milk.
Fureellaria (7) is a genus of dark coloured species abundant on all European
coasts ; the cylindrical receptacles fall off when ripe, leaving the branches to grow
again. A terrestrial example of this Tribe is Ulva crispa (8), to be found in
winter on damp ground in shaded places. The granules are arranged in regular
lines forming squares, for even in this lowly plant beauty and order are perceptible.

Still lower in the rank of plants is Batrydium (9), composed of minute vesicles

filled with a fluid which escapes at the top, and the plant becomes cup-shaped. —

Yet more simple and lowly is the Protococcus nivalis, the red snow of the Polar
regions and of the Alps; consisting of minute globules of red fluid, bursting when

and other Eastern nations, as food, glue, or varnish. Some are employed as
dyes.

This Tribe exists in salt or fresh water all over the globe, forming extensive
forests in the depths of the ocean, and floating on its surface in prodigious masses,
comprising the largest examples of vegetation, and the most minute. Some species
are found in boiling springs, others on perpetual snow. Durvillea extends to 61%
S. lat.; Scyothalia as far as 63°. °

ripe. The gelatinous nature of many sea-weeds renders them useful to the Chinese _

SoONeT WSt oO N-

A pesire to illustrate and describe in simple language the chief Natural Orders of
Plants which embellish our world is now fulfilled: the attempt is accomplished,
though in a very humble and imperfect manner. But so vast and varied is the
mass of vegetation covermg thie land, filling the deep oceans and the shallow waters,
that to select a few examples merely as guides to a more extended research in this
wild field of study, is a perplexing task. Still the labour has been replete with
interest and delight ; the more we examine the glorious works of an Almighty
Creator, the more we perceive their excellent beauty and endless variety. In our
endeavours to comprehend something of His works, we cannot fail to observe not
only the infinite power of the Creator, but the finite capacity of man. In striving
to arrange Plants into tribes and groups, by which to obtain clearer views of their
structure and properties, we find how countless are the links by which Nature
connects all things together. Large classes may be formed of certain assimilating
Plants for our guidance in botanical studies, but almost imperceptible chains com-
bine them into one grand whole; there is not a plant in the entire range of vege-
table life that has not affinity with others in structure and organization. Even the
two great classes of Animals and Plants are so incomparably blended, that the most
learned naturalists of this nineteenth century have scarcely yet accurately defined
their respective limits. The lowest plant in the scale is a simple cell, with a few
fine hairs, having a peculiar power of motion for a short space of time before it
actually becomes a living, vegetating plant ; thus for a time most closely connected
with the Infusoria, the lowest form of animal life. In this, as in all other studies,
the truth becomes clearly evident, that this world is intended as a place of learning,
a time of searching after wisdom; and in this search we must ever be occupied for
our own individual benefit, and, if possible, also for the aid and guidance of others.
In taking a comprehensive survey of the natural tribes of Plants, as for the sake of
distinction we call them, we may acquire more just and extended notions of their
dispersion and varied utility. Very essential is this enlarged idea of all natural
objects, especially in instructing the young. We esteem highly the advantage de-
rived from the use of improved microscopes, which afford a more accurate insight
into minute and complicated organizations. Valuable, also, is it to take a com-
prehensive view of the wide-spread vegetation of the world, not to confine our
thoughts to one portion in our own country. : A child soon learns to know the
common Plants about his home; he sees Nettles, and is told they are useless weeds,
and sting painfully. It would be well to teach, at the same time, that there are,
in hotter countries, some plants very like them, which are of great use to the
UU

162 CONCLUSION.

natives; and that if we had not hemp and other plants with strong fibrous stalks
from distant lands, we might make very good string and paper from the despised
Stinging Nettles.

Concerning the structure of Plants, these Illustrations can only indicate the
principal points; on pursuing the study, very remarkable arrangements will be
evident, and the cause of several common appearances ascertained. ‘The reason
why leaves, which in spring are frequently withered at the points by frost, continue
to enlarge afterwards, is because they grow always from the base, so are not
impeded by partial check at the point or edges. The cause of roots being able to
penetrate into very small crevices, is, that their power of growth is at their point.
The vital force of vegetable matter in its earliest growth is immense in proportion
to the size of the cells and the tender nature of simple cellular substance, not
strengthened by fibrous tissue of any kind. A soft, succulent Fungus can make its
way through the hard earth of a well-trodden road in dry weather. One of the
most wonderful properties in the structure of Plants, is the power of absorbing
moisture after long drought, and apparently a complete withering of their substance.
This is exemplified in a very striking degree in Anastatica Hierochuntia, the Rose
of Jericho, belonging to the Leguminous Tribe. It grows in the arid deserts of
Palestine and Arabia; after flowering rolls up with the seed-vessels into a dry
ball. The wind soon uproots it, for it has very slight hold in the sandy earth, and
drives it along till it is finally deposited in some pool of water. There the dry
tissue begins to expand with the moisture, the branches unroll, and the seeds,
falling into the water, are prepared to germinate on the borders. The cells of
vegetable tissue have, moreover, a strong power of contraction, which may be
proved readily by one of the most common of weeds, found in every garden. On
breaking the stalk of the Spurge, or Milkwort, the milky juice is expelled from each
end, by the cells containing it immediately contracting.

The geographical distribution of Plants is a subject of extreme interest, and the
observations to be made thereon add much to the pleasure of all travel. Mountain
Plants more especially require suitable localities, and are in many cases obviously
adapted to their exposed position, often clothed with fine down or hair, and having
short, firm stalks, well calculated to resist wind. One of the most elegant specimens
of our mountain Flora is Primula farinosa, to be seen on the hills of Yorkshire,
growing also on the Alps, and, across the Atlantic, in North America. It will be
found, likewise, in the most southern land of South America, near the Straits of
Magellan, but nowhere on the intermediate hot plains; it traverses the vast
continent from north to south, along the elevated chain of the Andes, where it
meets with a favourable climate. Another curious fact connected with the geogra-
phical dispersion of Plants, is that some species belonging to Temperate countrier
gradually diminish in size approaching towards colder countries or more elevated
situations. The tall Ash-tree of Britain becomes a mere shrub in the chilling at-
mosphere of Arctic regions. ‘The Birch, growing to the height of forty feet in our
moist woods, is not more than twenty feet high in the Pass of Killicrankie, in the
Scotch Highlands, below 57° of north latitude. In Iceland, in 62° of north
latitude, it dwindles to a low bush of three or four feet. But if we turn our ob-
servations toward the Tropics, the change will be different ; we shall find Nature
developing her objects on a larger scale. What we have noticed in our native
examples will appear like miniature specimens. All we know of the genus Cuscuta
Dodder, here, is a little plant just springing out of the ground, but soon entangling
its delicate slender threads, bearing small clusters of pale flowers over the Heath and
Furze of the common; in the hot, damp jungles of India, this genus is expanded

CONCLUSION. 163

into a species of vigorous growth and considerable size, climbing over forest trees
with stems as large as small rope. The peculiar properties of some plants are more
perfectly developed in some situations than in others; the aromatic qualities of
Alpine plants particularly, require the pure air and uninterrupted rays of the sun.
Certain plants we are accustomed to consider as merely ornamental, employing them
only to adorn our gardens and houses with their gay flowers; Begonia is one of
these, abundant in every conservatory, and not thought of as yielding any useful
service ; yet a traveller on the Himalaya mountains may find growing there a
yellow-flowered Begonia, with succulent juicy stalks, which the natives cut up into
pieces, and make therewith a pleasant acid sauce for their curries.

Besides the innumerable observations and topics of interest connected with the
higher tribes of flowering Plants, the more humble and less developed are not
without value as objects of study and inquiry. Even the lowly Fungus Tribe, to
some known only as containing eatable Mushrooms or poisonous Puff-balls, is found
on examination to be abounding in curious forms, and sometimes to possess also
brilliancy of colour. The simplest species when magnified are seen to be of graceful
form, exhibiting tracings of shape and pattern, equalling in beauty and elegance the
most renowned designs of ancient art, and capable of affording valuable hints to
modern artists. 'The common Fungus, known as mould on paste and other similar
substances, is composed of fine filaments, bearing perfectly round heads full of
minute spores, each complete in itself, though only one four-thousandth part of an
inch in diameter. The Yeast Fungus which, in growing from granules of starch,
evolves gas, and causes beer to ferment and dough to swell, is composed of globules
the three-thousandth of an inch in diameter. So marvellous is the plan and struc-
ture of even the smallest object of vegetable creation.

Of the extensive Tribe of Sea-weeds it is impossible, within the narrow limits
of a single page, to give more than a very slight idea, either by figures or words.
The waters have their plentiful store of wonderful works as well as the land, and
display very interesting objects to our notice. Many Sea-weeds possess considerable
beauty when beheld in their native element; one of the most singular, and unknown
on the British coast is Claudea elegans ; the fronds bend gracefully, and are formed
of an open network, in some spaces of which the clusters of spores are placed. The
circular frond of Martensia has a border at the edge, having the appearance of lace.
There are zones of particular Algx, clearly defined: the Mediterranean has its own
species of Sea-weeds, whilst different specimens are found in the Red Sea. Some
produce their delicate branched fronds on rocks near the coast ; others extend their
unmeasured length in the deep waters of the Ocean.

Respecting the causes of colour in Plants, many points have yet to be studied
and elucidated. We know not how or why some flowers change their hue during
the short period of their existence ; neither why others, as Cobcea scandens, should
bear green flowers, which only become purple after they are fully expanded. Nor
can we explain why one flower, as a Rose, has its full red hue even whilst the petals
are closely enfolded in the calyx concealed from light. This is contrary to a theory
concerning the red colour of flowers, which supposes that a strong and pure sun-
light is necessary for the development of red. Therefore, in our temperate atmo-
sphere of light and heat we have only two native red flowers, the Poppy and the
Shepherd’s Clock ;/ whilst in the Tropics, flowers of the most brilliant crimson and
scarlet tints abound. We can only observe the facts; chemists and botanists have
yet many things to explain by their united researches. We cannot fully declare the
reason why the power of acquiring blue colour should decline with the vigour of
the plant ; but we may remark that it isso. The first flowers on a plant of Ipomea

164 CONCLUSION.

punpurea, commonly known as Convolvulus major, are nearly all of a fine blue or
purple, but towards the close of its existence in autumn, pink and white flowers
prevail ; if a blue flower is found, it will be of a very pale tint. So also with the
Forget-me-not; it must have favourable circumstances for vigorous growth, to
enable it to acquire the celestial hue for which it isso much admired. Place a plant
of it in a vessel of water or earth under a glass, it will flourish for some time; but
gradually as the flower-buds unfold, they will lose the property of becoming blue,
and remain either pink, as all those flowers are in the bud, or become white. This
is very remarkable, and so likewise is the fact, that blue-flowered Plants are the
most apt to produce white varieties.

Not only does the contemplation of the various laws which regulate the
organization of Plants fill our minds with wonder, but we must adore also the
Wisdom which provides for the future as well as ‘the present state of vegetation ;
marvellous is the ample provision mad efrom the beginning of creation until now
for the security of its continuance. “ The fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind,
whose seed is in itself,’ was the work of the third day of creation; the word went
forth, and is still obeyed. Notwithstanding the many casualties that are ever liable
to befall plants and their seeds by animals or insects seeking them as food, yet no
one is lost from the face of the earth. The fruit of the chesnut contains fourteen
seeds, one or two only of which suffice to ripen.

Great truths are oftentimes revealed to us by very humble means. The actual
living Plants of this present time tell of an omnipotent Creator; they lead also to
the knowledge of the relics of a former vegetation, the work of the same eternal
Maker, in ages beyond all other records. There are sealed herbals in the depths of
our rocks and coal-mines which show us preserved examples of Ferns and various
delicate foliage, kept safe amidst the overwhelming wreck of the world. After the
lapse of countless ages again brought to light, they tell of the past, and make
known the character of the Plants that adorned the earth in a former state of its
existence. Sometimes a close similarity is perceptible between past and present
species: in the Museum of Carlsruhe, in Germany, may be noticed a specimen of
fossilized Isoetes, so nearly resembling that which now grows on the edges of pools
in the neighbouring Black Forest, as to leave no doubt of its identity as a genus.
In some countries parts of fossil Plants have been discovered, differing widely from
those of the present time. The strata of the Isle of Sheppey, at the mouth of the
Thames, contains the remains of fruits of Palms and other Tropical trees, which
no longer grow in our T'emperate regions. Thus Time, the destroyer, is also the
preserver—soft fruits and fragile leaves, whose nature is to perish in a summer
season, in the course of unnumbered years have been converted into rock, and thus
destined to enlarge our knowledge of the past, and to prove the existence of
vegetation in remote periods beyond the scope of our chronology. Whether we
consider the giant trees of the Tropics, whose age is unknown, or the ephemeral
Fungus, whose existence is but for a few hours on the surface of the earth, or
penetrate into the hidden recesses of rocks and caverns, and behold the things that
belong to the past, we are led to the one Souree—to Him in whose sight a
thousand years are but as yesterday, when it is past. The beautiful and innu-
merable proofs of Divine Wisdom displayed in the vegetableycreation may well
excite our unbounded admiration and reverence, and beholding the wondrous
preparation of so many excellent things for the service of man, so much spread
forth for our delight and enjoyment, with fulness of heart we may join in the
ancient canticle, “ O, all ye green things upon the earth, bless ye the Lord: praise
Him, and magnify Him for ever.”

CONCLUSION. 165

Having thus brought the work of many years to an end, it remains only to
express a humble hope that what has contributed to my knowledge and happiness,
and been a chief refreshment in my pilgrimage, may be permitted to help others
forward in the same path, leading amongst things and thoughts that bring un-
mingled delight and pure enjoyment. Nearly all the drawings have been made
from nature, whenever living specimens could be procured, collected in various
places. ‘To the Royal Gardens at Kew, and the Botanic Gardens of London, as
well as several private gardens, I have been largely indebted for examples ot
foreign plants. The native specimens have been culled in fields and woods in
all parts of our country. From the unpublished drawings of Sir Robert Schom-
burgk I have been kindly allowed to copy the Alexandra, Barbacenia, and other
rare South American flowers not yet to be seen in English gardens. From Dr.
Lindley’s “ Vegetable Kingdom,” Dr. Royle’s “ Illustrations of the Botany of the
Himalaya,” and several other published works on Plants, descriptive as well as
illustrative. I derived much valuable assistance, endeavouring to extract and glean
such materials as suited my purpose, rendering all into simple words that may be
comprehensible to the unlearned, and, if possible, lead to greater pleasure from the
possession of such beautiful gardens as are the undisputed pride of our island.
Moreover, I trust in all humility, yet earnestly, that this mite, cast into the
treasury, may be prospered in its results, and lead the ever active mind of the
young to search diligently, each for himself, and to inquire with sincerity of pur-
pose, and the true intention of the patriarch of Uz, “‘ Where shall wisdom be found,
and where is the place of understanding ?”

E, T.

London, 1868.

Abelia, 72
Abelmoschus, 23
Abroma, 25
Abronia, 110
Abnutilon, 23
Acacia, 49
Acanthus, L05
Acer, 30
Achania, 23
Achimenes, 82
Achras, 87
Achyranthes, 111
Acnida, 112
Acocanthera, 100
Acorus, 148
Acrocarpidium, 126
Acrodiclidium, 116
Acrostichum, 154
Actea, 1
Actinocarpus, 131
Adansonia, 26
Adenandra, 44
Adiantum, 154
Adlumia, 7
Adoxa, 71
Aichmea, 138
ADgiceras, 86
ALgialitis, 108
fEginetia, 103
AXigle, 41

Brides, 132
/Eschynanthus, 82
Aésculus, 29
Agapanthus, 141
Agaricus, 159
Agathea, 76
Agathophyllum, 116
Agathotes, 94
Agave, 136
Agrimonia, 51
Agrostemma, 69
Agrostis, 150
Aizoon, 63
Alangium, 59
Alaria, 160
Aldrovanda, 18
Aletris, 134
Alexandra, 49
Alfonsia, 145
Alisma, 131
Allium, 141

tye he xX.

Allmannia, 111
Alloplectus, 82
Aloe, 141
Alpinia, 133
Alsodea, 15
Alsophila, 154
Alstrémeria, 136
Alternanthera, 111
Althea, 23
Alyssum, 11
Alyxia, 92
Amanita, 159
Amarantus, 111
Amaryllis, 136
Ameletia, 54
Ammannia, 54
Amorphallus, 148
Ampelopsis, 37
Amphibolis, 151
Amphicome, 95
Amygdalus, 53
Anacardium, 48
Anacharis, 130
Anacyclus, 76
Anagallis, 107
Anastatica, 11
Anchusa, 98
Anda, 123
Andrea, 155
Andromeda, 84
Androsace, 107
Androsemum, 33
Aneilema, 143
Anemia, 154
Anemone, L
Anethum, 70
Aneura, 156
Anigozanthus, 135
Anneslea, 42
Anona, 4
Anthemis, 76
Anthoceros, 156
Antiaria, 124
Antirrhinum, 101
Aphelandra, 105
Aphlora, 13
Apium, 70
Apocynum, 92
Apodytes, 43
Aquilegium, 1
Aralia, 71

Aramodendron, 3
Araucaria, 128
Arbutus, 84
Arctium, 76
Ardisia, 86
Areca, 145
Arenaria, 69
Aresia, 107
Argemone, 9
Ariseema, 148
Aristolochia, 122
Aristotelia, 27
Armeria, 108
Artabotrys, 4
Artanthe, 126
Artemisia, 76
Artocarpus, 124
Arum, 148
Arundo, 150
Asagrea, 142
Asarum, 122
Asclepias, 92
Ascyrum, 33
Asparagus, 140
Asperula, 74
Aspidospermum, 92
Asplenium, 154
Astelia, 144
Asteranthus, 85
Astragalus, 49
Astrantia, 70
Astrapea, 25
Astrephia, 75
Astronia, 56
Atriplex, 112
Atropa, 100
Avena, 150
Averrhoa, 19
Avicennia, 104
Azolla, 153

Banisteria, 31
Banksia, 118
Barbacenia, 135
Barleria, 105
Bartonia, 60
Basella, 112
Bassia, 87
Befaria, 87
Begonia, 114
Beleperone, 105

Bellis, 76
Benthamia, 72
Benzoin, 116
Berberis, 6
Berchemia, 47
Berrya, 27
Bertholletia, 58
Beta, 112
Betonica, 102
Betula, 127
Bignonia, 95
Bilbergia, 138
Billardiera, 20
Bixa, 13

Blakea, 56
Blitum, 112
Boeagea, 4
Bolax, 70
Bolbophyllum, 152
Boletus, 150
Bolivaria, 90
Bombax, 26
Boerhaavia, 110
Boottia, 130
Borago, 98
Borronia, 44
Botrychium, 154
Botrydium, 160
Botrytis, 159
Bougueria, 109
Bovista, 159
Brabejum, 118
Brachycarpea, 11
Bragantia, 122
Bramia, 101
Brassica, 11
Brayera, 51
Briza, 150
Bromelia, 158
Brosimum, 124
Broussonetia, 124
Browallia, LO1
Brucea, 45
Brugmansia, 100
Bruguiera, 93
Brunonia, 79
Brunswigia, 136
Bryonia, 61
Bryophyllum, 67
Brysophila, 67
Bryum, 155

168

Bubroma, 25
Buchnera, 101
Bucida, 59
Buddlea, 101
Bugainvillea, 110
Bumelia, 87
Bunchosia, 31
Bupleurum, 70
Bursaria, 20
Buxus, 123
Byblis, 18
Byrsonima, 31
Byttneria, 25

Cactus, 65
Caladium, 148
Calamus, 145
Calandrinia, 64
Calceolaria, 101
Calectasia, 144
Calla, 148
Callicarpa, 104
Calligonia, 115
Calluna, 84
Calophyllum, 34
Calosaeme, 82
Calystegia, 97
Camarotis, 132
Camelina, 11
Camellia, 42
Cameraria, 92
Campanula, 80
Camphora, 116
Canarina, 80
Candollea, 2
Canna, 133
Cannabis, 125
Capparis, 12
Caprifolium, 72
Capsicum, 100
Caraipa, 42
Carallia, 93
Carapa, 40
Cardamine, 11
Cardiospermum, 28
Careya, 57
Carex, 149
Carissa, 92
Carlina, 76
Carludovica, 146
Carpodinus, 92
Carthamus, 76
Cartonema, 143
Carum, 70
Carya, 50
Caryophyllus, 57
Casearia, 46
Cassia, 49
Cassytha, 116
Castanea, 127
Catalpa, 95
Catananche, 76
Cattleya, 132
Caulophyllum, 6
Caylusea, 17
Ceanothus, 47
Cecropia, 124
Cedrela, 39

Celosia, 111
Cenomyce, 158
Centaurea, 76
Centranthus, 75
Centropogon,

Centrostachys, 111

Cephalaria, 77
Cepheelis, 74
Ceradia, 76
Cerastium, 69
Cerasus, 53
Ceratonia, 49
Ceratostigma, 108
Cerbera, 92
Cereus, 65
Cerinthe, 98
Ceroxylon, 145
Cetraria, 158
Chameerops, 145
Chamissoa, 111
Chara, 157
Chavica, 126
Cheilanthes, 154
Cheiranthera, 20
Cheiranthus, 11
Cheirostemon, 26
Chelidonium, 9
Chelone, LOL

Chenopodium, 112

Chickrassia, 39
Chirita, 82
Chironia, 94
Chlora, 94
Chloroxylon, 39

Chondodendron, 5

INDEX.

Chrysobactron, 141

Chrysobalanus, 53

Chrysophyllum, 87
Chrysosplenium, 68

Chuneoa, 59
Chymocarpus, 24
Cichorium, 76
Cicuta, 70
Cinchona, 74

Cinnamomum, 116

Circa, 62
Cissampelos, 5
Cissus, 37
Cistanche, 103
Cistus, 22
Citriobatus, 20
Citrus, 41
Cladostachys, 111
Clarkia, 62
Claviga, 86
Claytonia, 64
Clematis, 1
Cleome, 12

Clerodendron, 104

Clintonia, 81
Clusia, 34

Cobeea, 96
Coccobryon, 126
Coccocypselon, 74
Coccoloba, 115
Coceulus, 5
Cochlearia, 11
Cocos, 145

Codon, 99
Codonopsis, 80
Celogyne, 132
Coffiea, 74

Coix, 150
Colchicum, 142
Colicodendron, 12
Collomia, 96
Collophora, 92
Colocasia, 146
Columnea, 82
Combretum, 59
Comesperma, 16
Commelina, 143
Comptonia, 121
Conium, 70
Conocarpus, 59
Conohoria, 70
Convallaria, 140
Convolvulus, 97
Cookia, 41
Coprosma, 74
Corchorus, 27
Coriandrum, 70
Cornus, 72
Correa, 44
Corydalis, 7
Corylus, 127
Corynostylis, 15
Corypha, 145
Coscinium, 5
Cosmea, 76
Cotoneaster, 51
Couratari, 58
Couropita, 58
Crambe, 11
Crassula, 67
Crategus, 52
Cratzeva, 12
Cratoxylon, 53
Cremanium, 56
Crinun, 136
Crithmum, 70
Crocus, 137
Crotolaria, 49
Croton, 125
Crozophora, 123
Cryptandra, 47
Cryptocarya, 116

Cryptogramma. 154

Cryptomeria, 128
Cubeba, 126
Cucumis, 61
Cucurbita, 61
Cuphea, 54
Cupressus, 128
Curatella, 2
Cureuma, J 33
Cusparia, 44
Cycas, 129
Cyananthus, 96
Cyanotis, 143
Cyathus, 159
Cyclamen, 107
Cyclanthus, 146
Cydonia, 52
Cymbidium, 132
Cynanchum, 92

Cynara, 76
Cynoches, 132
Cynoglossum, 98
Cyperus, 149
Cyphia, 80
Cyrilla, 82
Cysticapnos, 7
Cystandra, 82

Dactylicapnos, 7
Dactylis, 150
Dais, 119
Damasonium, 131
Dampiera, 79
Dana, 154
Daphne, 119
Datura, 100
Daucus, 70
Davallia, 154
Deeringia, 111
Delesseria, 160
Delima, 2
Delphinium, 1
Dendrobium, 132
Desmocheetia, 111
Dianthus, 69
Diapensia, 107
Dicentra, 7
Dichorisandra, 143
Diclytra, 7
Dicranum, 156
Dictamnus, 44
Dicypellium, 116
Didymocarpus, 82
Dieffenbachia, 148
Dielytra, 7
Digera, 111
Digitalis, 101
Dilatris, 135
Dillenia, 2

Dion, 129
Dionea, 18
Dioscorea, 139
Diospyros, 88
Diphylleia, 6
Diploclinium, 114
Diplopteris, 31
Dipsacus, 77
Dipterocarpus, 35
Dipterix, 49
Direa, 119

Disa, 132
Discaria, 47
Disemma, 14
Ditassa, 123
Dobinea, 30
Dodecatheon, 107
Dodonea, 28
Dombeya, 25
Dorstenia, 124
Doryanthes, 136
Doryopteris, 154
Douglasia, 107
Draba, 11
Dracena, 140
Dracontium, 148
Diapetes, 119
Drosera, 18

Drosophyllum, 18
Dryandra, 118
Dryas, 51
Drymis, 3
Dryobalanops, 35
Duriea, 156
Durio, 26
Dervillxa, 160
Duvaua, 48
Dysoxylon, 40

Eceremocarpus, 95
Echinocactus, 65
Echinops, 76
Echium, 98
Eleagnus, 121
Eleocarpus, 27
Eleocharis, 149
Elxococea, 123
Elais, 145
Elichrysum, 76
Ellisia, 29
Elodea, 33
Eleuthera, 123
Embelia, 86
Emblica, 123
Encephelartos, 129
Engelhardtia, 50
Epidendrum, 132
Epilobium, 62
Epimedium, 6
Epiphegus, 103
Epiphyllum, 65
Equisetum, 152
Erica, 84
Erineum, 159
Eniobotrya, 52
Eriogonum, 115
Eriophorum, 149
Eriolena, 25
Erodium, 38
Erpetion, 15
Eryngium, 70
Erysinum, 11
Erythrea, 94
Erythrochiton, 44
Esenbeckia, 44
Eucalyptus, 57
Eugenia, 57
Eupetalum, 114
Euphorbia, 123
Euphrasia, 101
Eurya, 42
Euryale, 8
Euthales, 79
Entoca, 99
Evosmia, 74
Exacum, 94

Fadeynia, 154
Fagopyrum, 115
Fagrea, 91
Fagus, 127
Farsetia, 11
Fedia, 75
Feronia, 44
Ferula, 70
Festuca, 150

INDEX.

Feuillea, 61
Ficus, 124
Fieldia, 82
Flacourtia, 13
Flagellaria, 143
Flindersia, 39
Forstera, 78
Fourcroya, 136
Fraxinus, 89
Freycinetia, 146
Fritillaria, 143
Fuchsia, 62
Fucus, 160
Fuirena, 149
Fumaria, 7
Furcellaria, 160
Fusanus, 120

Galanthus, 136
Galbanum, 70
Galeandra, 132
Galeobdolon, 102
Galipea, 44
Galium, 74
Garcinia, 34
Gaylussacia, 83
Gendarussa, 105
Genipa, 74
Genlisea, 106
Gentiana, 94
Geranium, 38

Gesnera, 82
Gieseckia, 113
Gilia, 96

Gillenia, 51
Glaucium, 9
Gladiolus, 137
Gloriosa, 142
Gloxinia, 82
Glycosmis, 41
Glycyrrhiza, 49
Gmelina, 104
Gnaphalium, 76
Gnidia, 119
Gomphrena, 111
Goodenia, 79
Gordonia, 41
Gossypium, 23
Grevillea, 118
Grewia, 27
Grislea, 54
Gualteria, 84
Guarea, 40
Guatteria, 4
Guevina, 118
Guizotia, 76
Gymnema, 92
Gymnogramma, 154
Gynerium, 150
Gyrophora, 158
Gysophila, 69

Haberlea, 82
Hakea, 118
Haplophyllum, 44
Hartighsea, 40
Hasseltia, 92
Heemanthus, 136

Hemodorum, 135
Hedera, 71
Hedychium, 133
Heimia, 54
Heisteria, 43
Heliamphora, 10
Helianthemum, 22
Heliconia, 134
Helicteres, 26
Heliotropium, 98
Helleborus, 1
Helminthia, 76
Helonias, 142
Hemerocallis, 141
Hepatica, 1
Heracleum, 70
Hermannia, 25
Herpestes, 101
Hesperis, 11
Heteropteris, 31
Heuchera, 68
Hibbertia, 2
Hibiscus, 23
Himanthalia, 160
Hippeastrum, 136
Hippocratea, 32
Hippomane, 123
Hippophe, 121
Hiptage, 31
Hirea, 31
Hollbollia, 5
Hopea, 35
Hordeum, 150
Hortia, 44
Hottonia, 107
Hoya, 97
Hudsonia, 22
Humulus, 125
Huntleya, 132
Hyalostemma, 117
Hydnocarpus, 13
Hydrocharis, 130
Hydrolea, 99
Hydrophyllum, 99
Hydrilla, 130
Hymenanthera, 15
Hymenea, 49
Hymenophyllum, 154
Hymenopogon, 74
Hymenostoma, 155
Hyoseyamus, 100
Hypericum, 33
Hypheene, 145
Hypnum, 155

Tacina, 43
Iberis, 11
Tenatia, 91
Llicium, 3
Tonidium, 15
Imbricaria, 87
Inearvillea, 95
Tnocarpus, 119
Tpomea, 97
Triartea, 145
Tridsea, 160
Tris, 137
Isatis, 11

169

Isnardia, 62
Isoetes, 153
Isolepis, 149
Isonandra, 87
Isotoma, 81
Ixia, 137
Ixora, 74

Jacaranda, 95
Jacquinia, 86
Jasione, 80
Jasminum, 90
Jatropha, 123
Johnia, 32
Juanulloa, 100
Juglans, 50
Juneus, 144
Jungermannia, 156
Juniperus, 128
Jussiwa, 62
Justicia, 105

Kempferia, 133
Kalanchoe, 67
Kalmia, 84
Kandelia, 93
Khaya, 39
Kielmeyera, 42
Klaprothia, 60
Klugia, 82
Knautia, 77
Kohautia, 74
Kreysigia, 142
Kydia, 25
Kyllingia, 149

Lacnanthes, 135
Letia, 13
Lagerstreemia, 54
Lagetta, 119
Laguneularia, 59
Laminaria, 160
Lamium, 102
Lansium, 40
Lantana, 104
Lardizabala, 5
Lasiandra, 56
Lasiopetalum, 25
Lathrea, 103
Laurus, 116
Lavandula, 102
Lawsonia, 54
Lecanora, 158
Lechea, 22
Lechenaultia, 79
Lecythis, 58
Ledum, 84
Leea, 37
Leianthes, 94
Lemna, 148
Leontice, 6
Lepidium, 11
Leptomeria, 120
Leptosiphon, 96
Leptospermum, 57
Lepuranda, 124
Leucodon, 155
Leucolena, 70

x xX

170 °

Leucospermum, 118
Levenhookia, 78
Lewisia, 63
Leycesteria, 72
Lichtensteinia, 70
Ligustrum, 89
Lilium, 141
Limnanthes, 24
Limnocharis, 131
Limonia, 41
Limosella, 101
Linaria, LOL
Linum, 21
Liriodendron, 3
Lisianthus, 94
Lithospermum, 98
Littwa, 136
Littorella, 109
Loasa, 60
Lobelia, 81
Lomatia, 118
Lonicera, 72
Lopezia, 62
Lophospermum, 101
Loranthus, 73
Luciola, 144
Lucuma, 87
Lunaria, 11
Lunularia, 156
Lychnis, 69
Lycopodium, 153
Lysimachia, 107
Lythrum, 54

Maba, 88
Maclura, 124
Macropiper, 126
Macroeystis, 160
Madia, 76
Magallana, 24
Magnolia, 3
Malope, 23
Malpighia, 31
Malva, 23
Manmillaria, 65
Mammea, 34
Mangifera, 48
Manihot, 123
Mantisia, 133
Manulea, 101
Maranta, 133
Marchantia, 156
Maregraavia, 36
Mariscus, 149
Marsilea, 153
Mathiola, 11
Maurandya, 101
Mauritia, 145
Meconopsis, 9
Medeola, 140
Medicago, 49
Medinilla, 56
Melaleuca, 57
Melampyrum, 101
Melanorrhea, 48
Melanthium, 142
Melastoma, 56
Melhania, 25

Melia, 40
Melicocea, 28
Melissa, 102
Memecylon, 56
Mendozia, 105
Menispermum, 5
Mentha, 102
Mentzelia, 60
Menyanthes, 94
Mesembryanthe-
mum, 63
Mespilus, 52
Mesua, 54
Metrosideros, 57
Michauxia, 80
Michelia, 3
Miconia, 56
Microsperma, 60
Mikania, 76
Milnea, 40
Mimosa, 49
Mimulus, 101
Mimusops, 87
Mirabilis, 110
Misodendron, 73
Modecea, 14
Mollugo, 69
Momordica, 61
Monnina, 16
Monstera, 148
Montia, 64
Morea, 137
Morchella, 159
Moricandia, 11
Morina, 77
Morinda, 74
Moronobea, 34
Morus, 124
Mucor, 159
Muhlenbeckia, 115
Mundia, 16
Muraltia, 16
Murdannia, 143
Musa, 134
Mussenda, 74
Mylitta, 159
Myoporum, 104
Myoschilus, 120
Myosotis, 98
Myrica, 121
Myriecaria, 55
Myristiea, 117
Myrrhinium, 56
Myrsine, 86
Myrtus, 56

Naias, 151
Nama, 99
Nandina, 121
Napoleona, 85
Narcissus, 136
Nardostachys, 75
Narthecium, 144
Nasturtium, 11
Nectandra, 116
Negundo, 30
Nelumbium, 8
Nemophila, 99

INDEX.

‘Nephelium, 28
Nerium, 92
Nerteria, 74
Nicotiana, 100
Nidularia, 159
Nierembergia, 100
Nigella, 1
Nima, 45
Nipa, 146
Nitella, 157
Nivenia, 118
Norantea, 36
Nuphar, 8
Nuytsia, 73
Nyctanthes, 90
Nymphiea, 8
Nyssa, 59

Ochradenus, 17
Ocymum, 102
CHnanthe, 70
(Enothera, 62
Olax, 43
Oldenlandia, 74
Olea, 89
Oncidium, 132
Oncoba, 13
Oneus, 139
Onopordum, 76
Onosmodium, 98
Ophrys, 132
Ophiocaryon, 28
Ophioglossum, 154
Ophiogon, 140
Oplotheca, 111
Opopanax, 70
Opuntia, 65
Orchis, 132
Oreodaphne, 116
Ornithogalum, 141
Orobanche, 103
Orthotrichum, 155
Oryza, 150
Osbeckia, 56
Osmunda, 154
Osyris, 120
Ouviranda, 151
Oxalis, 19
Oxleya, 39
Oxycoccus, 83
Oxyria, 115

Paliurus, 47
Panax, 71
Pancratium, 136
Pandanus, 146
Panicum, 150
Papaver, !)
Pappea, 28
Papyrus, 149
Parietaria, 125
Parinarium, 53
Paris, 140
Parmelia, 158
Parnassia, 33
Paropsia, 14
Passerina, 119
Passiflora, 14

Pastinaca, 70
Patrinia, 75
Paullinia, 28
Paulownia, LOL
Pavia, 29
Pavonia, 23
Pelargonium, 38
Pellia, 156
Pemphis, 54
Pentadesma, 84
Pentaloba, 15
Peniaptera, 59
Peperomia, 126
Peplis, 54
Pereskia, 65
Persea, 116
Persica, 56 *
Persoonia, 118
Petrocallis, 11
Petrophila, 118
Petunia, 100
Peziza, 159
Phoenix, 145
Phaius, 132
Phalaris, 150
Phalenopsis, 132
Pharbitis, 97
Phaylopsis, 105
Phelipea, 103
Phellandrium, 70
Philippodendron, 25
Phleum, 150
Phlomis, 102
Phormium, 141
Photinia, 52
Phycella, 136
Phylica, 47
Phylloglossum, 153
Phyllirea, 89
Physalis, 100
Physocalymma, 54
Physostemon, 12
Phytelephas, 145
Phyteuma, 80
Phytocrene, 124
Phytolacea, 113
Picreena, 45
Picrorhiza, 101
Pilocereus, 65
Pilularia, 153
Pimelea, 119
Pimpinella, 70
Pinckneya, 74
Pinguicula, 106
Pinus, 128

Piper, 126
Piptostegia, 97
Pisonia, 110
Pistacia, 48
Pistia, 148
Pisum, 49 ,
Pitcairnia, 138
Pittosporum, 20
Pitumba, 46
Plantago, 109
Platyloma, 154
Platystemon, 9
Plectocomia, 145

Pleroma, 56
Plumbago, L108
Plumiera, 92
Poa, 150
Poinsettia, 123
Polanisia, 12
Polemonium, 96
Polianthes, 141
Polyalthia, 4
Polygala, 16
Polygonatum, 140
Polygonum, 115
Polyosma, 66
Polypodium, 154
Polyporus, 159
Polyscalis, 111
Polytrichum, 155
Pomaderris, 47
Populus, 127
Porphyrocoma, 105
- Portulacea, 64
Potalia, 91
Potamogeton, 151
Poterium, 51
Pothos, 148
Prangos, 70
Premna, 104
Primula, 107
Prionum, 144
Protea, 118
Protococeus, 160
Psidium, 57
Pteris, 154
Pterisanthes, 37
Pterocarya, 50
Pulmonaria, 98
Puniea, 57
Pupalia, 111
Puya, 138
Pyrrhosa, 117
Pyrularia, 120
Pyrus, 52
Pythonium, 148

Quercus, 127
Quillaia, 51

Radiola, 21
Rayania, 139
Ramalina, 158
Ramondia, 82
Ranunculus, 1
Raphanus, 11
Reboulia, 156
Reptonia, 86
Reseda, 17
Rhamunuus, 47 .
Rheum, 115
Rhinanthus, 101
Rhipsalis, 65
Rhizomorpha, 159
Rhizophora, 93
Rhodiola, 67
Rhododendron, 84
Rhodomenia, 160
Rhus, 49

Ribes, 66

Riccia, 156

INDEX.

Richardia, 148
Ricinus, 123
Rivina, 113
Robinia, 49
Roccella, 158
Roellia, 80
Romanzovia, 99
Rondeletia, 74
Rosa, 51
Rotala, 54
Royena, 88
Rubia, 74
Rubus, 51
Ruellia, 105
Rumex, 115
Ruscus, 140
Ruta, 4
Ruyschia, 36
Ryssopteris, 31

Saccharum, 150
Sageretia, 47
Sagittaria, 131
Sagus, 145
Salacia, 32
Salicornia, 112
Salix, 127
Salomonia, 16
Salpiglossis, 100
Salsola, 112
Salvia, 102
Salvinia, 153
Samadera, 45
Sambucus, 72
Samolus, 107
Samyda, 40
Sanguinaria, 9
Sanguisorba, 51
Santalum, 120
Santolina, 76
Sapindus, 28
Saponaria, 69
Sarcocapnos, 7
Sarcocaulon, 38
Sarcocephalus, 74
Sarcostemma, 92
Sargassum, 160
Sarracenia, 10
Sassafras, 116
Saxifraga, 68
Seabiosa, 77
Scevola, 79
Seandix, 70
Schebera, 95
Schinus, 48
Schizanthus, 101
Schomburgkia, 132
Schubertia, 128
Scilla, 141
Scindaspus, 148
Scirpus, 149
Scleroderma, 159
Scolopendrium, 154
Scoparia, 101
Scorzonera, 76
Serophularia, 101
Scutellaria, 102
Scyothalia, 160

Seytosiphon, 160
Secale, 150
Securidaca, 16
Sedum, 67
Selliera, 79
Semecarpus, 48
Sempervivum, 67
Serjania, 28
Sesuvium, 63
Shorea, 35
Sibthorpia, 101
Sicyos, 61

Sida, 23
Sieversia, 51
Silene, 69
Simaba, 45
Simaruba, £4
Siphocampylos, 81
Siphonia, 123
Sisyrinchium, 137
Smeathmannia, 14
Smilacina, 140
Smilax, 140
Sobralia, 132
Sodada, 12
Solanum, 100
Sonerila, 56
Sonneratia, 57
Sorghum, 150
Soulamea, 16
Soymida, 39
Sparaxis, 137
Sparmannia, 27
Sparganium, 147
Spartium, 49
Spergula, 69
Sphragnum, 155
Spigelia, 91
Spirea, 51
Splachnum, 155
Spondias, 48
Stachytarpheta, 104
Stapelia, 92
Statice, 108
Stauntonia, 5
Stellaria, 69
Stenocarpus, 118
Stenodon, 56
Stereculia, 26
Stereocaulon, 158
Sternbergia, 136
Stricta, 158
Stigmaphyllum, 31
Stillingia, 123
Stratiotes, 130
Strelitzia, 134
Streptocarpus, 82
Streptopus, 140
Striga, 101
Strobilanthes, 105
Strychnos, 91
Stuartia, 42
Stylidium, 78
Subularia, 11
Sumatrana, 15
Suttonia, 86
Swietenia, 39
Symphoria, 72

171

Symphytum, 98
Syringa, 89

Tabernemontana, 92
Tacsonia, 14
Talauma, 3
Tamarix, 55
Tamus, 139
Tanghinia, 92
Taraxacum, 76
Targionia, 156
Tasmannia, 3
Taxus, 128
Tecoma, 95
Tectona, 104
Teedia, 101
Telfairia, 61
Telopea, 118
Terminalia, 59
Ternstromia, 42
Tessarandra, 89
Testitudinaria, 139
Tetracera, 2
Tetragonolobus, 49
Tetragonia, 63
Thlaspi, 11
Thea, 42
Theobroma, 25
Theophrosta, 86
Thelygonum, 112
Thesium, 120
Thibaudia, 83
Thunbergia, 105
Thymus, 102
Tiarella, 68
Ticorea, 44
Tigridia, 137
Tilia, 27
Tillandsia, 138
Tococo, 56
Tontelea, 32
Torenia, 101
Tormentilla, 51
Tournefortia, 98
Tradescantia, 143
Trichilia, 40
Trichodesma, 98
Tricosanthes, 61
Trientalis, 107
Trifolium, 49
Triglochin, 151
Trigonocarpus, 95
Trigonia, 16
Trillium, 140
Triphasia, 41
Triplaris, 115
Triplostegia, 75
Tristemma, 56
Triticum, 150
Trollius, 1
Tropzolum, 24
Tuber, 159
Tulipa, 141
Tupa, 81
Turrea, 40
Tussilago, 76
Typha, 147

172

Ulva, 160
Urania, 134
Ureceola, 2
Urena, 23
Urtica, 125
Urvillea, 28
Usnea, 158
Utricularia, 106
Uvaria, +
Uvularia, 142

Vaccinium, 83
Vahea, 92
Valeriana, 75
Vallesia, 92
Vallisneria, 130
Vandelia, 101

Vangueria, 74
Vanilla, 132
Variolaria, 158
Vateria, 35
Velleia, 79
Vellozia, 135
Veratrum, 142
Verbascum, 100°
Verbena, 104
Veronica, 101
Verticillaria, 34
Viburnum, 72
Victoria, 8
Villarsia, 94
Vinea, 92
Viola, 15
Virola, 117

INDEX.

Been, 73
Vismia, 33
Vitex, 104
Vitis, 37
Vogelia, 108

Wahlenbergia, 80
Waltheria, 25
Wellingtonia, 128
Whitlavia, 99
Wiegela, 72
Wightia, 95
Willughbeia, 92
Wistaria, 49

Xanthochymus, 84
Xanthopbyllum, 16

THE END.

LONDON

STRANGEWAYS AND WALDEN, PRINTERS,
Castle St. Leicester Sq.

Xanthorrhea, 141
Xerotes, 144
Ximenia, 43
Xylopia, 4

Yucea, 141

Zamia, 129
Zannichellia, 151
Zanonia, 61

Zea, 150
Zingiber, 133
Zinnia, 76
Zizyphus, 47
Zostera, 151

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